Phân biệt tuổi tác đối với người cao tuổi khái niệm và phương pháp đo lường

wgnien ciju Gia dinh v4 Giai sg - 2019 Phan biet tuoi tac floi vdi ngirofi cao fuoi: Kiiai niem va piiueng phaptfoiifofng Trjnh Thai Quang', Lwang Ngoc Thuy" Tom tat: Phan biet tudi tac d6i voi nguoi cao tuffl la mot dimg pMn biet 46i xii dua tren tu6i, la mgt kigu ky thi pM bien nhat nhung duoc binh thucmg hoa nhiSu nhat va ttoong xuSt hien nioi trucmg lao ddng, viec lam, cham soc y t j va doi song hang Thi Men cua su phan biet tu6i tac la o thai va hanh vi doi voi turn gia voi ngucri cao tu6i Dan s6 ngiroi cao tuoi Viet Nam dang gia tang nhanh chong, diiu ciing co tha din den sir gia tang cua ph3n biet tuii tac doi voi nguoi cao tuii, ding thoi dat nhieu thach thuc vi kinh ti, xa hgi va cong tac cham soc, bao ve va ho tro nguoi cao tuoi Phan biet tuii tac da dugc nghien cau tir rat som a cac nuoc phat trien, nhien, Viet Nam hiu nhu chua c6 cac nghien ciiu tap trung vao khia canh Bai viet cung cap nhung Iden thiic co ban ve khai mem, cac tac dgng, va cac phuong phap luong, ding thoi de xuat huong nghien cim ve phan biet tuoi tac doi voi nguoi cao tuiiu Gia dinh va Gi6>i Quyen 29, so 5, tr 52-62 xiic vd nhirng phdn biit ddi xu trgng Imh vuc nhd a, viec ldm va sit dung rf/c/ivu" (Butler, 1989) Ly giai vi lua chpn khai niem phdn biet tuli tac, Butler cho rang tu "ageism" nhan manh su anh hudng, tac dpng cua no vdi xa hpi cung hrong tu nhu phan biet chung tpc (racism) va ph&i biet gidi (sexism) (Butler, 2005) Phan biet hrdi tac bao ham: 1) nhung thai phan biet dii voi NCT, bao gom thai dp cua chinh hg; 2) nhimg hanh d6ng mang tinh phan biet aoi vdi NCT, dac biet la khia canh lao dgng viec lam va cac vai tro xa hgi khac, va 3) nhdng thuc hanh mang tinh thi chi va chinh sach, tn niem tin rap khudn ve NCT, lam giam ca hpi hudng thu mpt cuoc song thda dang va lam suy yeu pham gia ca nhan cua hg (Butler, 1980) Phan biet tudi tac ciing cd the dugc hieu la su khac biet ve tinh cam, niem tin hoac hanh vi cua mgt ca nhan ve tuoi tac cua mgt ca nhan khac (Levy & Banaji, 2002), ma nhieu dugc the che hda nen cac ca nhan tham chi khdng nhan thiy la dinh kien hay la mgt dang cua phan biet doi xii nd diln (Nelson, 2016a) Theo WHO, phan biet mli tac dupc xac dinh la su rap khuon, dinh kiln va phan biet dii xd vdi mgi ngudi tren ca so hioi tac cua hp Ddi vdi ngudi gia, tudi tac la mdt thach thuc hang Hp hi tir choi viec lam, bi ban chi tu cac dich vu xa hpi va bi quy chup hen cac phuong tien truyen thong, phan biet tuoi tac dang gay nhiing thiet thoi va loai tru NCT khoi cpng ddng cua hp (WHO, 2019a) Vi tbi, Butler coi phan biet tuoi tac vdi NCT la m6t "can benh", nhung nd cd the dugc chira tri mpt each huu hieu bang truyen dat kien thuc, bdi vi thieu kien thiic ve mot nhom xa hgi cd the din den nhiing thai tieu cue ve nhom xa hoi (Allport, 1954; Weber & Crocker, 1983) Ngoai ra, viec nhin nhan nguoi gia nhu la mdt thi hudng ciing cd the gdp phan giam di nhung djnh kiln phan biet tuli tac vdi hg (Butler, 1989) Nhiiu nghien cuu d phuang Tay tap trung vao ddi tugng nguoi cham soc, nhan vien y te, nha tuyen dung phan tich ve phan hiet tuli tac, nhung khong cd nhieu nghien cuu ve NCT nghi gi, danh gia the nao vh qua hinh gia hoa, hay nhung kinh nghiem ve viec hp bi doi xu phan biet dinh kiln vl tuli gia Thuc te la khai niem hpc thuat la tirong dii kho hieu vdi NCT, nhung hg nhan thuc duac rang hp dupc xem la "da gia" VSn dl la hp kho phan biet dugc nao hg duac dii xd mot each tich cue va nao hp bi phan biet doi xu tuoi gia (Minichiello va cone su, 2000) d Viet Nam, khai niem phan biet hidi tac dii vdi NCT vin tucmg dii mdi va chi dugc de cap gan day gia hda^dan so hd cip bach tic dp diln nhanh chdng Cu thi hong buli Toa dam vh "Thich uns vdi gia hda dSn s l n^""*" " "^^'^"^ ^ ' ' " ^ '^n" dudng nbia trudc" fin lamp * Trinh Thdi Quang & Liromg Ngoc Thuy 55 va Uy ban quic gia v l NCT Viet Nam td chuc nam 2018, Giam dde HelpAge International Viet Nam da phat biiu "phan biet hili tac chmh la mdt nhung nguyen nhan glc re can hd gia hda tich cue Da din luc chung ta phai quylt liet han niia nham chSm dut phan biet tuli tac, dac biet la suy nght cho r5ng NCT la ganh nang, thu dpng va phu thupc, diiu hoan toan hai vdi nhiing gi chung ta dang nhin thSy hang ngay" (Ngu Binh, 2018) Nhu vay, phan biet hili tac dii vdi NCT la nhung thai tieu cue, mang tinh dinh kiln, phan biet dii xu vdi NCT Dd la mgt hien tugng co tinh ngi tai nen khd nhin nhan, ludng va nhiiu dugc xem la binh thudng Phan biet tuli tac cung tin tai d ca ban than NCT Biiu hien cua phan biet hili tac dii vdi^NCT co thi thdng qua quan niem, danh gia, hoac ldi noi, hanh vi va thi chi Tac dong cua phan biet tuoi tac d6i vd'i ngu'O'i cao tuoi Phan biet tuoi tac dii vdi NCT tac dpng din ban than NCT d nhiiu khia canh, ITnh vuc khac Theo Palmore (1999) cac phan biet dii xu tieu cue doi vdi NCT thudng dupc thay linh vuc lao dpng viee lam, nha d, va cham sdc sue khoe Phan se torn luge cac tac dpng cua phan biet tuoi tac tu goc NCT va tu' phia nhiing chu thi khac Tit goc ngu'di cao tudi Nhiing nhan thuc tieu cue ve ban than tuoi tac anh hudng den NCT d nhieu cap dd khac (Nelson, 2016b) Ve mat sue khoe, nghien cdu cua Levy va cdng su (2002) chi rang NCT cd nhan thuc tich cue ve gia hoa CO the song lau han 7,5 nam so vdi nhiing ngudi co nhan thuc tieu cue, va hp ciing CO kha nang phuc hoi tu cac tinh trang thuang tat tot hon (WHO, 2016) Tham chi, tac dgng cua nhan thdc tich cue ve gia hoa manh han so vdi cac yeu to sinh ly khac nhu huyet ap va cholesterol thap, hay chi so BMI, khdng co lich su su dung thulc la, tap the thao Nhtmg ngudi co nhan thuc tich cue ve qua trinh gia hoa cua ban than cho thay kha nang ghi nhd tot han, di lai nhanh nhen hem va it benh ly tim mach hem (Levy, Slade, KasI, 2002) Nguac lai, nhan thuc tieu cue vl gia hda d NCT la nguy ca gay m§t kha nang thuc hien cac hoat dgng song hang cua NCT, tinh hang ngheo nan vl kinh tl, sing dcrn than, co cac benh man tinh hay tam than (Moser va cdng sy, 2011) v l mat tinh th§n, nhung NCT co thai tieu cue ve ban than thudng nhin nhan minh nhu mgt ganh nang, cho rang cuoc song cua minh co it gia tri, va do, dat ban than minh vao cac nguy ca bj ham cam va tach biet xa hgi (WHO, 2016) Tham chi nd co tac dong manh me hon so vdi cac ylu to nhan khau hpc, tinh trang sue khde hay chat lugng quan he gia 56 Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 29, sd 5, tr 52-62 dinh din sdc khoe tam th^n, cu thi la bSnh hSm cam d NCT (Bai va cong su, 2016) Tie goc chu the khde Chu the khac co the la ngudi thSn gia dinh nhu cai, nha tuyen dung, nhiing nhdn vien y te, cung cap djch vu Trong ITnh vuc vi§c lam, phan biet hili tac khiln NCT bi thiet thdi vl kinh tl bi loai dSn khoi lire lugng lao dpng va cuoi cung bi dat tinh trang la chi co thu nhap co dinh (luong huu) nhung hp cung se bi anh hudng ham hpng bdi qua hinh lam phat (Hopkins, 1980) Nhimg NCT tich cue tim kilm cdng viec nhung khdng the tim dugc de hd nen mat tinh than, anh hudng tieu cue den ddi sdng tam ly xa hpi cua hp (Jackson & Taylor, 1994) Thue te, phan biet tudi tac d noi lam viec la rat bien, Irving (2015) da chi rSng khoang 2/3 sl ngudi lao dgng d My hong tuoi tir 45-74 da tung trai qua hoac da tung thay trudng hgp phan biet tuoi tac noi lam viec; 84% s l NCT My da tirng it nhat mgt ldn hai qua viec bi phan biet tuoi tac vdi hinh thuc cac tro dda xuc pham, su thieu ton hgng, hoac nhihig gia dinh lien quan den tinh trang 6m yeu, benh tat (Roscigno va cpng su, 2007) Ngudi quan ly co xu hudng ung hg nhan vien he hon va dira hen nhirng djnh kien ve ngudi My cao tuoi de hop phap hoa each phan bo Igi ich tai noi lam viec va dua quyet dinh thuyen chuyen cong tac Thai dp tieu cue vl ngudi lao dpng cao tuoi thudng quy chup hp cd kha nang dap ung yeu cau viec lam kem Hp cdng thudng bi nhiing ngudi quan iy hay ddng nghiep he danh gia rang khong linh hoat, cham chap, thieu to chuc, khd khan va tin kem dl dao tao (Shah & Kleiner, 2005) Phan biet ddi xu vdi NCT xuit hien tu giai doan tim kiem viec lam va ca d nai lam viec Ngudi lao dpng cao tuoi cd it ca hgi dupc phong van xin viee hon, ciing nhu it co ca hgi tham gia tap huan nang cao trinh chuyen mon hom Hp cd thi bi thay the bang nhirng lao dpng tre nhSm mang lai Igi ich kinh tl cho dan vi tuyin dung, vi du nhu giam tien trp d p huu tri, giam muc luomg, giam cac chi phi ve lpi ich y te Ca hpi thang tiln va dao tao dugc danh cho nhung lao dpng he, vi se tiet kiem chi phi hon va dang dl dSu hr lau dai hem (Adams, 2002; Maxwell, 1989) Viec thay thi anh hudng nhiiu nhit tdi nhung ngudi lao dgng cao tuoi co tay nghi cao, bugc hp phai chuyen viec, hoac bupc phai rdi khoi thi trudng lao dong hay thuyen chuyin xudng cac cdng viec don gian han dupc hiy^n dung (Hirsch va cong su, 2000; Maxwell, 1989) Trong ITnh vuc y tl, cham soc sue khde, NCT cung cd the phai dii mat vdi tac dpng tieu cue cua phan biet tudi tac, vi du nhu cung each giao tiip mang dinh kiln tuli tac cua nhiing ngudi lam^viec chuyen mon dli vdi benh nhan cao hili, hay vi6c dua nhimg quylt dinh chuin doan va diiu Trinh Thai Quang & Lucmg Nggc Thiiy 57 tri thien lech tu6i tac cua benh nhan (Wyman va cong su, 2018) Phan biet tuai tie doi voi NCT Hnh vuc y tl, vi thS, co thi dSn din nhiing van dl ve chat Iugng dieu tri va anh huong din siic khoe cua NCT Phwrng phap lirvng phan biet tuoi tac Trong lich sii nghien cuu ve phan biet tuli tac, cac thang danh gia quan diem va thai v l NCT da duoc xay dung tic nam 1944, sau la hang loat cac loai thang moi duoc phat trien Theo nghien cuu cua Ayalon va cong sit (2019), ba tiiang ph6 biin nhit la: thang thai doi vdi NCT (Attitudes Toward Old Persons) cua Kogan (1961), thang phan biet y nghia gia hoa (Ageing Semantic Differential) ciia Rosencranz and McNevin (1969), va thang phan biet tuoi tac Fraboni (Fraboni Scale of Ageism) ctia Fraboni va cong su (1990) Mpt so thang do, du dugc sir dung rgng rai nhung cung gap phai nhieu phe phan ve tin cay va hieu qua luong Tham chi, cac nghien cim sau de xuat can phai cai thien, chinh sua lai cac each luong, dac biet la cua Kogan (1961) co cac yeu to da loi thai, nhtrng cau hoi khien nguoi tra loi cam thay nhu dang xac minh dinh kien doi vai NCT, qua dai va co van de ve tinh minh bach (Hilt, 1997; Hilt & Lipschultz, 1999) Trong do, thang ciia Rosencranz va McNevin dugc cho la co cau trac nhan to ban dau*^' khong on dinh va khong thi hien diy dii ciu true ca ban cua du lieu (Intrieri va egng su, 1995) Viec str diing phuang phap nao la tiiy thuoc vao doi tugng luong va ngi dung luong Vdi dli Urong la NCT, Palmore (2001) da phat hien mgt cong cu ludng gdm 20 ylu td ve phan biet tuoi tac'^', ngudi tra ldi dugc yeu ciu danh gia v l mirc thudng xuyen trai nghiem cac yeu to Chi sd Cronbach Alpha cua thang dat tincay tu'ong ddi cao (0,81) mac du cd mgt sd ylu td lam cho ehi sd thap di, nhung tac gia giii lai cac ylu td vi chiing dai dien cho miic tac ddng cao han cua phan biet tudi tac doi vdi NCT Thang thai ddi vdi phan biet Uidi tac (Ageism Attitude Scale) dugc phat triln bdi Vefikulucay Yilmaz va Terzioglu nam 2011 de ludng thai dp cua ngudi tre tudi (18-25 Uidi) vl phan biet todi tac Cong cu bao gdm 38 muc, nhien qua ttinh kilm tra tin c|iy, cac tac gia da loai bo mgt sd va giir lai 23 muc co y nghia thdng ke nhat va dugc chia lam khia canh gdm: "han chi cudc sdng ciia NCT", "thai tich cue" va "thai tieu cue" vl phan biet tudi tac Trong pham vi phan tich cua tac gia, cdng cu ludng dugc danh gia la cdng cu hgp ly va dang tin cSy (tham khao chi tilt thang tai Yilmaz & Terzioglu, 2011:263) Ngoai ra, nha nghien cuu ciing cd thi sd dung tdng hgp nhieu thang trone ciinE mdt ohan tieh Nghien ciiu cua Shiovitz-Ezra va cdng su 58 Nghien c d u Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 29, so 5, tr 52-62 (2016) da sd dung ca cong cu ludng FAQl cua Palmore (1977) de ludng kien thuc ve gia hda, hai cong cu ludng thai dp nhom nghien cdu xay dung va thang cua Fraboni (1990) De danh gia hanh vi phan biet tuoi tac, cac tac gia su dung cong cu Lien quan den danh gia NCI (Relahng to Older People Evaluation - ROPE) cua Cherry and Palmore (2008), mgt loai cdng cu tu danh gia ve cac loai hanh vi phan biet tuoi tac va muc dp thudng xuyen xay cuoc song hang Nhdng thang deu da dugc dieu chinh cho phu hap vdi van hoa va tranh mang lai su nang ne cho ngudi tra ldi Nhu vay, ro rang rang cd rat nhieu cac thang de ludng cac van de ve NCT, tu nhirng thang ve nhan thuc ve tuoi gia, den thai dp va hanh yi ddi vdi NCT, thong qua danh gia mdc phan biet tuoi tac ciia cac doi tuong nghien cuu vdi NCT Doi tugng nghien cuu d day ciing rat rpng, gdm ca ban than NCT, nhdng ngudi d dp tudi he, nhimg ngudi lam ITnh vuc dich vu nhu y te, cham soc, v.v Chinh vi the, viec tim hieu ve van de phan biet tuoi tac ddi vdi NCT rat phuc tap va, nhu hen da de cap, can phai xay dung mgt bp thang chuan hda de ludng van de nay, cho dii la mgt thach thuc rat ldn Phan biet tuoi tac chinh sach Phan biet tudi tac doi vdi NCT ITnh vuc the che, chinh sach the hien d viec gidi han dp tuoi ap dung vao chinh sach, vi du nhu quy dinh ve tuli vl him, ph§n nao da khong nhin nhan cac kha nang khac o NCT va danh ding tit ca NCT deu nhu Dieu se gdp phan day manh phan biet tuli tac mang tinh the che doi vdi NCT va c6 the gay sir phan biet dli xu phan phdi cac ngudn luc (WHO, 2016), dac biet la ITnh vuc lao dpng viec Iam va cham sdc y te Hien nhieu nudc hong khu vuc da quan tam ban den van de chinh sach tuli vl him cua NCT Vi du tu thang 7/2017 chinh phd Singapore da nang dp tuli tai tuyin dung lao dgng tu 65 len 67 Chinh sach keo dai thai gian lao dgng cung phd bien d mot so nudc chau A khac nhu Nhat Ban Theo do, 82% cdng ty cua Nhat tai ky hgp ding lao dgng vdi nhan vien cua hp sau nghi huu Mot so cac qudc gia khac da nhan thay lpi ich kinh tl va xa hpi tu viec tao diiu kien cho NCT tiep tuc lao dpng, va hp da loai bo dp tuli bat huge ve huu My la mot nhimg nudc dau tien loai bo tuli bat bupc vl him (ngoai tru d mgt so cdng viec nhat dinh) tu nam 1986, Mot sl cac nudc cung da buy hioi bat bugc ve huu gom New Zealand nam 1999, Uc nam 2004, Canada nam 2009, Vucmg quic Anh nam 2011 Bihu cd nghTa la ngudi su dung lao dpng khdng thi chi dua vao dp tuli ciia ngudi lao dgng dl quylt dinh cho hg nghi huu Chu lao dgng se vi pham Trinh TMi Quang & Luffng Nggc Thiiy 59 phap luat nlu cho nhan vien cua mmh nghi viec (nghi huu) v9n dl tudi tac d Viet Nam, ttong khudn khd du an sua ddi Luat Lao dgng da de trinh (du thao 11/8/2019), Diiu 171 quy dinh vl mdi nghi huu, eu thi khoan cua Diiu trinh bay vl Id trinh tang tali nghi huu d Viet Nam nhu sau: "Kl tir 01 thang 01 nam 2021, tudi nghi huu ciia ngudi lao ddng dieu kien lao dgng binh thugng la dii 60 Uidi 03 thang ddi vdi lao ddng nam va du 55 mdi 04 thang ddi vdi lao ddng nir; sau do, cit mdi nam tang them 03 thang ddi vdi lao dgng nam va 04 thang ddi vdi lao ddng nir cho den nam 2028 thi lao dgng nam dii 62 tudi va den nam 2035 thi lao ddng nti dii 60 tudi" (Van phdng Qudc hdi, 2019) Theo Id trinh thi tudi vS him ciia lao ddng nam se la 62 tudi va lao dgng nir la 60 mdi Mgt cac ly quan trgng de thuc hien Id trinh tang mdi nghi huu d Viet Nam duge cho la tac ddng ciia qua ttinh gia hda dan sd nhanh dan den tinh trang thieu hiit lao ddng vao nam 2040 theo du bao Tuy nhien, vin cdn dang cd nhieu ttanh luan xung quanh Id ttinh tang mdi nghi huu vi chinh sach se anh hudng den toan bd dan sd dang ttong mdi lao dgng Xet ve khia canh phan biet tadi tac, viec tang tadi ve huu gdp phan tang CO hgi tiip tuc lag ddng ciia NCT, mac dii vay den ngudng tadi nhat dinh theo quy dinh eua luat phap, va cho du van cdn nhu cau lao dgng va kha nang lao ddng, NCT vSn se bi huge phai rdi bd cdng viec hien tai Chinh vi thi, dl dam bao edng bang cho NCT va xoa bd phan biet tudi tac ttong ITnh vuc lao dong viee lam, WHO ggi y xoa bd mdi bat huge ve huu, bdi vi mdi tac khong phai la chi bao dang tin cay danh gia ve nang suat va kha nang lao ddng (WHO, 2019b) Kit luan Phan biet tadi tac vdi NCT cd the dugc coi la mgt vjn de lien quan din siic khde cdng ddng Nd la mdt dang phan biet ddi xii: phd biin nhSt nhung lai dugc binh thugng hda nhiiu nhSt so vdi nhirng dang phan biet ddi xit khac Mac dii khai niem "phan biet tadi tac" co thi ap dung vdi nhieu ddi hrgng kliac nhung phSn ldn duoc sir dung vdi NCT va hg ciing la nhung ngudi cd nguy ca tdn thuang nhieu hon tir nhtrng tac ddng tieu cue ctia su phan biet tadi tac Trong thuc tl nghien ciru, cac tac ddng tieu cue eua phan biet mdi tac ddi vdi NCT da dugc chiing minh Nd cd the bao gdm tac ddng tieu cue den nhan thiic cung nhu thi chat cua NCT, anh hudng tieu cue din sire khde tam thin ciia hg, tang tinh ttang benh tat, hay giam kha nang phuc hdi Phan biet ddi xti vdi NCT cung duoc chung minh la cd thi din tdi cam giac budn phiin va don dde d NCT, tham chi cd the gat NCT ngoai le, loai trir hg khdi nhung vai trd ed y nghTa xa hdi Ngoai cae v k dl hen quan din site khde, phan biet tadi tac vdi NCT edn 60 Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 29, so 5, tr 52-62 han che kha nang tham gia thi trudng lao dgng cua hg cac djnh kien tieu cue ve kha nang lao dpng cua NCT Trong bdi canh dan sd dang gia hda nhanh chong d Viet Nam hien nay, van de phan biet tuoi tac vdi NCT cdng co the se tang len, nhien kien thuc va hieu biet ve khai niem "phan biet tudi tac" va cac phuang phap ludng lai rat nhieu ban che Vi vay, de hudng tdi nhan dien tinh trang va han chi phan biet tuli tac dli vdi NCT, nhdt thilt cin phai co nhung nghien cuu lien nganh ve phan biet tudi tac vdi NCT, dac biet la linh vuc lao dpng, viec lam va cham sdc sdc khoe, tu do, dua nhirng khuyen nghi, chinh sach va chuang trinh can thiep phu hgp Bdi le, theo Butler nhu da dan, phan biet tuoi tac vdi NCT nhu la mgt can benh, nhung la mot can benh co the chua dupe, va kien thuc chinh la phuang thuoc hihi hieu nhat ddi vdi phan biet tudi tac.H Chii thich t'* Bai viet la san pham ciia De tai cap co so "Phan biet tuoi tac va van de tiep can viec lam cua nguoi cao tuoi" nam 2019 cua Vien Nghien cuu Gia dmh va Giai '^' Cau true nhan to (fector stmcture) la moi quan he tuong quan giiia mpt so cac bien so nhat dinh duac su dung de ludng mot cau tnic (ly thuyet) cu the '^' 20 yeu to bao gom nhimg thai va hanh vi gieu cpt tuoi gia, xiic pham ngudi cao tuoi, coi thudng, td choi cac dich vu nhu thue nha, tin dung, viec lam, thing tien, sue khoe va cham soc sue khoe, nan nhan ciia toi pham, v.v (chi tiet tai Palmore (2001:575) T^i lieu trich dan Adams, S J 2002 "Passed over for promotion because of age: An empirical analysis of the consequences" Journal ofLabor Research, 23(3), pp 447-461 Allport, G W 1954 The Nature ofPrejudice Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Ayalon, L., Dolberg, P., MikuHoniene, S., Perek-Bialas, J., Rapoliene, G., Stypinska, J, Willinska, M, de la Fuente-Nunez, V 2019 "A systematic review of existing ageism scales" Ageing Res Rev, 54, 100919 doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100919 Bai, X., Lai, D W L., Guo, A 2016 "Ageism and Depression: Perceptions of Older People as a Burden in China" Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), pp.26-46 doi:10.1111/josi.l2154 Butler, R N 1980 "Ageism: A Foreword" Journal ofSocial Issues, 36(2), pp.8-1 ] Butler, R N 1989 "Dispelling Ageism: The Cross-Cutting Intervention" The Annals of the Amencan Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol 503 The Quality of Aging: Sh-ategies for Interventions (May, 1989), pp.138-147 Butler, R N 2005 "Ageism: Looking Back Over My Shoulder" Generations, 9{3) §4 Cherry, K E., Palmore, E 2008 "Relating to Older People Evaluation (R0PE).\ Measure of Self-Reported Ageism" Educational Gerontology 34(10), pp g49 861 doi:10.1080/03601270802042099 Trinh T h a i Q u a n g & Lirffng N g o c T h u y 61 Davey, J., Davies, M 2006 "Work in later life - Opportunities or Threat" Social Policy Journal of New Zealand (27), pp.20-37 Fraboni, M., Saltstone, R„ Hughes, S 1990 "The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA): An Attempt at a More Precise Measure of Ageism" Canadian Journal on Aging/ La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 9(1), pp.56-66 GSO 2017 The 1/4/2016 time-point 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