HEGIATRJCUAHOCSINH TRUNG HOC HIEN NAY Nghien ciiu diroc tai tra bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe Qudc gia (NAFOSTED) de t^i: Giao due gia tn cho tre em tinng gia dinh Viet Nam hien nay: There trang va giai phap; Ma sd: VI.1.1-2012-15; PGS.TS Trirong Thj Khanh Ha chii nhiem ThS Nguyen Tuan Anh Vien Nghien citu Thanh nien T O M TAT Muc dich ciia nghien cuu ndy la chi he thong phdn cdp cua cdc gid Iri md hgc sinh trung hoc hien dang hudng den Ket qud thu duac tir cugc dieu tra bdng phieu trung cdu y kien tren 270 hgc sinh trung hoc cho thdy, hoc sinh hien ddc biet coi irong cdegidtri "Tu quyet dinh", "Truyen thong" vd "Su phu hap, dungmuc" Tinh uu tien lua chon cdc gid Iri giua hai gidi nam sinh vd nir sinh cUng co su khdc biet Hgc sinh a thdnh thi coi Pong "Gid tri loan cdu", "Khodi Igc, hudng thu", cdn hoc sinh d ndng thon lai coi trgng su "Thdnh dat" vd "An todn, dn dinh " Tir khoa: Gid tri; He gid In Dinh huong gid tri, Hgc sinh trung hoc: Ly thuyet gid tri cua Schwartz Ngdy nhdn bdi: 24/3/2016; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi 25/5/2017 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is lo show the hierarchy of values that high school students are currently aiming for Sun-ey were conducled with 2''0 high school students Result showed that students now especially appreciated "Self Direction", "Tradition" ami "Comformity" There was a difference between boys and girls in value preference in choosing values between boys and girls Students in urban re.speci "Universali.sm" "Hedonism ", while rural students tended lo appreciate "Achievement" and "Security" Keywords: Value; Value system Value orientation, High school student, Schwartz's Value Theory Biit van de Giii tri la nhung gi ngudi coi trgng va Ihay xiing dang vdi sy theo dudi ciia hg cugc sdng Sy ton lai ciia gia Iri la l u a n g ddi dn dinh va it TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (219), - 2017 91 thay ddi ca ngudi trudng (Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1997) Mdi ngudi cd the hudng den nhidu gia tri (vi du, tich, long nhan tir ) voi miic dg quan trgng khac Mgt gia tri cd the se cd vai trd quan trgng dac biet ddi vdi ngudi nhung lai khdng cd y nghia vdi ngudi Gia trj anh hudng ddn hanh vi d b4t ky tudi nao (Chalapi, 1998) va dugc coi nhu mdt nhihig ca sd hinh va thuc day hanh vi cua ca nhan Sy hinh nhan each cua ngudi khdng the tach rdi he gia tri ma hg dang hudng den, nhat la d liia tudi trung hge - liia tudi ma cac em dang dinh hinh nen nhan each cua minh Mgt nhiing dac diem quan cua he gia tri la tinh thu bac cua nd Sy sap xep cac gia tri he thdng cac gia tri tuang iing vdi sy uu tien ciia cac muc dich sdng Xu hudng lya chgn mdt gia tri nag dd ciia hgc sinh khdng nh^t thiet phai la hgp Idgic nhung nd cd thi la "mgt sy ket hgp ciia tri tue va cam xiic" (Hedayat Shodeh, 1994) De hieu ban chat ciia gia tri d miic ca nhan (tren phuang dien ehiie nang va su tuong tac gia tri d ben ca nhan), nhdm tac gia Schwartz va Bilsky phat trien mgt khai niem ly thuyet ve gia tri, theo dd, gia tri dugc xem nhu la mgt tieu ehi de eon ngudi ty danh gia ban than hg cung nhu de danh gia ngudi khac (Schwartz va Bilsky, 1990) Hai tae gia ciing de xuat 10 loai ddng CO ca ban cua ngudi, ndi each khae, la 10 gia trj ca ban thuc day hanh vi ciia ngudi, bao gdm: / Tu dinh hudng: Tu ddc lap; hanh ddng ly lya chgn, ty tag, ty kham pha ; ea nhan ty chii Khdm phd, mgo hiem: Thich mgt cudc sdng da dang, thu vj; thich cai mdi va sy thir thach cudc sdng Khodi lac, hudng thu: Sy tan hudng cuge sdng; niem vui; dap irng nhu cau sinh hgc Thdnh dat: Dugc Ihanh cdng; dugc thira nhan theo tieu chu^n eiia xa hdi; dugc xa hdi chap thuan Quyen luc- Mong mudn kiem soat xa hdi hoac thdng tri ngudi khac An todn, on dinh Mong mudn an toan dn djnh; thich su hai hda yen dn ciia xa hdi gia dinh va ban than Su phii hgp, diing muc Kiem che eae hanh ddng va cac xung dot cd kha nang ga\ tdn hai cho ngudi khac hoac vi pham cac Igi ich xa hdi; la nhu eau cua ca nhan tuang tac hai hda, than thien vdi ngudi khae TAPCHITAMIYHOC, Sod (219), - 2017 Truyin thdng: Tdn gia tri truySn thdng, tu tudng lau ben cua dan tgc, dat nude hoac nhdm xa hdi ma ca nhan dang tham gia; hudng den su doan kdt cua nhdm, cdng ddng Long nhdn di: Bao ve ngudi khac; nhu cau chia se hd trg, giiip dd ngudi khac 10 Gid tri toan cdu: Sy hieu biet, danh gia cao, khoan dung va bao ve quy6n va Igi ich ciia tit ea mgi ngudi va y thiic bao ve mdi trudng, thien nhien; hudng din sy cdng bang, tinh tham mT Ly thuyet Gia tri ciia Schwartz la mdt nhttng ly thuyet dugc sir dung rgng rai va phd bien nhat tren the gidi Ve ca ban, ly thuyet Gia tri cila Schwartz ban ve sy uu tien tuong ddi ciia mgt gia tri nao he thdng cac gia tri eiia mdi ea nhan (Schwartz, 2005a, 2006; Schwartz, Cieeiuch, Vecchione va cdng su, 2011) Nghien eiiu duge thye hien dua theo ly thuyet cua dng nham lim hieu he gia tri eiia hgc sinh trung hgc hien d nude ta Khach the va phuang phap nghien cii-u Khach the nghien ciiu Khach the nghien ciru la 270 hgc sinh trung hgc (120 hge sinh trung hge ca sd va 150 hgc sinh Irung hgc phd thdng) tren dia ban phd Ha Ndi Trong dd: Ve gidi tinh- Nam hge sinh chiem 48,9%, nii hgc sinh chiem 51.1%; Ve khu vuc Hgc sinh d thi chiem 44.4%, hgc sinh d ndng thdn chiem 55.6% Phuang phdp vd cdng cu nghien ciru Viec thu thap du lieu thye tien duge thye hien bang phuang phap chinh la trung cau y kien tren co sd su dung Bg cdng cy khao sat gia tri ciia Schwartz Bd cdng cu bao gdm 40 chan dung ngdn lir ngan luong ung vdi cac gia tri thudc ve 10 nhdm gia tri dai dien neu tren Mdi chan dung md la ve mdt ngudi vdi nhung muc tieu khai vgng, mong mudn the hien cac gia tri Nhung hgc sinh iham gia tra Idi phieu dugc yeu cau danh gia tam quan trgng ciia tirng gia tri nhu la mdt nguyen tac djnh hudng hanh vi cuge sdng ciia hg bang each cho diem luang irng lir (Jj - Khong quan irgng den (6j Rdt quan trgng Vc l\ thuyet, diem Irung binh cao nhat la va thap nhal la I Diem trung binh cimg cao luong irng vdi lam quan trgng cua cae gia Iri ddi vdi ca nhan cang cao va ngugc lai diem trung binh cang lh;ip thi giii Ui dd cang it quan trgng \'d] cac em TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd (219), - 201 93 Du lieu khao sat duoc xii ly, phan tich bjng phin mim thong kB SPSS moi trucmg Window, phien ban 16.0, phep phan tich T-test duoc sit dung ii kiim dinh sir khac biet vk he gia trj giQa cac nhom khach the theo gidi tinh va theo khu vuc sinh song Co 270 phiSu trung cdu y kiln ducrc nhom nghien cu:u phat va hudrig din hoc sinh tra loi Sau kiem tra noi dung tra loi phieu, nhom nghien cuu danh gia lit ca 270 philu tra Icri cua cac em deu dat yeu cau va duoc sit dung de phan tich dO lieu Ket qua nghien ciru va ban luan Kit qua phan tich dii lieu he gia tri cua hoc sinh trung hoc dugc tom tat bang so lieu sau day va dugc sap xep theo thu tir giam dan cita diem trung binh: Bdng I: Su Itca chon cdc gid tri cita hoc sinh trung hoc Diem trung binh Do lech chuan Tir dinh hirtjtig 4,56 0,43 Truyen thong 4,52 0,40 Sir phit hap, diing mtrc 4,35 0,56 Long nhiin 4.17 0,46 Quyen luc 4.16 0.44 Thanh dat 4,07 0,43 An loan, on dtith 4.02 0.52 S, Gia tri loan cau 4,01 0,42 Khoai lac huong till! 3,90 0,43 10 Kham pha, niao hicm 3.27 0.43 4,10 0,45 Gia tri f)iem Irunti binh ciiung Ket qua nghien ciru eho thiiy, cac em hoc sinh deu danh gia cac gia tri a mirc tren trung binh (cao hon mirc dp trung binh) Cu thi nhu sau: Xet long the tren 10 gia tri dai dien dugc khao sat thi hoc sinh danh gia mite quan trgng ctia gia tr| 'Tic dinh hirdng" la cao hon so vtji cae gia tri lai Theo Schwartz (1992), muc tieu xac dinh cua kieu gia tri niiy la suy nghT doc liip \a tu chii hanh dgng, "Ttr dinh huong" xuat phat tir nhu cSu ttr kicin soat va Uim chit (Kohn va Schooler 1983) va day la diciu kien tien quylt 94 TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, So (219), - 201 cua sir ph6i hgp, tuong tdc xa h6i (Schwartz, 1994) Gid tri ndy dugc mo ta nhu la tu do, sdng tao, doc lap, lira chon cdc muc tieu, su to mo va Idng tu trgng cua moi nguoi (Schwartz, 1992) Dilu chung to nhting hgc sinh trung hoc nghien ciiu diu co y thiirc t\f lap, tu chii kha cao He gid tri hay sir hinh thdnh djnh huong gia tri cd nhan khong chi chiu dnh huong boi nhom xa hfii ma cd nhan tham gia vdo hay tuoi cua hp, ma bj quy dinh bdi vai tro xa hoi cita nguoi mSi giai doan cua cugc dcri vd sir nghiep (Super, 1980) Vi du, nhu cau ve "An todn, an ninh" co th6 xuat hi$n co sir gia tang dp luc kinh te gia dinh len tre vi thdnh nien (Hall vd Mansfield, 1975) Mgt nghien cim cat ngang cho thay, nhom ngucri Idji tuoi coi trgng cdc gid tri bdo t6n truyin thong vd su phii hgp hem so vgi nhiJng ngucri tre (Karakitapoglu Aygiin va Imamoglu, 2002; Prince-Gibson vd Schwartz, 1998; Schwartz va c6ng su, 2005; Schwartz va cgng su, 2001) Tuy vay, trgng cu5c khdo sdt ndy, chiing toi lai thu dugc kit qud khac: Hgc sinh trung hgc (nhiing ngucri tre tuoi) ciing rdt coi trgng nhttng gia trj truyen thong vd sir dung muc, phii hgp Dieu dugc minh chiing th6ng qua kit qua: hai gid tri "Truyen th6ng" vd "Dung muc, phii hgp" diu dugc hgc sinh danh gia o mirc rat quan trgng (dilm trung binh cda hai gid trj Idn lugt Id 4,52 va 4,35) Su khac biet CO the CO nguon goc tir sir khdc biet van hoa giira cac quoc gia, dan tgc; gitta phuong Dong vd phuong Tay Liira tuoi hgc sinh trung hgc la giai doan cac em hgc sinh dugc giao due, hgc tap, trau dgi cdc kien thirc ve cugc song, cdc bdi hgc dao diic de hodn thien nhan cdch Chinh vi thi, giao due cho cac em biet coi trgng su phii hgp, dung muc va co long nhan di la can thilt "Long nhan ai" va "Quyen luc" ciing la hai gid tri dugc hge sinh danh gid Id kha quan trgng (diem trimg binh cua hai gia tri Idn lugt Id 4,17 vd 4,16) Noi rieng ve gia tri "Long nhan ai", co the thay, day la mgt nhihig gid tri nen tdng eua dan tgc Trdi qua hang nghin nam dimg nuijc va gitt nuoc, gia tri "Long nhan ai" thucmg dugc gan lien voi nhttng truyin thing quy ban nhu: "Thuong ngucri nhu the thucmg than", "La lanh diim Id raeh", "Mgt ngua dau, cd tdu bo co" Ben canh do, long nhan xudt phdt tir nhu cdu rat can bdn cua ngucri, Id nhu cau dugc yeu thucmg, chia se tinh cam Dilu ciing da dugc trinh bay Ly thuyit Nhu cdu cua Abraham Maslow (1954) Trong nghien ciru ciia Schwartz (1997), ong da timg ket luan: Khong eo moi lien he giira tuoi vcri su lua chgn cdc gia tri "Long nhan di" va "Quyen lire" * Mot so khdc biet theo cdc bien sd Theo gidi tinh Rokeach (1973) cho rdng co can cir hgp ly dl hy vgng tim thdy sir khae biet tra tien gia tr| lien quan den gioi tinh, bcri vi xa hoi, ngucri nam TAP CHI JAM Vi HOC, So (219), - 2017 95 vd ngucri ntt phdt buy vai tro khdc Bond (1988) cung kit ludn rang, bat ky dac dilm gioi tinh nao da dugc khdi quat tren nhieu nen van hoa khac CO the phdn dnh sir khdc biet phg bien xa hoi ciia hai gi(W Trong nghien ciiu nay, tinh uu tien lira chgn cdc gia tri gitta tiam sinh va nir sinh ciing eg khde bidt Mac du cd hai nhgm hgc sinh deu dat gia tri "Tu dinh hucing" vd "Truyin thflng" vi tri eao nhdt, song doi vdi cdc nam sinh thi gid tri "Tu djnh hucrng" dugc coi Id quan trgng hon gid tri "Truyen thong" D6i vcji cdc nH sinh thi ngugc lai, gid tri "Truyen thong" lai dugc cot trgng hon gia tri "Tu dinh hucing" Kit qua co le khong qud ngac nhien, bcji "Tu dinh hucing" la mgt nhirng dac dilm dac trung ve giiJi khd ro cj nam gioi Cd mgt so nghien ciru trudc day da cho ket qua tucmg tu (vi du, nghien cOru ciia Schwartz va Rubel, 2005; Bami, Ranieri, Scabini va Rosnati, 2011) yl tinh Bdng 2: Su lira chon cdc gid tri cua hoc sinh theo gidi Gidi tinh T-test/F P 4,49 3.15 0,00 4,48 4,56 2,06 0,00 4,29 4,41 3.04 0,03 Long nhan 4,16 4,18 3,50 0,00 Thanh dai 4,15 3,99 2,50 0,03 Quyen lire 4,14 4,18 3,16 0,02 Gia tri loan cau 4,08 3,94 3,17 0,00 An toiin, on dinh 4,00 4,04 3,09 0,00 Khoai lac, huong thu 3,85 3,95 2.98 0,04 10 Kham pha, niao Itieni j,45 J,09 3.12 0,03 Gia trj Nam Nir Tir dinh htrtirng 4,63 Truyen thong Su phit hop, dung nitre Theo khu vuc sinh sdng So lieu khao sat cho thay, hoc sinh cr ca hai khu vtjc thj va nong thon deu coi gia tri: Tu dinh hudng; Truyen thdng; Su phii hap dung muc; Long nhdn di va Quyen lire la quan trgng hon nhung gia tr; lai (xet theo gia tri dii;in trung binh), Tuy vay, danh gid ve iTlirc quan trgng cua cac gia tri giira hai khu vuc la thay, thir tir sap xep ve mirc quan ciia ciic gid 96 TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, So (219) - 201 tri lai khong gidng Cu thi, hgc sinh d khu vuc ndng thdn dl cao gid tri "Truyin thdng" va gid tri "Su phu hgp, dung mirc" hon so vdi hgc sinh thdnh thi, dd hgc sinh d thdnh thi lai dl cao gia trj "Tu djnh hudng" hon so vdi hge sinh d ndng thdn Xet nhiing gid trj cd dilm trung binh thap hem la; "Gid tri todn cdu"; "Khodi lac, hudng thu"; "Thdnh dat"; "An todn, dn dinh"; "Khdm phd, mao hiem" thi ngoai gid tri "Khdm phd, mao hiem" dugc danh gid la it quan trgng nhat thi nhirng gia tri cdn lai he gia tri cung cd vi tri sap xep thii tu quan trgng thay ddi tiiy theo khu vuc Neu nhu cac hgc sinh d khu vuc thi coi trgng "Gia tri toan cdu", "Khodi lac, hudng thu" hon so vdi hgc sinh ndng thdn thi hgc sinh d ndng thdn lai coi trgng gia tri "Thdnh dat" va "An todn, dn dinh" hem so vdi hgc sinh d thi Phdi chang nhirng hgc sinh d khu vuc thj cd nhieu dieu kien thuan Igi de cd mgt cugc sdng tien nghi, day dii nen viec hudng thii cudc sdng la de dang hon, khao khat dat lai ludn thudng true tam tri cua nhirng hoc sinh d khu virc ndng thdn, mong mudn cdng de cd the thay ddi cugc song? Bdng 3: Su lua chon cdc gid tri cita hoc sinh trung hoc phdn theo khu vuc Khu vuc Gia trj Thanh thi Nong thon T-tcst/F P Ttidmh htrong 4,51 4.61 2,95 0.01 2, Truyen ihong 4,48 4,56 2,17 0.00 Su phit hop, diing mtrc 4,30 4.40 2.45 0,00 4, Long nhan 4.13 4,21 3.52 0,03 5, Quyen luc 4.12 4.20 3.45 0,02 Gia tri loan cau 4.11 3.91 3.28 0,00 7, Khoai lac hiiitng thu 4.09 3.71 3.90 0,02 8, Thanh dat 4.06 4.08 2.18 0,00 9, An loan, on dinh 3,99 4.05 2,80 0,01 1(1, Kham pha, mao hiem 3,46 J.08 3,45 0,03 Ket luan Co the thay hien na>', hgc :,inh trung hgc dang rat coi Irgng nhiing gta tri "TiJ- dinh huirng" "Truyen thong" "Sir ditng muc phii hirp" Giua hoc sinh nam TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Si) (219), 6-2017 vd hgc sinh nil, cung nhu giua nhiing hge sinh d ndng thdn va thatih thj ciing co su khdc biet ddnh gid vai trd quan trgng ciia cac gid tri ddi vdi ban than minh Viec phan tich da cho thdy birc tranh khdi qudt v l he gid tri ctia hgc siiih trung hgc hien Dieu ndy cd y nghTa quan trgng, bdi thdng qua viec; hieit duge hgc sinh trung hgc hien dang nghT gi, hudng den gid tri ndo, dieu gi Id quan trgng vd dilu gi dang chi phdi y nghT, hdnh ddng ciia cdc em ciigc sdng , chiing ta se cd nhiing bien phdp gido due phu hgp d l cdc em phat trien diing hudng, phii hgp vdi yen cdu cua dat nude bdi cdnh hdi nhdp Tai lieu tham khao Bami D., S Ranieri E Scabini and R Rosnati, Value transmission in the family: Do adolescents accept the values their parents want to transmit?, Joumal of Moral Education, 40, 1, pp 105 - 121, 2011 Bond M.H., Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multicultural studies of values: The Rokeach and Chinese value surveys Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55 pp, 1.009 - 1.015, 1988 Chalapi M., Sociology of Order, Tehran: Nashr, 1998 Hall D.T & Mansfield R., Relationship of age and seniority with career variables of engineers and scientists, Joumal of Applied Psychology, 2, pp 201 - 210, 1975 Hedayat Shodeh p The role of values in the society culture Public Culture, 5, 1994 Karakitapoglu Aygiin Z & Imamoglu E.O,, Value domains of Turkish aduhs and university students The iouma.1 of Soca\ Psychology, 142, pp 333 - , 2002 Kohn M.L & Schooler C , Work and Personality Social Siralificalion, Norwood, N J Ablex 1983 An Inquiry into the Impact of Prince-Gibson E, & Schwartz S H,, Value priorities and gender Social Psychology Quarterly 61 pp 49 - 67, 1998 10 Rokeach M, The nature nfiiuinan values New York: Free Press 1973, 11, Sch\\arlz S,I I,, Bilsky W iovciyd a Theory of the Universal Conlcnl and Structure of Values Extensions and Cross - Cullwal Repticalions, Journal oi Personality and Social Ps>chology, Vol 58 No pp, 878 - 891, 1990, 12, Schwiirtz S l-l , Cnirersals in the content and sli iiclure of values Theoretical udvanccs and empii ical tests in 20 countries In M,l', 7anna (Eds ) .Ad\'anccs in experimental social ps\cholog\ Vol 24, pp, -65,New York'Academic Press 1992 1-^1 Schwartz S H IH' theie univeisul aspects m the content and siiiiLltire of values' Journal ol'Social Issues 50 pp, 19 - 45, 1994, 98 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC Sti (219) - 201 14 Schwartz S., Value priorities and behavior: Applying a theory ofintegreted value system, In C Seligman I Molsu & M.P Zanna (Eds.), The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, pp - 24, Hillsolable, NJ: Eribaum, 1996 15 Schwartz S.H & Bardi A., Influences of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities in Eastern Europe, Political Psychology, 18, pp 385-410, 1997 16 Schwartz S.H & Bardi A., Value hierarchies across culmres: Taking a similarities perspective, Joumal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, pp 268 - 290,2011 17 Schwartz S.H and T Rubel, Sex differences in value priorities: Cross - cultural and multimethod studies, Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, pp l.OIO - 1.028,2005 18 Schwartz S.H,, Les valeurs de base de la personnel Theorie, mesures et applications (Basic human values: Theory, measurement and applications), Revuefian9aisede soeiolo Vol 42, pp 249 - 288,2006 19 Schwartz S.H., Cieeiuch J., Vecchione M., Davidov E., Fischer R., Beierlein C, Ramos A., Verkasalo M., Ldnnqvist J.E., Demirutku K., Dirilen-Gumus O & Konty M., Refining the theory of basic individual values (submitted), 2011 20 Super D.E., A life-span, life-space approach to career development, Joumal of Vocational Behavior, 16, pp, 282 - 298, 1980, TAPCHITAMLVHOC, Sd (219), - 201 ... eiia hgc sinh trung hgc hien d nude ta Khach the va phuang phap nghien cii-u Khach the nghien ciiu Khach the nghien ciru la 270 hgc sinh trung hgc (120 hge sinh trung hge ca sd va 150 hgc sinh Irung... tri cua hoc sinh trung hoc dugc tom tat bang so lieu sau day va dugc sap xep theo thu tir giam dan cita diem trung binh: Bdng I: Su Itca chon cdc gid tri cita hoc sinh trung hoc Diem trung binh... tren dia ban phd Ha Ndi Trong dd: Ve gidi tinh- Nam hge sinh chiem 48,9%, nii hgc sinh chiem 51.1%; Ve khu vuc Hgc sinh d thi chiem 44.4%, hgc sinh d ndng thdn chiem 55.6% Phuang phdp vd cdng cu