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NghiSn ciiu Gia d i n h va G i i S^ - V Bien fidi He gia trj gia flinh tlioii Icy liien flai qua cac tai lieu ngliien curu nudc ngoai Iran Thj Cam Nhung Vien Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gift Tom tat: He gia tri gia dinh va sU bien doi cua no thdi kJ hien dai la mgt chii de hap d&n, dang dUdc quan tam nghien cijtu ciia ci h l u khdp cac nudc tr§n the'gidi Nham gop ph£n thiic hien de tai cap Bp "He gia tri gia dinh Viet Nam diidi goc nhin xa hoi hpc" (Nghien ciiu trudng hPp tinh Thai Binh) ciia Vien Nghien Cliu Gia dinh va Gifii nam 2013-2014, v6i nguon tai lieu co difdc, bai viet eo'gang diem lai chu de nghien ciiu viia neu tren cac phifOng dien cu the nhU: mpt so'khai niem lien quan va cac npi dung duoc luan ban ve siJ biS'n doi gia tri lmh viic hon nhan va gia dinh thong qua mot so'tai lieu nghien ciiu cua n\idc ngoai ma tac gia tie'p can diidc Hy vong bai viet se mang lai it nhieu bo ich cho viec nghien ciiu h& gia tri gia dinh hien ci niidc ta Tif khoa: Gia dinh; Gia tri; Bien doi: Hon nhan; Ly hon, Ve cac khai niem gia trj, he gia trj va he gia tri gia dinh Cac nha nghien cihi Schwartz va Bilsky (dSn theo Gangull va Krishnan,,, 2005) cho rang gia trj la nhihig ni^m tin khai niem ve nhimg hanh vi mong muon dat dugc virot qua cac tinh hud'ng cu the, no hucmg dan, dinh Tran Thi Cam Nhung 35 hudng cac danh gia va lua chon ve cac hanh vi hoac su kien va iheo mdt miic dp quan nh^^t djnh Trong Rokeach djnh nghia gia trj la ni^m tin lau dai v^ mot each iing xur ma ca nhan va xa h6i su dung thucmg xuyen hon cac each ihig xu khac Mot so tac gia khac nhSh manh nhung khia canh khac cua gia trj nhu William coi gia trj la cac tifiu chuin vi hanh xu va Kluckhon cbi gia tri la cac quan nifim ve nhung phucmg thtic vk kg^t qua mong muon dat dupc ciia mpt hanh d6ng He gia tri la mPt tap hop cac gia trj dupc sdp xefp theo thii tir Theo Rokeach he gia tri ta mPl l6 chiic nhiJng ni^m tin dupc tri lau dai vl cac hinh thiic utig xit mong mud'n va co tam quan trpng mot th5i gian dai Anderson va cpng su dinh nghia he gia tri la nhirng khuon khd ma cac ca nhan dua vao de hSnh dong cuflc sfl'ng (dan theo Gangull va Krishnan, 2005) Cic nghien ciiu v^ gia tri thucmg quan tam de'n nhiJng diem tuong dong va khac biet ve nfli dung va cS'u true cac gia tn; su bie'n dfli cua nhiing gia Irj db thich iing nhu the'nao trudc nhung bie'n ddi kinh te', van hoa va xa hfli Iren khap the gidi Mot sfl' nghien cuti ve tuong dong ca'u trijc ciia gia trj da nhan tha'y nhirng yeu tfl'/chi^u canh khac ciia gia tri giL^d cac nin van hoa khac va djnh vi vi tri cua cac qufl'c gia khac ve nhiing chieu canh gia trj Tuy nhien, cung c^n chii trpng de'n su bie'n ddi ciia cac gia trj chinh ban than nen van hoa ma no dang van dflng vh nhimg thay ddi ma cac xa hpi phupng Dong dang trai qua dudi lac dflng ciia cflng nghiep hoa va su tie'p xiic vdi van hoa phucmg Tay Khi xem xet sir khac biet ve gia tri, nha nghien ciiu cd the du bao cd nhirng xung dot van hoa se xay hoac nhan iha'y cd nhung bie'n ddi ciia gia trj ban than nen van hoa nao dd Cdn dudi tac dpng ciia cflng nghiep hoa va sir li^p can vdi cac gia trj van hoa phucmg Tay, nha nghien ciiu cung cd the' nhan tha'y cd nhiing kha nang tich hop gia tri ciia nhilu nen van hoa khac su tuong thich nhat dinh (Huyn 2001) Gia tri gia dinh la mpt phan he gia trj chung ciia toan xa hfli Cac thao luan ve gia trj gia dinh quan tam chu ye'u de'n mpt so' khia canh ve cuflc sd'ng gia dinh va cau triic gia dinh bao gom: cac mdi quan he gia dinh hdn nhan va ly hdn cac gia dinh cha me don ihan cac mfl'i quan he cha me khflng ke't hdn nhung cung ddng gdp nudi con, nao thai va cac hfl gia dinh ca hai vp chdng cung ddng gdp thu nhap Theo Jagger va Wrighl (dan theo Roseneil va Budgeon 2004), cd bd'n nhdm gia trj gia dinh dupc quan tam bao gom: gia iri gia dinh truyen ihd'ng; gia trj gia dinh dupc the' che' hda he thfl'ng luat phap thucmg dupc nghien ciiu lrong bfl'i canh thay ddi luat phap ve gia dinh vdi nhihig bien dfli gia trj gia 36 Nghien cthi Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.34-45 dinh truyln ihfl'ng; khai niem gia dinh mfl'i quan he giiia ca nhan va nha nudc va gia dinh lrong chuye'n ddi tfir hien dai de'n hau hien dai Ddi vdi mfli nhdm gia u-j lai cd nhiing khia canh gia trj gia dinh khac ma cac nha nghien ciiu cfin phai ludng Chang han dfl'i vdi gia tri gia dinh truyen ihfl'ng ngudi la quan tam den nhumg khia canh ma ngudi hang mong udc quan he giua va va chdng, giiia cha me va cai giiia anh chj em vdi Ddi vdi mdi quan he giila ca nhan va nha nudc va'n dl trach nhiem ctia nha nudc hay gia dinh viec cham sdc ngudi gia va tre em dupc dat Mot sd gia trj gia dinh cd the cung xua't hien d nhilu thdi ky khac nhu linh yeu, quan tam cham sdc tdn trpng lin trach nhiem va su cam k^t thuc hifin nghTa vii ve Idng hifi'u thao va sir giao tifi'p, su chung thiiy Nhimg bie'n ddi gia tri gia dinh cung dupc xem xet U-ong bdi canh xa hfli chuyen sang nen kinh te djch vu su lac dpng ciia cflng nghe thflng tin va su sut giam vai tro ngudi tru cdt kinh ti ciia nam gidi (ngudi chdng) Bie'n ddi he gia tri gia dinh chju anh hudng cua nhieu yfi'u id nhu di cu, cdng nghifip hoa, hifin dai hoa cai thien trinh dp hpc va'n va hfi thfl'ng giao due ciing nhu bi lac dflng ciia chinh hfi tu tudng truyen thfl'ng Bien doi gia trj hon nhan Gia trj hon nhan dang co sir bifi'n ddi manh me Dieu the hien d cac chi bao quan niem ve y nghia cua hfln nhan, quan he giiia hfln nhSn vdi sinh de va viec nufli duong cai su lua chpn noi d sau ket hdn, va vai tro cua su tham gia lao ddng xa hdi cua phu nii viec hinh Ihanh hfln nhan Cho dii nhieu ngudi v&n coi hfln nhan la mflt mfl hinh I^ ludng nhung y nghia ciia hdn nhan da giam siil ma mflt cac bieu hien la su gia tang hien tupng chung sd'ng khdng ket hfln, ket hdn mudn hoac khdng kit hon O My, cac nha nghien ciiu cho rang hon nhan da trd nfin khflng cd vai trd quan trpng san xua't kinh le' lieu dung, va chuyin giao lai san iir the'he sang the he khac Hdn nhan khdng cdn vai tro anh hudng den mfli quan he giua nam va nii, su chuyin ddi sang giai doan irudng ciia nam va nu Hfln nhan cung khdng cdn y nghia so sanh ban vl Irai nghiem tinh due, sap xep cudc song, sinh va nudi Hdn nhan khdng cdn y nghTa thieng lieng nhu trudc ma nd cang dupc nhin nhan vl tfnh thuc lifin hem la mdt thie't c h i mang tinh tfln giao (dSn theo Sobotka va Toulemon, 2008) Mflt khao sat ciia Dai hpc Qufl'c gia Australia thuc hifin nam 1998 cho tha'y ly kit hfln d l sinh cai va Tran Thi Cam Nhung 37 dupc an tam hem vl mat tai chinh khdng cdn dupc coi la ly quan niia Gid day hdn nhan khdng cdn la diem bat dau cua viec chung sd'ng va bat d^u cd quan hfi linh due gitia nam va nii (Vandenheuvel, 1991) Thay vi md hinh ttr lam quen lim hilu den kit hdn thi lrong thdi gian g3n day, nam va nii chuyen til giai doan tim hilu sang chung sdng nhtmg sau dd cd thi tiln tdi hdn nhan hoac khflng lien ldi hdn nhan Chung sd'ng khflng kit hfln hoac sfl'ng thtr da dupc chap nhan rdng rai nhung chua phai thay the' hoan loan md hinh hdn nhan truyln thd'ng Phan nhieu nhiing cap nam nii coi sfl'ng thii va kit hdn la hai su vile khdng loai trir ma sdng thii trd mdt giai doan diln trudc tien tdi hdn nhan (Manning va cdng su 2007) Ngoai hien tuong sdng thu hay chung sfl'ng khflng ket hfln, nhu lrong mpt nghiin ciiu cho thay nhiing ngudi cd ngudn luc kinh le han che tham chf cdn khflng kit hfln (Seltzer va cflng su, 2005) Theo sd' lilu cua Cue Thdng ke Dan sd My nam 2008, qudc gia cd khoang 19 trieu ngudi dflc than dd tudi 30-44 chua timg kit hdn (chilm 31% ngudi nhdm tudi dd) Hd gia dinh dem than tang tir 11% nam 1970 len 29% nam 2007 Gia dinh truyln thdng (ngudi chdng la tru cdt kmh te' ngudi vp lam vile nha) giam tir 60% vao nam 1972 xudng 29% nam 2007 (Benokrailis 2010) Theo kit qua mdt nghien ciiu dfl'i vdi nhdm ngudi di cuTrung Qudc vh Nhat Ban dfi'n My hau hit nhung ngudi chua tiing kit hfln cudc khao s^t cam tha'y hanh phiic vdi quylt dinh cua minh Hp sd'ng sung tiic va cd nhilu ddng gdp xa hdi Nhimg phu nii chua tiing kit hfln khflng chi dang thach thiic cac gia trj hfln nhan truyen ihfl'ng cua ngudi phuong Dflng ma hp cdn dang thach ihiic nhimg mong dpi ve vai trd gidi van hoa truyln ihfl'ng cua hp Mflt sd nghien ciiu chi su thay ddi thai dfl vcd hon nhan va ddi sd'ng gia dinh d chau A nhu da timg xay d cac xa hfli cdng nghiep hoa d chau Au va Bac My: nhffng ngudi tre tudi cd xu hudng kit hdn mudn hem, cac cap vp chdng cd xu hudng sdng riing, khdng sfl'ng cting cha me va cang nhilu ngucri vp lrong cac gia dinh tham gia vao ihj trudng lao dflng Nhung nhting khia canh ciia ddi sd'ng gia dinh d chau A van kha khac biet vdi thie't c h i gia dinh da phat triln d phucmg Tay So vdi phucmg Tay viec sfl'ng khdng kit hdn hay kit hdn qua mufln cf chau A van chua trd ihanh phd biln Chi cd I."5% ngudi tham gia khao sal nghiin cim ciia Vandenheuvel (1991) cho rang mfl hinh chung sd'ng vdi sud't ddi ma khdng kit hfln hoac sd'ng mdt minh la md hinh Ij/ ludng Hau hit ngudi Australia van tin rang hdn nhan la quan trpng va la ngudn hanh phiic cho 38 Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.34-45 cuflc sdng ciia hp Trong mflt khao sal ve gia trj gia dinh dupc thuc hiln lap lai nam 1993 va 2010 d Singapore, cii 10 ngudi thi cd ngudi tin rang hdn nhan la quan trpng (New.sAsia 26/06/2010) Cac nghien ciiu chi rang, hau hit phu nii d khu vuc chau A vlti mong mud'n kit hfln nhung tudi kit hdn da tang ien Su md rdng cac co hdi giao due va vile l^m da tao dieu kien cho ngudi phu ntr khflng cdn phai phu thudc nam gidi vl kinh ll Ngoai ra, cac yeu to nhu su Mt dn djnh cua tinh trang viec Iam thu nhap ty 11 ly hdn lang ap luc sinh sau kit hfln, v.v.da khien nhilu ngudi ludng lu di den quye't djnh kit hfln (Jones 2012) Bien doi gia trj gia dinh Ttr nhiing nam 1970-80, thai dp ddi vdi vai trd gidi da cd su thay ddi Xu hudng phu nii tham gia vao luc lupng lao ddng va nam gidi chia se Iam viec nha dang lang len Nhiing thay ddi vi each irng xii ciia nam gidi va phu niJ d nha va ncri lam viec da cd tac ddng de'n ddi sdng gia dinh ndi chung va he gia trj quan he vp chdng ndi rieng Khi dflc lap vl kinh te, ngudi phu nu' cd nhieu lira chpn cho cuflc sd'ng ca nhan minh hem: kit hdn kit hfln va lam me, sfl'ng mflt minh lam me dem than, hoac theo dudi su nghiep ca nhan MdT quan he vp chdng cung thay ddi ngudi phu nii phai cd gang dl can bang giiia ddi sdng gia dinh va cdng viec Dilu cd nghTa la hp phai ddi mat vdi nhitng vai trd mdi hdn nhan, hokn toan khac xa vdi md hinh hdn nhan truyen thd'ng, ddi hdi nhiing ngudi phu nif cd nhihig chifi'n lupc phij hpp de giai quye't xung dpi hdn nhan nham tri chat lupng va su ben viing ciia cudc hdn nhan (Kaufman 2000; Rhoden 2003) Su tiep nfl'i ciia gia dinh phu thupc vao vific sinh trai dl dam bao thd Cling td lien Trong nhirng nam trd lai day, quy md gia dinh d Han Quo'c da thu nhd trung binh mfli gia dinh cd 3,51 ngudi V l vai trd gidi, xa hdi truyln thd'ng, mdi quan he giira chdng va vp di theo chieu doc ngudi chdng la tru cdt gia dinh Ngay nay, quan he giQa ngudi vp va ngudi chdng la chilu ngang, ngudi chdng tap trung thdi gian cflng sire d^ cham lo kinh tegia dinh nin khflng cdn nhilu thdi gian d l thuc hiln chiic nang ngudi chu gia dinh nhu trudc, toan bfl cac cdng vile ciia gia dinh h^u nhu ngudi vp ganh vac, bao gdm ca viec hoc tap ciia cai (Kim va Hoppe-Graff 2001; Lee, 2005) Nhu vay cuflc each mang cflng nghiep d Han Qud'c da lam bien ddi chir khflng xda di nhutig vai trd u-uyln ihd'ng ciia ngudi phu nCr dd'i vdi gia dinh Y nghia ciia dira gia dinh cung thay ddi Ngudi ta van mong Tran Thi Cam Nhung 39 mud'n cd nhifin sd thuc t l thi il di Theo kit qua nghien cihi cua Vandenheuvel (1991) cai khdng cdn dupc xem la "ganh nang" hay can trd su ttr cua cSp vp chdng Ca nam gidi va phu nir tham gia cudc khao sat deu cho rang cai nhu mdt phan thudng ddi vdi hp hay mdt nhan td lam cudc sdng cua hp trd nin phong phii hem Nhirng Ipi ich cd dudng nhu da idn hem nhimg khd khan phai nudi dudng cai Nghien ciiu ciia Kim va Hopped-Graff (2001) cung nha'n manh rang cai cang cd y nghTa ve mat linh cam hem la su d^u tu vl kinh ll Bie'n ddi gia dinh dupc the hien d su da dang cac hinh thai gia dinh va mfl hinh sdng: Chung sdng khdng ket hdn, cac cap vp chdng khflng sfl'ng cung, kit hdn/quan he ban linh dong tfnh gia dinh dem than, ddc than Ranh gidi giifa gia dinh va ddi sdng ngoai gia dinh trd nin kem rd rang hem Md'i quan he than mat va cham sdc ciing thay ddi so vdi trudc, vupt ngoai gidi han ciia "gia dinh" Do ty II ly hdn gia tang manh me va ty il tre em dupc sinh ngoai quan he hdn nhan gia dinh gdm cha me sd'ng cdng cai khdng cdn ia nin tang co ban d nhilu xa hfli cdng nghiep phat triln Cham sdc tre em va ngudi cao tudi cung khflng chi dupc thuc hiln gia dinh Vi vay mdi quan hi than mat va cham sdc nen dupc nghien ciiu vdi pham vi md rflng, ngoki pham vi gia dinh Cac nha nghien cthi cho bill cac hinh thai gia dinh d My khd xac djnh de'n ndi Cue Thfl'ng ke Dan sd My ra't khd dl ludng xu hudng biln ddi gia dinh ciia nudc Luat phap cung phai dupc sira ddi dl phan anh bien ddi gia dinh nhu cho phep dang ky quan he ddng gidi hfln nhan ddng linh, huy bd hdn nhan ma khflng c^n cd thii luc ly hdn (trudng hop Ha Lan) Khai niem ve gia dinh cung biln ddi Sd lieu cuflc khao sat Eurobarometer nam 1998 cho tha'y 59% ngudi tra Idi cho rang cac cap chung sdng khdng kit hdn \'a cd cai la mflt gia dinh, 48% cho rang gia dinh bao gdm cap vp chdng kit hfln va cai 27% cho rang cap dfli chung sd'ng khflng kei va khdng cd cung la gia dinh Nghiin ciiu vl biln ddi gia dinh d Diic cung cho thay gia dinh dupc djnh nghia dua tren sir cd mat ciia cai lrong hd gia dinh (Sobotka va Toulemon 2008; Roseneil va Budgeon, 2004) Gia trj ben vihig cua gia dinh va ly hon Gia trj bin viing ciia gia dinh dupc lucmg bang quan niem cua mpi ngudi vl ^ nghia ciia gia dinh cac chi bao ve ly ie ly hdn vl thdi gian chung sd'ng st; hai ldng vl ddi sfl'ng gia dinh Nhin chung gia tri bin vihig ciia gia dinh da giam di, ly hfln cang dupc nhin nhan nhu la mot giai 40 Nghien cOU Gja dinh va Gidi, Quyen 24, s o 4, tr.34.45 phap thuc te'trong cupc song gia dinh Tru6c day ngucri phu nu dCi co chiu de nen va s6ng canh bat hoa v6i ngudi chong thi v^n phai chiu dung hoac ttr ti>, thi nhieu ngudi da quyet dinh ly h6n, Chuain muc xa hoi va Iuat phap cung ting ho quan diem do, O r^t nhi^u xa hoi hien dai chau A, ngucfi tre lch6ng tha'y h6n nhan quan nhu trudc vi tinh due trudc hon nhan cang dupc cha'p nhan rong rai, nhiing nudc cd ty 16 ly hdn cao nhu Nhat Biin, Han Qud'c, Trung Qud'c, nhan thiic vi nguy co ly hdn cao cang khuyg'n khfch nhiing phu nii khdng ke't hdn cd gang hoc len cao va tim viec lam td't (East West Center, 2002), Ty 16 ly hdn tang dugc cho la li6n quan d6'n su mat niem tin vao cac md'i quan he ben viing d nhiing ngudi tre hien nay, Nhiing thi6'u ni6n xuat than tCr nhiing gia dinh ly hdn it cd xu hudng se k6't hdn hon so vdi nhung ban be xuS't than tfl nhCrng gia dinh khdng cd ly hdn (White, 2003), Ly hdn cung trd nen d6 dang cha'p nhan hon, Nhiing ye'u td ciia hien dai hoa nhu su cai thi6n cac co hdi giao due, viec lam ngoai pham vi gia dinh va tdc dd dd thi hoa dugc mdt sd nghiSn Cliu thuc nghiem chf la cd tac dCing manh me de'n nhCtng bie'n ddi ddi sd'ng gia dinh dd cd ly hdn (Leon, 2003; Al-Kazi, 2008; Adegoke 2010), Cac nghien cilu ve sir ben vung cua hdn nhSn va ly hdn cung chi cac ye'u td cd anh hudng de'n sir bie'n d6i gia tri Ve khfa canh nhan khau hoc, cac nha nghien cilu nha'n manh de'n vai trd cia y6'u td tu6i ke't hdn (Mozny va Kaunak, 2005; Eshleman, 1997; National Center for Health Statistics, 2002; Amato, 1996; Amato va cdng su 2003; Adegoke, 2010), Nhiing ngudi ke't hdn sdm cd ft thdi gian d6' tim ngudi ban ddi thfch hgp, chua dii chfn chan vi tinh cam, chua cd su chu& bi cho viec dam trach cac vai trd ciia hdn nhan va thudng khdng cd ngudn luc kinh te, NhCmg yeu td se lam Igi ich tir cudc hdn nhan giam di, D6 dai Ihdi gian chung sd'ng eung cd moi lien he vdi tudi ly hdn, Cac vu ly hdn thudng xay vao thdi ky dau ciia hdn nhan vi ky vong ve hdn nhSii cao va ky nang xtr ly nhCing bat ddng hdn nhan cdn han ch6 giai doan (Knock, 1992; Adegoke, 2010), Mdt so nha nghien ciru lap luan rang chung sd'ng trudc ket hdn cd th^ tang nguy co ly hdn (Harkonnen, 2005; Amato, 1996; Amato va cdng su, 2003), Cach giai thich chii yeu la nhCrng ngudi chung sd'ng trudc kJt hdn thudng la nhirng ngudi cd tu tudng tu va vi the hg d6 dang cd tu tudng coi md vdi quan niem vi cam ket lau dai ciia hdn nhan va nhu vay, nhimg rao can v^ tam ll? dd'i vdi ly hdn dfii vdi hg trd nen rat ft Tran Thi Cam Nhung 41 Cac nghien ciiu cho thay vific khflng cd se Iam tang nguy ca ly hdn va qua trinh ly hdn diln nhanh chdng (Adegoke 2010) Nhimg ngudi Australia tham gia vao cudc khao sal nam 1989 - ca nam va nii - deu ddng tinh rang nfi'u hai \'p chdng sdng khflng hanh phuc thi Iy hfln la mdt giai phap lot dep dd'i vdi cai (91 % nam va 94% nii) (Vandenheuvel, 1991) VI dac trung kinh te xa hdi ciia ca nhan cac nghien ciiu nha'n manh trudc hit den vai trd ciia ylu td hoc v^n Nghifin ciiu ve ly hfln a nhieu qufl'c gia cho thay ly hfln phd bie'n hem d nhdm cd hpc van thap (Mozny va Katrnak, 2005; Knock, 1992; Adegoke 2010) Cac nghien cthi chi rang hpc van la ylu td giiip mdi quan he hfln nhan dupc td't dep Trinh dfl hpc va'n giiip cac cap vp chdng cd su giao til'p hieu qua va giai quylt cac khd khan, rac rd'i xung quanh mdi quan hi cua hp Tuy nhien nhimg ngudi cd hoc va'n cao cd thi cd nhieu ddi hoi ve mdi quan he hfln nhan vdi ngudi chdng va dd cd the se dSn din nhihig va'n dl khien mdt hai ngudi cd y nghT vl ly hfln (Amato va Previti, 2003) Khi ba't cflng bang xa hfli va kinh te tang lln se khiln ngudi phu nii khd kiem soat dupc su ben vimg hdn nhan ciia minh va nhu vay se khiln ngudi phu nif thuflc nhdm hpc van tha'p hem gap nhilu khd khan hem sau Iy hdn Nhifng nghiin ciiu d My cho tha'y nhiing ngudi cd trinh dd hpc van cao da hoan toan chuyen ddi thai dd sang tu tudng tu nhumg ngudi cd trinh dfl hpc va'n tha'p hon chi mdi dang d^n chuyen ddi (Martin va Parashar 2006) Su ddc lap vl kinh te va tham gia vao thi trudng lao ddng ciia phu nii cd thi lam tang kha nang ly hdn Sd di md'i quan he giifa su tham gia lam vile ngoai xa hdi ciia phu nii va ly hdn thudng dupc nghien cihi vi vai trd chuyin bill ciia nam va nif lrong hdn nhan dupc coi la co sd ciia su dn dinh hdn nhan Vile ngudi vp danh nhilu thdi gian de lam viec ngoai gia dinh cd thi khiln cac viln gia dinh khdng hai long va dd cd thi lam iang nguy ca ly hdn Han nifa tham gia vao mdi trudng lam viec ngudi phu nii va nam gidi cd nhilu co hdi gap gd nhiing ngudi khac Hem niia vi vj the thucmg lupng ciia ngudi vp dupc cai thien ho cd ngudn luc ve kinh t l tir viec lam cua ban than va gian tifi'p tii ngudn luc kinh t l cua ngudi chdng nhiing mong dpi vl vai trd hdn nhan theo chuan muc truyln thd'ng cd the trd ap luc va vi thi nd se lam thay ddi can can quyin luc hdn nhan (Sayer va Bianchi, 2000) Song mdi quan he giiia trinh dd hpc van va thai dp Iy hdn cd sir thay ddi theo thdi gian Mot sd nghien ctiu ve mfli quan he giiia trinh dp hpc van va iy hdn hoac thai dfl vl ly hdn cho tha'y nhifng thay ddi ngupc chieu d mdt sfl' qufl'c gia, dd cd My v& Ph^n Lan Mfli nghien ciiu ddi vdi nhdm phu nu tre d My 42 Nghien ctfu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.34-45 giai doan 1974-2002 cho tha'y neu trudc day nhimg ngudi phu ntf cd trinh dfl hpc va'n cao theo quan dilm truyln thdng thucmg it ly hdn thi hp khdng cdn cd thai dd de dat dd'i vdi ly hdn nhu trudc (Martin v^ Parashar 2006) Trong dd cudc khao sat gSn day (2010) d Singapore nham kiem chihig lai cac gia trj lifin quan de'n hdn nhan va gia dinh so vdi nam 1993 cho tha'y cd 15% chii yeu d nhdm ngudi tre va cd hpc v^n cao, ndi rang ly hdn la hpp ly nlu cudc hdn nhan di den ngo cut (NewsAsia, 26/06/2010) Nhiing cai each va phat tnen ciia hfi thd'ng luat phap cd vai trd quan trpng dd'i vdi vific thuc day hay han che ly hdn CCing vdi nhffng biln ddi xa hdi khac d Trung Qud'c, luat hdn nhan cho phep ly hdn dl dang hpn da d^y ly le ly hdn tang manh va ty lfi phu nii la ngudi nop dem ly hdn rat cao (70%) cho tha'y nhan thiic vl kha nang dflc lap va kilm soat cuflc sfl'ng ciia ngudi phu nil da tang ien rat nhieu (Sheng 2005; Yi va Wu, 2000) Tuy nhien, khong phai luc nao ly le ly hfln tang cung la kit qua ciia nhiing thay ddi ve luat phap ma thuc t l nd phan anh su thay ddi thai dd'i vdi ly hdn nhilu han (Knock, 1992; Chen va Yi, 2005) Mdt sd nghien ciiu d My cung chi rang, mdt sd luat hdn nhan mdi dupc thdng qua d mdt sd bang ciia My va nhiing de xuat khac nhlm tang cam kit dd'i vdi hdn nhan diu cd lien quan din vile bat dSu thay ddi quan diem ve ly hdn ciia cac c^ nhan (Martin va Parashar 2006) Ket luan Gia trj vl hfln nhan va gia dinh dang cd su giao thoa manh me giiia nhtfng ylu td truyln thd'ng va bien ddi d cac nudc trin t h i gidi ndi chung va d chau A ndi riing Xua't hien nhifng bie'n thi khae ciia md hinh hdn nhan nhu nhumg cap chung sdng khdng kel hdn hdn nhan ddng gidi mac dii md hinh hfln nhan truyln thdng (hfln nhan khac gidi .sd'ng chung ben vung, dupc luat phap va xa hdi thira nhan) van chilm vj trf chii dao Hfln nhan dupc danh gia theo hudng nd mang lai md'i quan he ddng hanh cho ngudi vp va ngudi chdng Da sd mpi ngudi vSn danh gia cao han vl ^ nghTa cLia hanh phiic mang lai ttr hdn nhan va van cho rang du cudc hdn nhan khdng hanh phdc nhung van nin tri vi cai Nhimg thay ddi dang kl vl cac gia Iri gia dinh va hfln nhan la tac ddng ciia cac yeu td kinh te-xa hdi va van hoa Cflng nghiep hoa, dfl thi hoa loan cau hoa va nhifng anh hudng ciia cac qua trinh thflng qua nhtfng dac dilm ca nhan, gia dinh cpng ddng da tao nhiing cti hich manh me dfli vdi sir thay ddi cac gia tri hdn nhan va gia dinh Nhtfng biln Tran Thi Cam Nhung 43 ddi dupc quan s^t tha'y trudc lien d cac xa hdi cdng nghifip hoa d Chau Au va Bac My, liep dd la cac nudc cflng nghifip mdi d chau A, va xu hudng dd dang difin d cac nude khac lrong khu vuc cdn lai Tuy nhifin, Stic manh cua yfi'u td van hoa lai gdp phan bao luu nhifng gia tri truyln thdng tao su hoa quyin cac he gia trj khac lam cho thay doi ban ch^t ciia gia dinh theo hudng gia dinh ckng cha'p nhan nhiing gia trj vdn khflng dupc thOra nhan qua khii va phti hpp hon vdi thdi dai cua chil nghTa ci nhan • Tai lieu trich dan Adegoke T G, 2010 Sociocultural factors as detenninants of divorce rates among women of reproductive age in Ibadan Metropolis Nigeria Studies of Tribes andTribals Vol8 pp.lD7-117 Al-Kazi L A 2008 Divorce: a structural problem not just a personal crisis .lournal of Comparative Family Studies Vol39, pp.241-2.^7 Amato P R & Previti D 2003 People's Reasons for Divorcing: Gender Social Class, the Life Course, and Adjustment .lournal of Family Issues 24, 602626 Amato P R 1996 Explaining the Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce .lournal of Marriage and Family Vol58 pp.628-640 Amato P R va cong su 2003 Continuity and Change in Marital Quality Between 1980-2000 .lournal ofMariiage and Family Vol6.'i 1-22 Benokiailis N J 2010 Chapter I: Changing Family Trong Mariiages and Faniilies:Changes Choices and Constraints: Pearson Education Chen Y H & Yi C C 200.5, Taiwan's families Trong B N Adams & J Trost (Eds.) Handbook of World Families (pp 177-198) California' Sage Publications East West Center 2002 Tradition and Change in Marriage and Family Life The Fiilnre of Population in Asia pp 29-40 Eshleman J R 1997 Divorce and Remarriage Trong J Ross Eshleman (Ed.) The Family: An Introduction (8lh Edition) Boston: AUyn and Bacon Gangull & Krishnan V R 2005 Impact of Family Values and Gender on Transformational Leadership Asia-Paciftc Business Review January-June VoU pp.18-25 Graaf R M & Kalmijn M 2006 Divorce Motives in a Period of Rising Divorce: Evidence from a Dutch Life-History Survey, lournal of Family Issues Vol27 pp.483-505 Harkonnen J 2005 Divorce risk factors across Finnish marriage cohorts 1954- 44 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.34-45 1989 Yearbook of Population Research in Finland Vol41 pp.151-164 Huyn, K J 2001 Sociocultural change and traditional values: Confucian values among Koreans and Korean Americans International lournal of Interctilttiral Relations Vol25 pp.203-229 Jones G.W 2012 Late marriage and low fertility in Singapore: the limits of policy The.I apan lournal of Population Vol.10, pp.89-101 Kaufman G 2000 Do Gender Role Attitudes Matter?: Family Formation and Dissolution Among Traditional and Egahtarian Men and Women Joumal of Family Issues VoI21 pp.128-144 Kim H O & Hoppe-Graff S 2001 Mothers Roles in Traditional and Modern Korean Families: The Consequences for Parental Practices and Adolescent Socializations Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.2, pp.85-93 Knock S L 1992 Sociology of the family (Second Edition) New Jersey: Prenlice-Hall Inc Lee K K 2005 South Korea Families In Bert N Adams & J Trost (Eds.) Handbook of World Families Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Leon K 2003 Risk and Protective factors in young children's adjustment to parental divorce: A review of research Family Relations 52 pp.258-270 Manning W D va cong su 2007 The Changing Institution of Marriage: Adolescent's Expectations to Cohabit and to Marry, lournal of Marriage and Family Vol.69, pp.559-575 Martin S P & Para.shar S 2006 Women's Changing Attitudes Toward Divorce 1974-2002: Evidence for an Educational Crossovei .lournal of Marriage and Family Vol68 pp.29-40 Mozny I & Katmak T (Eds.) 2005 The Czech Family In Bert N Adams & J Trost (Eds.) Handbook of World Families Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication •' National Center for Health Statistics 2002 Cohabitation, marriage, divorce and remarriage in ihe United States Vital and Health Statistics Series 23 No 22 NewsAsia C (26/06/2010) Family values remain strong despite changing socio-economic times: sui-vey: http://news.xin.msn.com/en/singapore/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4178320 Rhoden J, L 2003 Marital Cohesion Flexibility, and Communication in Ihe Marriages of Nontradilional and Traditional Women The Family lournal: Counselling and Therapy for Couples and Families VoU pp.248-256 Roseneil S & Budgeon S 2004 Cultures of Intimacy and Care beyond "the Family": Personal Life and Social Change in the Eady 21st Century CiirreiU Sociology Vol.52, pp.135-159 Tran Thi Cam Nhung 45 Sayer L C & Bianchi S M 2000 Women's Economic Independence and the Probability of Divorce, lournal of Family Issues Vol.21, pp.906-943 Seltzer J A va cpng sir 2005 Explaining Family Change and Variation: Challenges for Family Demographers, lournal of Marriage and Family Vol67 pp.908-925 Sheng X 2005 Chinese Families Trong B N Adams & J Trost (Eds.) Handbook of World Families Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Sobotka, T & Toulemon L 2008 Overview Chaplei 4; Changing Family and Partnership Behaviour: Common Trends and Persistent Diversity across Europe Demographic Research Vol.19, pp.85-138 Vandenheuvel A 1991 The Most Important Person in the World: A Look at Contemporary Family Values Family Matters, pp.7-13 White N R 2003 Changing conceptions: Young People's Views of Partnering and Parenting, lournal of Sociology Vol39 pp.149-164 Yi Z & Wu D 2000 Regional Analysis of Divorce in China since 1980 Demogiaphy Vol32 No pp.215-219 ... phan he gia trj chung ciia toan xa hfli Cac thao luan ve gia trj gia dinh quan tam chu ye''u de''n mpt so'' khia canh ve cuflc sd''ng gia dinh va cau triic gia dinh bao gom: cac mdi quan he gia dinh... Wrighl (dan theo Roseneil va Budgeon 2004), cd bd''n nhdm gia trj gia dinh dupc quan tam bao gom: gia iri gia dinh truyen ihd''ng; gia trj gia dinh dupc the'' che'' hda he thfl''ng luat phap thucmg... phap ve gia dinh vdi nhihig bien dfli gia trj gia 36 Nghien cthi Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.34-45 dinh truyln ihfl''ng; khai niem gia dinh mfl''i quan he giiia ca nhan va nha nudc va gia dinh
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