Ban Nha va Bo Dao N h a chinh phuc dUdc dau lien lap nen nhung thanh phd' d do.. Nha thd Octavo Paz Mexico, Nobel 1990 da.. viet: "Se khdng hieu ndi chiing ta neu ngudi ta quen mat rang.
Trang 1V A N H O A - U C H SLf
VAI NET VE VAN HOC MY LATINH
h giua the k y X X t r d l a i day,
van hoc M y L a t i n h da t h a t s i i
t h u h u t dUdc s i i c h u y cua ddc
gia va gidi chuyen m d n t r e n toan the
gidi Ngiidi ta n h i n t h a y d dd mdt nen
van hoc nd r d n h u "chiec k i n h v a n
hoa" vdi r a t n h i e u tac gia, tac p h a m
xuat sac cung d u the loai, k h u y n h
hudng, trao l u u , phong each N h i e u
nha van, n h a t h d da dude trao giai
Nobel chng cac giai t h u d n g v a n hoc
khac v i n h h n g ddng gdp to l d n cua ho
cho nen v a n hoc the gidi B a i viet nay
budc dau phac thao mdt sd' v a n de cd
ban ve lich sh, dan tdc va v a n hda M y
L a t i n h de t h do soi vao lich sh v a n hoc
cac thdi k y cua nen v a n hoc r a t phat
t r i e n nay
1 Ve lich suf, tinh dan toe va
v a n h o c M y L a t i n h
De xac d i n h dUdc b a n nga v a n hoc
M y L a t i n h chhng t a can p h a i n a m
dude t i e n t r i n h lich sh, t i n h dan tdc,
dac t r i i n g v a n hda cung n h u n h h n g
van de c h i n h t r i , k i n h te, t d n giao,
n h a n chung, ngdn ngh, cua nd Jose
M a r t i (1853-1895), v i a n h h u n g dan
tdc, n h a t h d v i dai cua Cuba da n d i :
Nguyen Hong Dung
TrUdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Hue
"Khdng the cd van hoc My Latinh mdt
k h i M y L a t i n h chiia dUdc h i n h thanh" Q u a n diem cua Jose M a r t i cd
y nghia soi sang vao s i i h i n h t h a n h dan tdc M y L a t i n h , y thhc he dan tdc, van hda va n h h n g v a n de khac cua nd,
de t r e n cd sd dd n h a n dien dUdc v a n hoc M y L a t i n h D a y l a m d t v a n de r a t phhc tap, bdi v i lich sh h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n cua k h u viic nay r a t khac vdi h a u het cac dan tdc t r e n the gidi Theo lich sh, vao ngay 12/10/1492, doan thuyen t h a m hiem do Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) chi h u y da vudt qua D a i Tay DUdng, den mdt hdn dao
ma t h d dan goi la Guanahani va diidc Columbus dat ten la San Salvador, thudc quan dao Bahama ngay nay Sii kien nay cd mdt y nghia r a t ldn - phat hien ra mdt luc dia mdi, ma den n a m
1504 dUdc dat ten la Chau M y (America)
The k y X V la thdi diem Tay A u dang chuyen ddi t h che dd phong kien sang thdi k y tich l u y t u ban chu nghia Sud't hdn 3 the k y ( t h X V I - X V I I I ) , h a i de qud'c Tay B a n N h a va Bd Dao N h a da lien tiep phai cac dao quan vien chinh sang x a m chie'm chau M y NgUdi Tay
Trang 2Ban Nha va Bo Dao N h a chinh phuc
dUdc dau lien lap nen nhung thanh phd'
d do Do la nhung t r u n g t a m de thiet lap
nen nhung quoc gia sau nay, vdi mot
nude ndi tieng Bd Dao Nha la Brazil,
mdt nUdc ndi tieng Phap la H a i t i va hdn
20 nUdc ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha ThUc te
nay cho thay viec t h a n h lap xa hdi chau
M y la ket qua ciia y tudng cua ngUdi
chau A u Nha thd Octavo Paz (Mexico,
Nobel 1990) da viet: "Se khdng hieu ndi
chiing ta neu ngudi ta quen mat rang
chung ta la mdt chudng cua lich sh
khong tudng chau A u Chau M y chua
dUdc phat trien day du da dUdc dat ten
rdi Cai ten ma ngUdi ta cho chung ta da
phan quyet chung ta la mdt the' gidi
mdi Da't cua sii chon liia cua tUdng lai:
trUdc k h i la chau M y da biet rd m i n h se
la nhu the nao rdi"
Chi trong may the ky, chau M y da
nhanh chdng t r d t h a n h ndi chung
sd'ng cua n h u n g chu n h a n thuc dan da
t r a n g va n h i i n g nd le da den, da vang
va sau niia la ngUdi l a i , ke't qua cua
sii cUdng bde lich sd Quan the cii dan
nay gdm du cac loai qud'c tich khac
nhau gid'ng ndi khac n h a u de tao nen
mdt hdn hdp dan tdc t i n h hiem cd
trong lich sd loai ngUdi M a t khac,
ngUdi Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao N h a cung
da mang den the gidi mdi nen van
hda tdn giao, phap luat, khoa hoc,
van hoc nghe t h u a t cua ho Sau dd,
k h i cdng cudc b i n h d i n h da t a m dn ho
lap nen n h i i n g trUdng hoc, nha i n va
bao chi de t r u y e n ba n h i i n g c h i n h
sach, tU tudng va ne'p sinh hoat c h i n h
qud'c C h i n h sii x a m nhap, hda t r d n giua nen v a n hda da t r a n g vdi nen van hda ban dia (cua ngudi da do) da tao nen mdt nen v a n hda k h d n g t h u a n nhat N h a v a n M a r i o Llosa (Peru) da goi dd la "mdt nen v a n hda lai": "Phan ldn ngUdi M y L a t i n h deu cd mdt h a i canh pha he theo do sdm hay m u o n se xuat h i e n md'i day l i e n he v d i Chau
A u V d i Tay B a n N h a la chu ye'u,
t r o n g trUdng hdp ngudi ra d i da l a u rdi va xuat phat t d bd ben nay cua
D a i Tay DUdng, con n h i i n g chia c i t gan day t h i la I t a l i a , Bd Dao Nha, Phap hoac T r u n g A u NhUng t a t ca cac ddng h u y e t tdc ay, da cd, dang cd
va thUdng de se l a m cho con cd m a i
m a i n h i i n g pha t r d n va ke't hdp cac yeu to' ban x d va P h i Chau - den Chau
M y cung cac nha c h i n h phuc"
N h u vay, t r e n cai nen l i c h sh phdc tap va day bie'n ddng dd, y thdc dan tdc M y L a t i n h da dUdc h i n h t h a n h
t r e n nen tang cua sq ket hdp giua van hda ngudi da t r a n g d i c h i n h phuc vdi van hda b a n dia cung van hda ngudi
da den (gdc chau Phi) Dd la mdt yeu
t i n h da dUdc dn d i n h t r o n g may the
k y qua va ngay nay nd dUdc xem n h u
la mdt dac diem c h i n h cua ban sac M y
L a t i n h va sU r a ddi, phat t r i e n cua
v a n hoc M y L a t i n h qua cac t h d i k y da
g i n chat che v d i dac diem do
2 Quan niem ve ranh gidi van
h o c v a p h a n k y v a n h o c Tien t r i n h van hoc M y L a t i n h t r e n thiic te da d i i n ra 5 the ky Nd dupe
Trang 3danh dau t h n h h n g tac p h a m ddu t i e n
do n h i i n g nha thiic dan da t r a n g viet
T r o n g khoang t h d i gian dd, diidi tac
ddng cua lich su, k i n h te, c h i n h t r i ,
v a n hda, dia ly, v a n hoc da cd sii
phat t r i e n va bien ddi sau sac C h i n h
sii thay ddi ve chat da tao r a n h i i n g
thdi k y v a n hoc khac n h a u va mdi t h d i
ky deu cd n h i i n g he de t a i , chu de
rieng vdi n h i i n g quan n i e m nghe
thuat, k h u y n h hudng sang tac cua
chung 0 t i e u chi nay, l y l u a n ve v a n
hoc sh M y L a t i n h khdng cd gi khac
biet vdi cac nen v a n hoc t r e n the gidi
T u y vay, chung t a can l u u y mdt sd'
van de het sdc quan t r o n g t r o n g n d i
h a m k h a i n i e m v a n hoc M y L a t i n h , la
xac d i n h p h a m v i k h u viic va cung t d
dd ma cd sq d i n h hudng hdp l y cho
viec phan k y van hoc V a n de nay cho
den nay van con dupe t r a n h cai va cd
n h i i n g quan n i e m ddi lap gay gat
6 quan n i e m cho rang, k h d n g cd
k h a i niem "van hoc M y L a t i n h " ndi
chung ma chi cd cac nen v a n hoc rieng
biet cua t d n g nUdc, cac y k i e n deu tap
t r u n g n h a n m a n h den t i n h chat ban
dia cua v a n hoc qudc gia, sq khac biet
ve lich sd cu the, ve ngdn n g d (tieng
Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao N h a hay tieng
Phap), ve dac diem ra't r i e n g cua t d n g
qud'c gia N h a v a n M a n u e l Scodar
(Peru) da t u n g ndi: " NgUdi ta cd
k h u y n h hudng gdp v a n hoc Peru vao
v a n hoc cua cac nUdc M y L a t i n h Dd
la mdt sai l a m ldn Cai goi la "van hoc
M y L a t i n h " bao gdm hang chuc nen
van hoc dan tdc het sdc khac nhau,
mdi nen v a n hoc p h a n a n h hoan canh
r i e n g biet cua m d i dan tdc" D h n g la mdi tac p h a m v a n hoc deu diidc xay dUng t r e n cd sd cua mdt y tUdng ddc lap va m d i nha v a n deu cd quan n i e m nghe t h u a t , phong each cua rieng
m i n h va rdng hdn la v d n hoc cha m d i qud'c gia deu cd n h h n g n h i e m v u cu the cua nd K h d n g ai p h u n h a n dUdc
t i n h ban dia cha v a n hoc qud'c gia, nhUng v a n hoc qud'c gia k h d n g t d n t a i
n h u mdt d'e dao, ma dac biet la van hoc M y L a t i n h se r a sao neu v a n hoc
b i phan each ra, m a n h m u n vdi hang chuc nen v a n hoc k h d n g cd gi lien he vdi nhau Ro rang, dieu nay se danh
m a t d i d v a n hoc M y L a t i n h t i n h tdng the h a i hda, k h o a n g dat v d sq uyen chuyen sinh ddng v d i n h h n g sdc m a u cua nd M a dd c h i n h la n h h n g cai ddc dao, tao nen sq l d i cudn cua v a n hoc
M y L a t i n h Cach day hdn mdt the ky, Jose M a r t i da t u hao t u y e n bd': "Tdi la cdn cua chau M y va t d i dn NgUdi!" De
t r d t h a n h c h i n h ban t h a n m i n h , cd tieng ndi r i e n g k h d n g b i c h i m lap, hda
l a n vao "ban giao hudng da t h a n h " cua v a n hoc the gidi, v a n hoc M y
L a t i n h can p h a i g i h diidc t i n h thd'ng nha't t r e n cd sd ve dan tdc t i n h va v a n hda ma chung t d i da t r i n h bay d tren
V a n hoc ban dia chng chi bao t d n va phat t r i e n diidc k h i dua chac vao nguyen l y chung dd N h a t h d Octavio Paz da k h a n g d i n h : "Khdng cd gi phan biet giha v a n hoc A r g e n t i n a vdi v a n hoc U r u g u a y ; k h d n g cd gi p h a n biet giha v a n hoc Mexico vdi v a n hoc
Trang 4Guatemala V a n hoc rong ldn hdn cac
r a n h gidi qud'c gia Su t d n t a i cua nen
van hoc M y L a t i n h la mdt trong
n h u n g t h u nghiem cua t i n h thd'ng
nhat lich sd cua cac dan tdc chung ta"
3 Cac thdi ky van hoc
3.1 Van hoc tit khdi dau den nam 1820
V a n hoc M y L a t i n h bdt dau bang
nhhng tac pham cha the' he nhung
ngUdi da t r a n g d i chinh phuc ThUc
chat, dd la n h u n g ngudi chau A u viet
ve Chau M y Phan ldn cac tac phdm
dUdc viet trong giai doan nay la nhhng
k y sq, nhat ky, t h u t h , kich, lich sh
Ndi dung chu yeu cua chung la phan
anh cdng cudc chinh phuc cua ngudi da
trang, mieu ta t h i e n nhien va con
ngudi Chau M y Cud'n Nhat ky hanh
trinh va n h h n g t h u t u , bao cao cua
Columbus dUdc xem la nhung tac
pham van hoc dau tien cua the' gidi
mdi Sau Columbus, xua't hien cac tac
gia n h u Bartosolone Laz Casat
(1474-1566) viet ve n h h n g chinh phuc d Peru
va Colombia, H a r m a n Cortes
(1485-1547) viet ve cudc chinh phuc Mexico
Trong the he d i chinh phuc nay xua't
hien mdt nha t h d ldn la Alonso Ecxila
(1533-1594) Ecxila la dai hy trong ddi
quan Tay Ban N h a x a m chie'm Chile
Ong da sang tac r a tap thd bat h h La
Araucana ma am hudng chinh la ca
ngdi t i n h t h a n dung cam cua n h h n g
ngUdi da do, n h h n g ngUdi ma dng da
true tiep chie'n da'u vdi ho La
Araucana dUdc xem n h u mdt ban anh
h u n g ca va ngay nay no la mdt tac pham cd dien cua v a n hoc M y L a t i n h
T h giha the k y X V I da xua't h i e n mdt the he nha van, nha t h d mdi
-n h h -n g -ngUdi s i -n h ra va ld-n le-n t a i Chau M y Rat ddng t r o n g so ho la
n h h n g ngUdi cd h a i ddng mau: da
t r a n g cung da dd T r o n g the he m d i nay cd n h i e u ngudi ra't t a i nang Garcilaso Vegar (1539-1616) la mdt nha thd ldn, n h a sh hoc ldn Cac tac
p h a m t i e u bieu cua dng la La Florida
va Ldi binh luan trung thitc
Garcilaso Vegar da ke't hdp t h a n h cdng giua yeu to thUc t a i va yeu to' huyen thoai t r o n g t h d Ong da ca ngdi mdt each cam ddng ve nen v a n m i n h cua dan tdc dng dan tdc Inca d Peru
-va su b i t h a m cua dan tdc dng k h i
n h h n g ke da t r a n g de'n x a m chie'm da't dai, t i e u diet ngUdi da dd bang sung dan va benh dich Joan Ruis Allacon (1580-1639) la nha viet k i c h ndi tieng ngUdi Mexico, v d i 23 vd k i c h cd gia t r i
N h a van A n t o n i o V i e y r a (1606-1697)
la ngUdi cd cdng l d n t r o n g viec xay dung nen v a n x u d i B r a z i l Tac phdm cua dng da trUc tie'p chd'ng l a i che do thUc dan, ddi giai phdng nd le N h a thd n h Joana Ine Cruz (1648-1695) cua Mexico l a ngUdi cd t a i nha't cua
t h d ca t h d i thudc dia T hd cua ba la sq ket hdp n h u a n n h u y e n giha t i n h t r i tue, n h h n g t r i thhc bach khoa ve ddi sd'ng v d i ye'u td' t r h t i n h sau lang, dien dat mdt each t i n h te n h h n g t h a m k i n cua t a m hdn con ngudi Ve t u tudng,
Trang 5tha cha ba r a t n h i e t t h a n h t r a n h da'u
cho quyen lqi cha nguo'i p h u n h
3.2 Van hoc giai doan 1820-1880
V a n hoc giai doan nay dupe goi la
van hoc t h d i k y ddc lap, c h i u sq tac
dpng trUc tiep cua n h h n g bien dpng
chinh t r i va each m a n g t r e n k h u vUc
Va dau the k y X I X , sq phat t r i e n ve
k i n h te, xa h d i da nay sinh n h h n g
mau t h u a n sau sac ve c h i n h t r i giha
M y L a t i n h v d i Tay B a n N h a , Bo Dao
Nha .Trong k h i c h i n h qud'c mud'n g i h
chat che dp cai t r i thUc d a n t h i n h h n g
nha chinh t r i va n h h n g n h a t u san
thhc t h d i cua M y L a t i n h h i e u rang, da
den luc ddi quyen t u quye't N a m
1810, cudc k h d i nghia ci Mexico do t u
si Hidango (1753-1811) l a n h dao
gianh thang l d i T r o n g vong 11 n a m
(1810-1821), t r h h a i nUdc Cuba va
Puerto Rico, cac nude khac deu gianh
dupe dpc lap D a y c h i n h l a t h d i k y
dinh h i n h y thhc he dan tdc M y
L a t i n h , r a ddi t r o n g cudc da'u t r a n h
ddi dan chu va t u do
Thoat k h d i sq nd dich cua chu
nghia thUc dan da tao dieu k i e n cho
tU tudng va v a n hda phat t r i e n Budc
ngoat lich sh t r o n g d a i n a y da dUa
van hoc My Latinh tdi mot thdi ky
phdt trien mdi, txing biidc thoat khoi
cdi bong cua v a n hoc chau A u Cho
de'n t h d i diem nay, cd the n d i t r e n v a n
dan M y L a t i n h cd m a t h a u het cac
k h u y n h hudng, t r u d n g p h a i nghe
t h u a t cua chau A u T u y vay, t r o n g
thqc te cac n h a v a n M y L a t i n h k h d n g
hoan toan ap dung mdt each m a y mdc
quan n i e m nghe t h u a t cha chau A u Phan l d n cac k h u y n h hudng nghe
t h u a t cua chau A u k h i x a m nhap vao
M y L a t i n h deu cd sq chuyen hda bdi
n h h n g nghe si t a i nang Sq chuyen hda nay n h i e u k h i dien r a mdt each toan dien, k h i e n cho n h i e u k h u y n h hudng sau k h i den m i e n da't m d i da khdng con g i h dude t i n h chat b a n dau cua chhng
N h h n g thap k y d i u cua t h d i k y v a n hoc nay d a n h da'u sq nd r d cha c h u nghia l a n g m a n NgUdi k h d i dau v a n hoc lang m a n d M y L a t i n h la n h a t h d Echueviria N a m 1837, Echueviria
xuat b a n tap t h d La Cantiva, m i e u t a
t h i e n n h i e n chng cudc sdng phdng khoang cua n h h n g ngUdi dan d u muc
d dat nUdc dng - A r g e n t i n a N h h n g nha t h d l a n g m a n x u a t sac l a Jose Caro (1817-1853) va Juelio Arboleda (1817-1861) cua Colombia, Jose
M a r t i n (1814-1874) cua Cuba, Gomez Aveaneda (1814-1873) cua Venezuela, Theophilo Diaz (1857-1889) cua Brazil Sau k h i bat d a u t h t h i ca, chh nghia l a n g m a n da bat re vao t i e u
t h u y e t va k i c h N h h n g n h a v a n ndi tieng l a R u y Babosa (1849-1923) cua Brazil, J u a n M o n t a l v o (1832-1889) cua Ecuador, Justo Siera (1848-1912) cua Mexico, Sirilo Viaverde (1812-1894) cua Cuba, Jorge Itsac (1837-1895) cha Colombia
T h thap k y 60 cua the k y X I X , chu nghia l a n g m a n suy ye'u va v a n hoc
M y L a t i n h d a n chuyen sang chh nghia h i e n thUc N h a v a n M a n u e l
Trang 6Almeyda (1830-1861) cua B r a z i l va
nha v a n Alberto Gana (1830-1920)
cha Chile la h a i ngudi k h d i dau cho
van hoc hien thUc M y L a t i n h Tac
pham Hoi tic cua mot ngtibi dpi
trtidng du kich cha M A l m e y d a la tac
pham hien thUc dau t i e n cua v a n hoc
Brazil Vao n h h n g n a m 1870, chu
nghia hien thUc da chiem i i u the t r e n
van dan cua M y L a t i n h va day chng
la thdi diem xuat hien n h h n g tac
pham hien thUc xuat sac N h a v a n
Luis M a r t i n e z (1868-1909) ngudi
Ecuador cd t i e u t h u y e t Tdi mien bd
bien, nha v a n Machado A r t s i z
(1839-1909) ngUdi B r a z i l cd cac t i e u t h u y e t
Kincaz Borba va Don Carmuaho
V a n hoc hien thUc da gat h a i n h h n g
t h a n h cdng rUc rd, dude ddc gia va gidi
chuyen m d n chau A u danh gia cao
Dac biet la nha v a n M A r t s i z dUdc goi
la "Balzac cua chau M y "
3.3 Van hoc giai doan 1880-1920
Vao n h h n g thap k y cuoi the k y X I X
dau the k y XX, van hoc M y L a t i n h da
thqc sq trUdng t h a n h , khdng con la sU
phan chieu cha v a n hoc Tay Ban N h a
va chau A u N h h n g vet tich ngoai l a i
cudi chng da dude t h a n h toan, cac nha
van da t r d ve vdi n h h n g van de can
ban cha thqc t a i M y L a t i n h , sang tao
ra n h h n g tac p h a m cd t a m vdc the gidi
Chu nghia hien thuc van la mot
k h u y n h hudng phat t r i e n m a n h d giai
doan nay, gan ket k h a chat che vdi chh
nghia thnc chhng Cac tac p h a m v a n
xudi hien thqc t h i i d n g dam n h a n thay
vai t r d cha khoa hoc xa hdi va n h a n
van van con chua phat t r i e n d t h d i diem nay C h u n g t h i i d n g mang nang
sh menh c h i n h t r i va mong m u o n tac ddng, thhc t i n h y thhc dan tdc, y thhc cdng dan, dau t r a n h cho sq cdng bang
va t i e n bd xa hdi Dac diem khac cua van hoc la con gan vdi ve dac t h h cua
t h n g qudc gia, v i vay t i n h dia phiidng
va t i n h ban dia la n h h n g net ndi bat cua phan l d n tac p h a m van hoc N h a van thudng t i m k i e m cac yeu td' dac
t h u dan tdc qua viec t h a m nhap, k h a m pha sU da dang ve dia ly, v a n hda va con ngUdi V u n g r h n g gia hoang da.,
v u n g b i n h nguyen, ngudi t h d dan da
do, ngiidi da den, dan ddn dien la
n h h n g yeu td' chh ye'u t r o n g v a n xudi Cac nha v a n xua't sac nha't d giai doan nay la Euchides da Cunha (Brazil) vdi
t i e u t h u y e t Cupc ndi loan d vung dat hoang (1912), mdt kiet tac ve cudc
sdng cua con ngUdi b i quen lang, con ngUdi hoang da va mong mudi; Alcides Arguenas (Bolivia) vdi t i e u thuyet
Gid'ng dong hun (1919), cd ndi dung
chinh la ddi sU cdng bang ve quyen sd
h h u da't dai, ddi cdng l y cho ngUdi thd dan da dd; M a r i a n o Azuela (Mexico)
vdi tac p h a m n d i t i e n g la Nhiing ngtibi
bi dp bite (1913), viet ve de t a i each
mang, "mdt ban a n h h u n g ca tap the" day b i t r a n g ve cudc chie'n t r a n h gianh ddc lap cua Mexico, n h h n g t h a n g ldi,
n h h n g sq Ida ddi, sq that vong; Horacio Quirago (Uruguay) vdi n h h n g
t r u y e n ngdn xua't sac mieu ta cudc dau
t r a n h day kich t i n h v i sq song cua con ngiidi t r o n g n h h n g v u n g r h n g gia
Trang 7Ve thd, n h i i n g t h a n h t U u m d d&u
cua t h d i k y t h i ca giai doan nay la c h u
nghia hien dai (modernism) do Jose
M a r t i phat ddng C h u nghia hien dai
t h a t su la mdt cudc each m a n g t r o n g
van hoc M y L a t i n h Ve m a t t u tudng,
chu nghia hien d a i c h u trUdng khac
phuc t i n h chat b a n dia, dem den cho
van hoc M y L a t i n h t i n h dan tdc phd'
quat; ve nghe t h u a t , c h u nghia hien
dai chu trUdng dd'i m d i ngdn t i i , v a n
dieu trong t h d va cau true v a n xudi,
md rdng k h a nang l i e n tudng va bieu
hien cua h i n h tUdng A n h hudng cha
chu nghia hien d a i k h d n g n h h n g bao
t r h m khap M y L a t i n h m a con vUdn
sang t a n Tay B a n N h a Tac p h a m dau
tien cua Jose M a r t i danh dau cho sq
ra ddi cha chu nghia h i e n d a i la tap
thd Itmaclio (1882), tiep theo la cac
tac pham Thdi dai hoang kim (1886),
Nhiing vdn tha gian di (1891) va
Nhiing vdn tha til do (1892) Sau Jose
M a r t i , n h h n g tac gia l d n cua k h u y n h
hudng nay la M a n u e l Nahera
(1859-1895) ngUdi Mexico, Jose Silvaz
(1865-1896) ngudi Colombia, Rubel
Dario (1867-1986) ngUdi Nicaragua
Chu nghia hien d a i t d n t a i khoang 40
nam t h i ket thhc, n h u n g nd la m d t cot
mdc het she quan trqng, danh dau sq
trUdng t h a n h cha v a n hoc M y L a t i n h ,
tao da cho nen v a n hoc cac giai doan
sau cat canh
3.4 Van hoc giai doan 1920-1960
T h sau n h h n g n a m 1920, t r e n v a n
dan M y L a t i n h , c h u nghia hien thqc
v a n la k h u y n h hudng sang tac chu
dao, k h d n g n g h n g dupe m d rdng de
t a i , c h u de, dupe each t a n ve k y t h u a t Ben canh dd la sU nd r d cua n h h n g
k h u y n h hudng m d i n h u , c h u nghia
t i e n phong (avent-gardisme), chu nghia bieu h i e n (expressionisme), chh nghia dada (dadaisme), c h u nghia sieu thUc (surrealisme)
Ve v a n xudi, cac sang tac giai doan nay, dac biet la t r u y e n ngan va t i e u thuyet, dupe x e m l a budc dem tao da cho thdi k y hoang k i m cua v a n hoc M y
L a t i n h giai doan tiep theo Dac diem chinh cua v a n xudi n h h n g thap nien nay la dd'i m d i ve he de t a i , each n h i n mdi ve hien thuc va t i m k i e m n h h n g phUdng thhc t q sq m d i N h i n chung, cac n h a v a n da n h a n thhc ve lich sh
-xa hdi mdt each khac trUdc, budc dau gan viec l y giai thUc t a i vdi "chh nghia hien thqc huyen ao" va "thqc t a i k y dieu" Cd ba k h u y n h hudng c h u y e u trong v a n xudi la k h u y n h hudng x u n g dot giha v a n m i n h va hoang da,
k h u y n h hudng ve cudc ddi va sd p h a n ngudi thd' dan da dd va ngUdi da den,
va k h u y n h hudng xa h d i - c h i n h t r i 6
k h u y n h hudng p h a n a n h sq x u n g ddt giha v a n m i n h va hoang da cd cac n h a van t i e u bieu la Jose Rivera (Colombia) v d i t i e u t h u y e t nd'i tieng
Can loc (1924); Romulo Gallenos (Venezuela) v d i cac t i e u t h u y e t Ndng Barbara (1929), Bdt ciia Chua (1934), Canaima(1935), Cong ram trong gid
(1953); E n r i q u e A m o r i n ( U r u g u a y )
vdi cac t i e u t h u y e t Ngiidi nong ddn Aguilar (1934), Con ngtia vd chiec
Trang 8bong (1941), Vang trang dtidc lam
bang niidc (1944), Ldi thoat (1958);
Jorge Arnado v d i cac t i e u thuyet Dat
dii (1942;, Mien dat qua vang (1944)
0 k h u y n h hUcing viet ve nguo'i t h d
dan da do va ngudi da den co cac nha
van t i e u bieu l a Jonge Icazar
(Ecuador) v d i t i e u t h u y e t Ndi huyet
mp ngtibi da do (1943); Ciro Allegoria
(Peru) vdi cac tieu thuyet Ran vang
(1935), Bdn chd doi (1939), Thi'gidi nay
rpng ldn vd thupc ve ke khac (1941);
Adalberto Ortiz (Ecuador) vdi tieu
thuyet Juyungo (1934); Jose Arguedas
vdi tieu thuyet Nhting ddng song sau
(1958); Mario Toledo (Peru) vdi cac tieu
thuyet Gitia dd vd thap tit (1948), Mot
each de chet (1958) 0 k h u y n h hudng
xa hdi - chinh t r i cd cac nha v a n tieu
bieu la Fransisco Velado (El Salvador)
vdi tap truyen ngan Nude dtia (1926);
Tomas Carrasquilla (Colombia) vdi tieu
thuyet Tong trdn xit Yolambo (1928);
Joan Bosch (Dominica) vdi tieu thuyet
Con la Manosa (1936); Mariano Azuela
(Mexico) vdi cac tieu thuyet Thdi tai
hoa (1924), Bong chi Pantoja (1937);
M a r t i n Luis Guzman (Mexico) vdi cac
tieu thuyet Dieu hau vd ran (1928), Cdi
bong cua nhd dpc tdi (1938), tap hdi k y
Hoi tic ve Pancho Villa, nhd lanh dao
each mang; Jose Revuetaz (Mexico) vdi
cac tieu thuyet Nhiing bite ttibng niidc
(1941), Ndi tang toe ciia con ngtibi
(1943); Augstin Yanez (Mexico) vdi tieu
thuyet Dong niidc (1947)
M d t hien tUdng het she quan t r o n g
trong v a n xudi giai doan nay l a sq
xuat hien m d t each viet m d i , each
n h i n n h a n m d i ve thqc t a i , m a sau nay t r d t h a n h m d t trao l u u v a n hoc,
dd la "chu nghia h i e n thqc h u y e n ao"
H a i n h a v a n c h i n h dat nen t a n g cho trao l u u nay l a M i g u e l A s t u r i a s (Guatemala) va Alejo Carpentier (Cuba) Ngoai ra, cd the neu t h e m
n h h n g ddng gdp cha Jorge L u i s Borges (Argentina) va J u a n R u l f o (Mexico) N h a v a n M A s t u r i a s dupe trao giai Nobel n a m 1967, cho "nhhng sang tac chda d a m b a n sdc d a n tdc va
t r u y e n thdhg da dd" O n g da k e t hdp cac yeu t d h u y e n t h o a i t d n giao
-c h i n h t r i de tao r a m d t ea-ch viet mdi, khde hoa the gidi ngUdi da do t r o n g qua k h h v a h i e n t a i , vdi n d i k h d dau
va niem h y vong cua hp vao cai xa h d i
ma hp hoan toan k h d n g t h i c h hpp.' Asturias viet nhieu, n h h n g tac pham ndi tieng n h a t cua dng l a Tap t r u y e n
ngan Nhting truyen thuyet Guatemala (1930), cac t i e u t h u y e t Ngdi tdng thdhg (1946) va Nhting vi than Ngd (1949), Mat ciia nhiing ngUdi bi chon vui (1960), Co gdi lai (1963), Chiec gtidng soi ciia Lisa Sal (1967) Alejo
Carpentier l a n h a v a n da chng
A s t u r i a s k h a i p h a r a con dudng de
x a m nhap vao "hien thqc k y dieu" M y
L a t i n h , sang lap n e n chu nghia hien thqc h u y e n ao Theo dng, n h a v a n can
p h a i n a m b d t dupe cai k y dieu trong thqc t a i (trong the gidi t h n h i e n va
t r o n g xa h d i con ngiidi), cung n h u
t r o n g sq k y dieu cua y thhc dupe l u u
g i h t r o n g viec chng t d n t a i cua n h i e u
Trang 9nen v a n hoa d chau M y Sang tac cua
ong the h i e n mot sU tdng hdp giha l y
t r i va ban nang, cai n h i n duy l y va cai
n h i n h u y e n thoai, cai thqc t a i va cai
huyen ao Cac tac p h a m quan t r o n g
nhat cua dng la ViCdng qudc trdn gian
(1949), Nhiing ddu chan da mdt
(1954), The ky anh sdng (1962), Su
trao trd cua phtfdng phap (1974), Bdn
hoa tau Bardc (1974), Bieu nhdy
thieng lieng (1978) Ong da dUdc trao
giai Cervantes n a m 1978
Ve thd ca, giai doan nay danh dau
sq phat t r i e n phong phu, rUc rd cua
thd ca M y L a t i n h Xet t r o n g t i n h lich
sh cu the cua nd, n h h n g t h a n h t u u cua
thd ca giai doan nay gan vdi k h a i niem
chu nghia t i e n phong
(avent-gardisme), dupe du nhap vao t h chau
A u N h h n g phan n h a n h cua k h a i niem
nay nhQ v i l a i , dada, lap the, sieu
thqc, da tao nen mdt nen t h d ca M y
L a t i n h hien dai T u y cd r a t n h i e u diem
rieng biet d cac k h u y n h hudng, nhUng
cac nha t h d deu thdhg n h a t d mdt
quan niem nghe t h u a t chung la, thay
the nguyen tac t h d ca "md phdng thqc
tai" bang nguyen tac "sang tao ra thqc
tai" thd ca Thd ca n h h n g thap k y nay
cd dac diem c h i n h la t h bd n h h n g h i n h
thhc t r u y e n thd'ng, h a n l a m vdi sq gd
bd cua van luat, am dieu; the hien cai
hien dai gdn vdi cudc sdng dd t h i ; tao
ra n h h n g h i n h thhc mdi, bd niem luat,
tao ra cu phap t h d mdi, chu t r o n g t i n h
an du va tUdng t r u n g N h h n g ten
t u d i ldn ndi tieng khap the gidi cua t h d
ca giai doan nay la Cesar Vallejo
(Peru), Pablo N e r u d a (Chile), Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua), Nicolas Guillen (Cuba), Carlos Augusto Leon (Venezuela), Alfonso Reyet (Mexico), Luis Borges (Argentina) va dac biet la
n h t h i si Gabriel M i s t r a l (Chile) dude tang giai Nobel n a m 1945 Giai thudng danh gia nay cua ba dupe xem n h u cai mdc ghi n h a n ve n h h n g t h a n h tUu cua thd ca M y L a t i n h N h i n chung, n h h n g
nd lUc t i m t d i , ddi mdi t r o n g l i n h vUc thd ca cua cac nha t h d ndi t r e n da nang t h d ca M y L a t i n h len b i n h dien qud'c te C h i n h hp da tao ra nen t h d ca
da dang, phat t r i e n khdng nghng, vha
ke thha, tdng hdp va ddi mdi n h h n g gia t r i cua t h d ca the gidi, vha t i m tdi
n h h n g each the h i e n rieng, gan vdi con ngudi va v u n g da't M y L a t i n h
3.5 Van hoc giai doan 1960-2000
T h sau n h h n g n a m 1950, van hoc
M y L a t i n h budc vao mdt giai doan het she rUc rd, tda sang t r e n toan the gidi
T i n h chat phat t r i e n v a n hoc cua giai doan nay vha the h i e n d sd' liidng vha d chat lupng T h n h h n g diem chung nha't toat len t h nen v a n hoc M y
L a t i n h , ngudi ta n h a n tha'y r i n g , nd
da dat den t r i n h dp phat t r i e n cao nha't t r o n g tUdng quan vdi v a n hoc toan the gidi D i e u nay the h i e n ro qua
h a i ye'u td' c h i n h la t r i n h dp nghe t h u a t
va nang hie n h a n thhc - p h a n a n h thqc
t a i cua cac nghe si M y L a t i n h
Ve v a n xudi, day la t h d i diem b u n g
nd cha t i e u t h u y e t M y L a t i n h Khao sat n h h n g tac p h a m ldn cua n h h n g
n a m nay, c h h n g ta n h a n tha'y cac nha
Trang 10van M y L a t i n h eta dat t d i t r i n h dd t i l
duy nghe t h u a t cao nhat Su uyen bac
cua cac nha v a n da the hien d n h i i n g
k h a i quat nghe t h u a t v d i n h i i n g h i n h
tudng cd t d m phd quat rdng ldn Viec
cac nha van sd dung n h i e u phudng
thdc nghe t h u a t t r o n g phan anh ddi
sdng da tao r a n h i i n g phong each da
dang cua t i e u thuyet T h a n h t u u dac
biet cua t i e u t h u y e t M y L a t i n h d giai
doan nay la "Chu nghia hien thqc
huyen ao" Nguyen tdc sang tao cua
cac nha v a n k h u y n h hudng nay la
"bien hien thqc t h a n h hoang dudng
ma khdng danh mat t i n h chan that"
Yeu td' huyen t h o a i nay dUdc nha van
xay dUng dqa t r e n cac bien phap
tUdng trUng, l i e n tudng, ngu y, am
t h i , Udc le, phdng dai, mong m i , giac
quan t h d sau Sq pha t r d n phdi hdp
giua hien thqc va hoang dudng de tao
nen cai nghich l y da t r d t h a n h md
thdc chinh t r o n g cau true tac pham
"Chu nghia h i e n thuc huyen ao" M y
L a t i n h da cd anh hudng rdng ldn t r e n
v a n dan qudc te Cac nha van ndi
tieng cua k h u y n h hudng nay, ngoai
Alejo Carpentier (Cuba), M i g u e l
Asturias (Guatemala) da tao dude
danh tieng t d n h i i n g thap k y trUdc,
con cd Julio Cortazar (Argentina),
Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), M a r i o Llosa
(Peru), Gabriel Garcia Marquez
(Colombia) J u l i o Cotazar dude danh
gia la nha v a n bac t h a y cua v a n hoc
huyen ao A r g e n t i n a ' Tac p h a m cua
dng thUdng hudng den phia ben k i a
cua ddi sdng t i n h t h a n , t r i n h bay mot
hien thqc dUdc che day, p h a n tich
n h h n g he che cha t i n h cam b i cam doan Theo dng, cd sq chng tdn t a i giha t i n h chat h i e n thUc va t i n h chat huyen ao, giha t i n h hdp l y - logic va
t i n h p h i l y - p h i logic H a i b i n h dien nay t u y cd n h u n g diem r i e n g biet, nhUng k h d n g hoan toan tach biet, ma
cd the ket hdp chhng t r o n g chng mdt qua t r i n h dien dat N h h n g t i e u t h u y e t
ndi tieng n h a t cua dng la Tro chdi nhdy 6 (1963), Cudn sdeh cua Manuel
(1973) Carlos Fuentes (Giai thudng Cervantes 1987) la mdt t r o n g n h h n g nha van h a n g dau cua M y L a t i n h , la
"nha each t a n v i dai va l y t h u y e t gia cua nen m y hoc mdi" Ong quan niem
r a n g "van hoc l a m d t phUdng t i e n dac biet de n h a n thhc t d n t a i N d sang tao
r a mdt v u t r q dac t h h cao hdn thqc
t a i , cd k h a nang dua r a anh sang
n h h n g cai dUdc dau k i n va l a m cho nd
t o n tai" V a n x u d i cua dng la sU ddi mdi ve ngdn n g h va h i n h thhc qua viec sh dung n h h n g k y t h u a t t u sq mdi n h u d h n g cac ngdi, cac t h i , sU lien tudng, l i e n v a n ban, t h u phap dan ghep Cac t i e u t h u y e t n d i t^eng cha
Fuentes la Mien dat trong lanh nhdt (1958), Cdi chet cua Artemino Cruz (1962), Thay da ddi thit (1967), Terra Nosta (1975), Christopher Unborn
(1977) M a r i o Llosa cung la nha van thudc n h d m d h n g dau cua van hoc M y
L a t i n h Tac p h a m cua dng chha dung mdt t r i n h dd nghe t h u a t r a t cao, vdi each ke chuyen ra't hieu qua, phan anh mdt each sinh ddng tUc t a i cua