QUAN DIEM TRIET HOC MAC VE SU TAC DONG CUA CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP DEN SU PHAT TRIEN CON NGUCJl VA Y NGHIA CUA NO TRONG DIEU KIEN CUA CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP LAN THU TU NGUYEN MINH HOAN NGUYfiN THI THU. Quan điểm triết học mác về sự tác động của cách mạng công nghiệp đến sự phát triển con người và ý nghĩa của nó trong điều kiện của cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ tư
QUAN DIEM TRIET HOC MAC VE SU TAC DONG CUA CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP DEN SU" PHAT TRIEN CON NGUCJl VA Y NGHIA CUA NO TRONG DIEU KIEN CUA CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP LAN THU* TU NGUYEN MINH HOAN' NGUYfiN THI THU HUCiNG " Tir khoa: gidi phdng ngudi, phdt trien nguai, cdch mgng cong nghiep Idn thu tu Ngdy nhdn bdi: 08/5/2019; ngdy giri phdn bien: 09/5/2019; ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 19/6/2019 Quan diSm triet hoc Mac ve ban chat ngirdi va ve SIJT tha hda ngirdi thM daii each mang cong nghiep lan thir nhat Trong giai doan hinh va phat trien cua cugc each mang edng nghiep lan thii nhat cung chinh la bdi canh cho su binh quan diem eiia triet hge Mac va Ph.Angghen ve ngudi Trudc het, he thdng nhiJng quan diem mang tinh each mang v^ ban chat ngudi d thdi ki nay, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen da xuat phat tu sg- phe phan nhirng quan diem tam, sieu hinh, dac biet la su phe phan nhiJng quan diem ve ban chat ngudi eua nhimg dai bieu xuat sac nen triet hgc cd dien Due Theo C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, quan diem tam tu bien ciia Ph.Heghen ve ngudi thuc chit chi la quan niem ve "con ngudi chua tim dugc ban than minh hoac da de mat ban than minh mdt l4n nira" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap I, tr 569), C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen di d^n khing dinh: "Con nguai khdng phai la mdt sinh vat trim tucmg, an nau dau dd d ngoai thd gidi Con ngudi chinh la the giai nguai, la nha nude, la xa hdi" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 1, tr 569) Bdi nhu C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen da nhin manh, ban ch4t 4y ciia ngudi khdng phai la cai gi khac, ma la: "Tdng sd nhirng lue lucmg san xuit, nhiing tu ban va nhCmg hinh thuc xa hgi ciia sir giao tiep ma mdi ca nhan va moi thd he thiy hien cd, la ea sd hign thuc ciia cai ma cac nha triet hgc hinh dung • PGS.TS.; HQC vi?n Bdo chi v i tuygn truyen " ThS.; Hpc vien Bdo chi vd tuyfin truySn Nghiin ciiu Con ngudI s6' 3(102)2019 Nguyen Minh Hodn vd Nguyen Thi Thu Huang la "thuc the", la "ban chat ngudi", mdt ca sd hien thue ma tac ddng va anh hudng ciia nd ddi vdi su phat trien cua ngudi khdng be bi ngan trd" (C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, 1995, tap 3, tr 55) Phe phan quan diem eua L.Phoi-a-bac ve ban chat ngudi, theo C.Mae, dd la nhirng quan diem vira "hda tan the gidi tdn giao vao ca sd tran tue ciia nd", vira "hda tan ban chat tdn giao va ban chat nguai" va "do dd, d Phoi-a-bac, ban chat ngudi chi ed thd duge hidu la "loai", la tinh phd bien ndi tai, cam, gan bd mdt each thuin tiiy tu nhien ddng dao ea nhan lai vdi nhau" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 3, tr 11) Tir nhiing phe phan ay, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen da di den ket luan mang tinh each mang, rang: "Ban chat ngudi khdng phai la mgt cai trim tugng eo huu cua ca nhan rieng biet Trong tinh hien thue ciia nd, ban chat ngudi la tdng hda nhirng quan he xa hdi" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 3, tr 19) Ddng thdi vdi viec khang dinh ban chat xa hdi ciia ngudi, hay ban chat ngudi "la tdng hda nhimg quan he xa hdi", C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen ludn nhan manh den sir gan bd chat che mdi quan he giira ngudi vdi gidi tu nhien - ban chat tu nhien eiia ngudi, ma trudc het, "ve mat the xac thi d ngudi cung nhu d eon vat, ddi sdng cd tinh loai la d cho ngudi (cung nhu vat) sdng bang gidi tir nhien vd ca va ngudi cang ed tinh phd bien so vdi vat thi pham vi cua gidi tu nhien vd ca ma nd dua vao de sdng cang cd tinh phd bien" Theo nghta ay thi gidi tu nhien ciing "la thdn thi vo ca cua eon ngudi" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 134 - 135) Dilu nhu C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen da lam ro: " chinh viec cai bien the gidi vat thi, ngudi lln diu tien thuc su khang dinh minh la mdt sinh vat cd tinh lodi Su san xuit dd la ddi sdng cd tinh loai tich cue cua ngudi Nhd su san xuat dd, gidi tu nhien bieu hien la tac pham cua nd (con ngudi) va thuc tai ciia nd Do dd, ddi tucmg lao ddng la su ddi tuang hoa ddi sdng co tinh lodi cua ngudi: eon ngudi nhan ddi minh khdng chi vd mat tri tue nhu xay y thiie niia ma cdn nhan ddi minh mdt each hien thue, mgt each tich cue va eon ngudi ngam nhin ban than minh the gidi minh sang tao ra" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 137) Mac dii ngudi cung mang ban chat tu nhien nhu vay, song theo C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, "Ban than ngudi bat dau bang tu phan biet vdi siic vat ngudi bat dau sdn xudt nhihig tu lieu sinh hoat cua minh - la mdt budc tiin td chuc ea the eiia eon ngudi quy dinh San xuat nhung tu lieu sinh boat cua minh, nhu thS ngudi dd gian tidp san xuat chinh ddi sdng vat chit eiia minh" (C.Mae va Nghiin ctiu Con ngudi s6 3(102)2019 Quan diem Triet hoc Mdc Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 3, tr 29) Nhu vay, lao ddng, mgt mat la ca sd de phan biet giGa ngudi vdi vat, nghTa la phan biet giira ngudi vdi mdt bg phan (cua toan bd thdn the tu nhien eua chinh ngudi) - vat Do dd, mdt khac, lao ddng, hieu theo nghia dd, da the hien mdt su thdng nhdt giOa ban chat tu nhien va ban chat xa hdi ciia chinh ngudi Nhu v§.y, ban chat tu nhien va ban chat xa hdi ludn thdng nhSt boat ddng lao dgng cua eon ngudi Dieu the hien d chd: ngudi la chu the eua xa hgi, la yeu td nang ddng nhat nen san xuat xa hgi Den lugt minh, san xuat xa hdi la qua trinh hoat ddng cd y thiic, cd muc dich cua ngudi, nham cai tao vat chat tu nhien de bien nd cac tu lieu sinh hoat thda man nhu eau ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Tat ca cac tu lieu san xuat chi la cdng cu de chii the lao ddng su dung nham thuc hien muc dich san xuat ciia minh Vi su phat trien ciia luc lugng san xuat xa hdi tat yeu phai thdng qua viec ngudi chiem ITnh va sir dung cang nhieu lire lucmg tu nhien vdi tu each la ca sd vat chat cho boat ddng sdng cua ngudi, cho nen mau thuan tdn tai qua trinh boat dgng ciia ngudi tac ddng vao gidi tu nhien la mau thuan sinh chinh cugc "diu tranh" ciia ngudi nham cai tao gidi tu nhien, "bat" gidi tu nhien thda man nhu cau vat chat va tinh than eiia minh KhIng dinh vai trd ciia lao ddng ddi vdi su phat trien ngudi khdng chi d ban chat tu nhien ma edn d ban chat xa hdi, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen nhan manh "lao ddng la dieu kien ca ban diu tien ciia toan bg ddi sdng loai ngudi, va nhu the, den mgt miic ma tren mdt y nghTa nao do, chiing ta phai ndi: lao dong da sdng tao bdn thdn ngudi" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 20, tr 641) Dae biet, ngudi su phat trien ciia minh nhd lao ddng - khdng phai la eon ngudi ca the ma dd la su phat trien eua eon ngudi" xa hgi Ve dieu C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen cdn nhan manh: "sir phat trien cua lao dgng da dua den ket qua tit yeu la that chat them nhihig mdi lien he giiia cac vien ciia xa hgi bing each tao rat nhieu trudng hgp de cho ngudi giiip da lan nhau, hgp tac vdi va lam cho ngudi cang cang cd y thirc ro ret hon ve loi ich cua sir hgp tac ly ddi vdi mdi vien rieng re" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1994, tap 20, tr 645) Ddng thdi, chinh bdi xa hgi dudi bat cii hinh thiic nao deu la "san pham ciia sir tac ddng qua lai giiia nhiing ngudi" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 27, tr 657); ban niia "lich sii chdng qua chi la boat ddng eiia ngudi theo dudi muc dich cua ban than minh" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 2, tr 141); va nhu vay, xa hgi chinh la ket qua boat dgng eiia ngudi, hay hoat dong cua nguai dd Id xd hgi, da tao nen xd hgi roi; Nghiin ciiu Con ngudf sS 3(102)2019 Nguyin Minh Hodn vd Nguyen Thj Thu Hudng vi th^, ngudn gde va ddng luc ciia sir phat tridn xa hdi phai ducrc tim chinh lire lugng ban chit eiia ngudi, tir chinh boat ddng lao ddng dd Han niia, xa hgi khdng chi dan thuin la kdt qua boat ddng rieng le eiia mdi ea nhan Nhan m?nh ban ve diiu nay, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen timg nhan xet: "Con ngudi lam lich su cua minh - vd luan la lich sir diln thd nao - bing each la mdi ngudi theo dudi nhimg muc dich rieng, mong mudn mgt each cd y thirc, va ehinh kit qua chung eiia vd sd nhiing y mudn tac ddng theo nhiiu hudng khae dd va nhiing anh hudng mudn ve ciia nhihig y mudn dd vao thd gidi ben ngoai da tao nen lich su" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 21, tr 436) Vi nhu vay, viec sang tao ngudi va quan he ngudi chinh la mgt gia tri "van boa" cao nhat cua ngudi, ngudi va vi ngudi Cung nhin manh vi vai trd lao ddng cua eon ngudi quy dinh ban chat ngudi the hien vai trd chii the ciia lich sii xa hdi ngudi, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen viit: "Toan bd sir phat triin cua xa hgi loai ngudi sau thoat khdi giai doan da man cua ddng vat diu bit dau tir ma lao dgng gia dinh san xuat dugc nhieu san pham ban sd can thiet de nudi sdng nd, tir ma mgt phan lao dgng cd the dugc diing khdng chi di san xuit nhimg tu lieu sinh boat ma edn de san xuat nhiing tu lieu san xuit nGa Sd san phim lao ddng du ngoai cai chi phi de tri lao ddng, viec hinh va phat triin mdt quy san xuit va du trii xa hdi nhd vao sd du ay, trudc va hien van la nhiing ca sd cua moi tien bg xd hgi chinh tri vd tinh thdn " (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1994, tap 20, tr 272) Mac dii chi ban chat ngudi bi quy dinh bdi boat dgng lao ddng vdi tu each sir thdng nhdt giiia ban chat tu nhien va ban chat xa hdi cua chinh ngudi nhu vay, song dieu kien eua chii nghta tu ban, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen dat van de rang vi va "lam the nao ma ngudi di tdi chd tha hda lao dgng ciia minh? Sir tha hda dd cd ea sd the nao ban chat ciia sir phat trien eiia ngudi?" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 144) Ve dieu nay, C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen da chi rd: Thir nhdt mdi quan he vdi tu nhien, " tudc ciia ngudi ddi tugng san xuat cua ngudi, lao ddng bi tha hda cung tudc ciia eon ngudi ddi sdng cd tinh lodi cua ngudi, tinh ddi tugng cd tinh loai thuc su ciia ngudi va biin cai the ban ciia ngudi so vdi eon vat cai tieu cue ddi vdi eon ngudi, vi ngudi bi tudc mat than the vd ca ciia minh, tire la gidi tu nhien" (C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 137 - 138); ddng thdi, " gidi tu nhien cung nhu tai san tinh thin cd tinh loai cua ngudi, - bi biin mdt ban chit xa la vdi ngudi, Nghiin ciiu Con ngudf s^ 3(102)2019 diem Triet hoc Mac phuomg tien tri su tdn tai cd nhdn cua ngudi Lao ddng hi tha hda lam cho than the cua ban than eon ngudi, ciing nhu gidi tu nhien d ben ngoai ngudi, cung nhu ban chat tinh than cua ngudi, ban chat nhdn loai eiia eon ngudi, trd xa la vdi ngudi" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tSp 42, tr 138) Thu hai lao dgng xa hgi ciia ngudi vdi tu each la ca sd quy dinh ban chat cua ngudi, song theo C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, xa hdi tu ban ehii nghTa, ket qua lao dgng ciing chinh la lue lugng xa la thdng tri lai chinh ngudi lao dgng C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen viet: "Cdng nhan cang san xuat nhieu thi cd the tieu dung cang it; tao cang nhieu gia trj thi ban than cang mat gia tri, cang bi mat pham each; san pham cua tao dang cang dep thi cang que quat; vat anh tao cang van minh thi ban than cang gidng vdi ngudi da man; lao ddng cang himg manh thi ngudi edng nhan cang dm yeu; edng viec ciia lam cang phiic tap thi ban than cang trdng rdng ve tri tue va cang bi nd le vao gidi tu nhien" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 131) De lam sau sac ban viec chi dien mao cua xa hgi tu ban chu nghTa ma d dd ket qua lao dgng ludn la lire lugng chdng lai ngudi lao ddng, mdt lan niia C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen nhan manh: "Sy vat hoa bieu hien la su mat vat pham den miie ngudi edng nhan bi tudc mat nhihig vat pham can thiet nhat, can thiet khdng chi cho ddi sdng ma ea cho cdng viec niia" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 129); va "sir ban cimg ciia cdng nhan ti ie thuan vdi siic manh va quy md san phim cua anh ta" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 126) Thu ba, sau sac hon niia, de vaeh ro ve ban chat lao ddng bi tha hda chii nghTa tu ban thi hien quan he lao ddng ma trudc het la quan he trao ddi nhu eau "giira nhiing eon ngudi", khdng nhiing khdng lam gia tang "sir phong phu them ban chat ngudi", ma trai lai, nhu C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen da chi ro: "Mdi ngudi tim each thirc tinh d ngudi khac mgt nhu eau mdi nao dd de budc ngudi dd phai mang tdi mdt vat hi sinh mdi, dat ngudi dd su phu thugc mdi, day den mdt hinh thai hudng thu mdi va dd din su pha san ve kinh te Mdi ngudi rim each lam sinh mdt lire lugng ban chit xa la nao dd thdng tri ngudi khac de tim dd su thda man nhu clu vj ki cua chinh minh Cho nen ciing vdi su Idn len ciia khdi cac vat pham, vuang qudc cua nhiing ban chat xa la ma eon ngudi khuat phuc cung Idn len va mdi san phim mdi la mgt khd ndng mdi de lira ddi lan va cudp doat Ian nhau" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 184) Nhiing phan tich tren cua C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen cho thay, nguyen nhan dan den su tha hda cua lao dgng ciing cd nghTa la sy tha hda ban chat ngudi, xet den ciing la Nghiin ciiu Con ngudf s^ 3(102)2019 Nguyin Minh Hodn vd Nguyin Thi Thu Hudng bdi quan he bit edng tir quan he giira chinh ngudi vdi tu nhien; quan h? vdi ehinh kit qua lao ddng cua ngudi; giua chinh nhung ngudi dieu kien xa hdi; va tyu chung lai "con ngudi trd cang ngheo khd vdi tinh each la ngudi" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 184) Vdi nhiing can nguyen dd cua sy tha hda lao dgng duge chi ciing chinh la li ma C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen da giai thich viec tai chii nghTa tu ban da tao dugc nhung qua phat triin cao ciia lyc lugng san xuat nhung van chua thuc hien dugc muc tieu tiin bd xa hgi vi sy phat trien ngudi Tham chi, nhu C.Mae va Ang-ghen chi ro: "mac dii giai elp tu san da ddng vai trd het sue each mang lich sir nhung xS hgi tu san hien dai, sinh tir Idng xa hdi phong kien, da khdng xda bd dugc nhiing ddi khang giai cap Nd chi dem nhiing giai cap mdi, nhirng dieu kien ap buc mdi, nhung binh thiic diu tranh mdi thay thi cho nhung giai cap, nhiing dieu kien ap biic, nhung hinh thiic dau tranh cu ma thdi" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 4, tr 597) Hon nOa, theo quan diem ciia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, sy phat trien eua lye lugng san xuat mgt hinh thai kinh te xa hgi chi la tieu chuan ca ban nhat de so s^nh sy phat trien ve mSt kinh te ciia mdt hinh thai kinh te xa hdi vdi mdt hinh thai kinh te xa hdi khac Bdi vi, xa hdi cd giai cap, nhimg tuu to Idn cua sy phat trien lire lugng san xuat dugc ggi la ca sd ciia nen van minh v§n chi la ket qua dugc thyc hien sy bde lot ciia giai cap ddi vdi giai cap khac ma thdi Nhu vay, ca kht lyc lugng san xuat ed dat den trinh phat trien cao nhung niu nhu quan he giiia ngudi va ngirdi van la quan he bdc lot, bat cdng, bit binh ding thi su phat trien ciia luc lugng san xuat van mdi chi dimg lai d sy gia tang va cang hoan thien cua tu lieu sdn xudt chir van chua phai la sy phat trien cua ngudi vdi tinh each la mgt bg phan cau ciia lyc lugng san xuat Them nira, ndi tdi xa hdi trudc hit la ndi tdi quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi bdi vi xa hgi, dudi bit ki hinh thiic nao, nhu C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen da nhan xet, deu la "san pham ciia su tac ddng qua lai giiia nhung ngudi" Vi vay, dii tu lieu san xuat cd tang len bao nhieu chang niia, cang hien dai hon niia ma ngudi lao ddng van phai chiu canh bj bdc lot, ap hire, bit cdng, lao dgng eua anh ta, ndi nhu C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen thi vin chua phai la lao ddng tu nguyen ma la lao dgng bj cudng buc khdng phai la su thda man nhu eau lao ddng ma chi la mgt phuang tien de thda man nhu cau khae (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 132 - 133) nghTa la eon ngudi van chua dugc giai phdng hoan toan thi ciing chua the ndi rang xa hdi da dat den dinh cao ciia sy tien bd Nghiin cOu Con ngudf s^ 3(102)2019 Quan diem Triet hgc Mdc Vdi nhiing li duge phan tich dd, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen di den khang dinh ring, nhirng nen tang vat chat to Idn cua xa hdi tu san se chi cd the thuc su trd ca sd hien thuc cho su hinh mgt xa hdi edng bang, dd ngudi dugc phat trien day du, tu "sau cugc each mang xa hgi vT dai nlm dugc nhCng tyu ciia thdi dai tu san, nam dugc thi trudng thi gidi va eac luc lugng san xuat hien dai va lam cho nhiing cai ay phai chiu sy kiem soat chung eiia nhimg dan tgc rien tien nhat" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1993, tap 9, tr 293) Ben canh viec khang dinh vai trd ciia phat trien lye lugng san xuat ddi vdi tien bd xa hgi vi muc tieu phat trien cang toan dien ngudi, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen edn khing dinh vai trd sang tao va kha nang lam chii cua ngudi lao ddng ddi vdi sy phat trien cua luc lugng san xuat ndi chung lich sir, ke ea giai doan ehii nghTa tu ban, trinh phat trien cua khoa hgc hien dai tudng chimg nhu la quyet dinh nhat cho sir phat trien eiia lue lugng san xuat C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen viet: "Khdng phai bang Idi ndi ma bang viec lam, ngudi cdng nhan da chimg minh rang nen san xuat vdi quy md Idn va dugc tien hanh phu hgp vdi tien bd ciia khoa hgc hien dai, ed the thue hien dugc ma khdng ein din giai cap nhimg ngudi chu sir dung lao dgng ciia giai cap cdng nhan lam thue; hg da chiing minh ring mudn san xuat cd ket qua thi cdng cu lao ddng boan toan khdng thi di cho bi dgc chiem lam cdng cu thdng tri va cudp bdc cdng nhan, rang gidng nhu lao ddng eua nd le va ciia ndng nd, lao ddng lam thue chi la hinh thiie nhat thdi va thap, can phai nhuong chd cho lao ddng lien hgp, tien hanh mdt each tu nguyen" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1994, tap 16, tr 20) Bdi vi, theo C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen "chimg nao sy phan chia boat ddng cdn dugc tien hanh khdng phai mdt each tir nguyen ma mdt each ty nhien thi chimg dd hanh ddng cua ban than ngudi se trd mdt luc lugng xa la, ddi lap vdi ngudi, va nd dich ngudi, chii khdng phai hi ngudi thdng tri" (CMac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 3, tr 47) Ma nao boat ddng "mgt each tu nguyen" cua mdi ca nhan dat dugc, nhu C.Mac va Ph.Ang-gben da ebiing minh, chinh la su binh ddng giiia nhiing ngudi dugc the hien trudc het d cho "moi ngudi deu cd the ty hoan thien minh bit ki ITnh vyc nao thich" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 3, tr 47) Va dd, boat ddng cua timg ca nhan khdng cdn mang tinh "dgc chuyen" bi rang huge bdi sy phan cdng lao ddng ty nhien, nghTa la ngudi dugc ty (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, tap 3, tr 47) Ndi each khac, de cho nhimg qua phat trien ciia lyc lugng san xuit vai tinh each la san pham sang tao eiia ngudi lao ddng cudi cimg phai trd phuong tien thda man nhu clu lao ddng va thdng qua dd di phat triin cang Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi so 3(102)2019 Nguyin Minh Hodn vd Nguyen Thi Thu Hudng toan dien chinh phim gia eua ngudi lao ddng, thi trudc bit la phai xda bd su ap buc bat cdng ciia chi xa hdi ngudi bdc tot ngudi, xay dyng mdt chi xa hdi cdng bang, de thyc sy dat din viec "con ngudi chiim hiiu ban chat toan dien ciia minh mdt each toan dien, nghia la nhu mgt eon ngudi toan ven" (C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2000, tap 42, tr 172) Day chinh la muc tieu ciia mdt xa bdi tiin bg nhlm giai phdng ngudi khdi sy tha hda theo quan diem cua C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen Thdi dai each mang cong nghiep lan thir tw va van de dat nhan thirc ve sir phat trien ngudi Qua bdn cugc each mang cdng nghiep dien tinh tir each mang edng nghiep lan thii nhit din nay, xet vi thyc chit diu la cac cugc each mang t£io tir sir phat triin vugt bac vi lyc lugng san xuit tren ca sd van dung tri thiic khoa hgc, hay theo each ggi ciia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen la "Sy vat hda" hay "Ddi tugng hda" khoa hge vao cac mit khau ciia qua trinh san xuat thdng qua vai trd eua kT thuat Tren ca sd dd, danh gia ve trinh phat trien vugt bac cua lyc lugng san xuat d giai doan each mang cdng nghiep lln thii nhit, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen viet: "Giai d p tu san, qua trinh thdng tri giai d p chua diy mgt the ki da tao nhiing lyc lugng san xuat nhieu hon va sg han lyc lugng san xuit cua tit ca cac the he trudc ggp lai" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 2002, tap 4, tr 603) Hay cu thi ban, danh gia ve vai trd eiia khoa hgc va sy ling dung eiia nd sy phat trien cua luc lugng san xuat, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen ciing nhan manh: "Su phat trien eiia tu ban cd dinh la chi sd cho thay tri thirc xa hdi phd bien (Wissen, knowledge) da chuyen hda den miic nao lyc lugng san xuat true tiip" (C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, 1995, lap 46, tr 372) Cdn chi vai trd cua kT thuat viec gia tang sy phat trien va ling dung eiia khoa bgc vao nen san xuat xa hgi, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen cQng nhan dinh: "Neu kT thuat phu thugc tren miic dg dang ke vao trang thai ciia khoa hge, thi khoa hgc phu thugc vao trgng thdi vd nhu cdu cua ki thuat d miie Idn bon nhieu Neu xa hgi xuat hien mgt nhu cau kT thuat thi dieu se thiic day khoa hgc tien len nhieu ban mdt chuc trudng dai hgc" (C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, 1999, tap 39, tr 271) Mac dii ed gidng nhu vay, song cung cin thiy ring d moi cugc each mang cgng nghiep deu cd dac diem rieng xet ve sy nhan manh din cae yeu td chii dao nen san xuat Theo dd, neu nhu hai cugc each mang edng nghiep lln thii nhat va thii hai chii yeu la each mang ve cdng cu, phuang tien san xuit, thi ki tir each mang cdng nghiep Ian thir ba ed them each mang ve ddi tugng lao dgng (cdng nghe vat lieu mdi, edng nghe na no, ) va den each mang cdng nghiep lan thii tu la each 10 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudf s6 3(102)2019 Quan diem Triet hgc Mdc mang toan dien d ea hai phuong dien: mgt la, ve lue lugng san xuat dd la sy phat trien ve ea bdn yeu td: ngudi lao dgng, cdng cu, phuang tien lao ddng, ddi tugng lao ddng va dac biet la kha nang "ket ndi" cang trd nen "ddng bd" giu'a cac yeu td so vdi trudc day, ciing theo dd lao ddng tryc tiep cang giam, lao ddng gian tiep tang len; hai la ve quan he san xuat, su tac ddng cang sau rdng ciia trinh ling dyng cdng nghe, dac biet la cdng nghe thdng tin va tri tue nhan tao, da keo theo su bien ddi trudc het ve hinh thiic cua ban than quan he sd bthi, quan he td ehiic quan li va quan he phan phdi, nhung quan trgng cdn bdi hinh thiic sy tuong tac cua ca ba quan he su tham nhap va su img dung ciia khoa hge - edng nghe vdi trinh phat trien nhu hien Chinh vdi su phat trien vugt bac nhu hien cua luc lugng san xuat, mdt lan niia tham chieu tir quan diem ciia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen chi dia vi ciia ngudi lao ddng dieu kien dd se cang thay dugc sy sau sac nhiing nhan dinh cua C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen ddi vdi can nguyen dan den su tha hda ngudi va ca sd cho viec xda bd su tha hda ay Dieu the hien d cho, ddng thdi vdi viec lam ro vi tri va vai trd ciia tri thuc khoa hgc, C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen ciing ludn nhan manh vi tri va vai trd cua ngudi lao dgng lyc lugng san xuat, theo dd, lyc lugng san xuat tbi trudc het tri thiie khoa hge phai d yeu td ngudi chir khdng phai nam ngoai ngudi, dgc lap vdi ngudi Tuy nhien ciing theo C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen, nen san xuat tu ban ehii nghTa - diiu kien lao dgng "bi tha hda" thi tri thiic khoa bgc khdng cdn thugc ve ngudi lao dgng di tao siie manh cho hg, ma trai lai khoa hge da trd mdt thugc tinh va siic manh eua may mdc, mdt siic manh xa la nam ben ngoai ngudi lao ddng de thdng tri hg Tan ddng vdi quan diem ma C.Mae va Ph.Ang-ghen da timg neu ra, ban mgt tram nam sau dd, xuat phat tir nhin nhan ve thuc tien xa hgi ma nhan loai phai trai qua bdi sy tan pha cua chiin tranh xuat phat tu tham vgng quyen lyc lay khoa hgc va kT thuat lam cdng cu, ma dinh diem la cugc Dai chien the gidi lan thii hai, nha triet bgc cd anh hudng Idn nhit cua trudng phai Frankfurt chinh la Marcuse ciing timg neu ro: "Sy ling dung ciia kT thuat, hon niia la ban than kT thuat deu la su thdng tri gidi tu nhien va ngudi mgt each cd ki hoach, Lgi ich muc dich dac thii eiia su thdng tri ciia hinh thai y thirc khoa hgc ed dugc ly khdng phai la cai theo sau hay nam ngoai kT thuat, ma chinh ket clu kr thuat da hinh nen su thdng tri ay ciia hinh thai y thiic khoa hgc" (Herbert Marcuse, 1989, tr 106) Ham y cua Marcuse la d chd, khdng phai ngau nhien ma nhirng Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s6 3(102)2019 Nguyen Minh Hodn vd Nguyen Thi Thu Huang xa hdi cdng nghiep phat trien da lgi dung hinh thai y thiic khoa hgc kT thuat khien cho mgi ngudi xa hgi danh mit di y thiic phe phan va tu phu dinh Nhu Marcuse da nhin manh, tir ngudi mdt chiiu da bao ve cho xa hgi mgt chieu, bang each ehinh van hda dai chiing bi bao triim bdi hinh thai y thiic khoa hgc da trd mdi gidi va dudng di vao thdng tri xa hdi Triit hge Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen, dac biet la quan diem ciia triet hgc Mac va Ph.Angghen ve ban chit ngudi va su phat triin ngudi dugc hinh ehinh giai doan cua each mang edng nghiep lln thii nhat va nhirng budc chuyen sang each mang cdng nghiep Ian thii hai Dd ciing la giai doan phat trien vugt bac cua luc lugng san xuat duge dem lai tir su phat trien eiia khoa hgc - kT thuat song lai day ngudi lao ddng den su "que quat"; "dm yeu"; "trdng rdng ve tri tue"; "khdng cd nhan tinh", Trai qua hem hai tram nam ciia bdn cugc each mang cdng nghiep la toan bd co sd thue tien tiep tue cho viec khang diiih nhiing gia tri each mang va khoa hgc cua triet hgc Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen quan diem ve ban chat ngudi, ve sy tha hda ngudi, ciing nhu dieu kign cho viec giai phdng va phat trien cang toan dien eon ngudi dieu kien ciia each mang cdng nghiep lan thii tu - thdi dai 4.0 ciia nhan loai ndi chung va ciia Vi8t Nam ndi rieng Tai lieu tham khao C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen 1993 Todn tap, tap Ha Ngi: Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen 1994 Todn tap, tiip 16, 20 Ha Ndi: Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen 1995, Todn tap, tap 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 27, 46 Ha Ngi: Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen 1999 Todn tap, tap 39 Ha Ngi: Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen 2000 Todn tap tap 42 Ha Ngi: Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Herbert Marcuse 1989 Van minh hien dgi vd sukhdn cung cda ngudi Nxb Tam Lien, Thuong Hai (tiing Trung Qudc) Nghiin cdu Con ngudf s6 3(102)2019 ... ve hinh thiic cua ban than quan he sd bthi, quan he td ehiic quan li va quan he phan phdi, nhung quan trgng cdn bdi hinh thiic sy tuong tac cua ca ba quan he su tham nhap va su img dung ciia khoa... ngudi, xet den ciing la Nghiin ciiu Con ngudf s^ 3(102)2019 Nguyin Minh Hodn vd Nguyin Thi Thu Hudng bdi quan he bit edng tir quan he giira chinh ngudi vdi tu nhien; quan h? vdi ehinh kit qua lao ddng... xa hdi ciia ngudi, hay ban chat ngudi "la tdng hda nhimg quan he xa hdi", C.Mac va Ph.Ang-ghen ludn nhan manh den sir gan bd chat che mdi quan he giira ngudi vdi gidi tu nhien - ban chat tu nhien