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VI$N KHOA HOC LAM NGHI$P VIET NAM TRUNG TAM NGHIEN ClfU GIONG CAY RCrNG GS.TS L§ BINH KHA LAI GIONG CAY RUNG (HYBRIDISATION OF FOREST TREES) n h A xuat b An nong n g h ie p HA NOI - 2006 LOI NOI DAU Lai giong la mot nhitng phitcfng phap chu yeu tao cac giong cay nong lam nghiep co nang suat cao tren the gidi Lai giong cay ritng ditqc dp dung Viet Nam nhitng nam gan day da gop phan dita nang suat ritng tang len dang ke Day la mot van de moi lam nghiep dang ditqc nhieu ngitdi quan tarn Cuon sach la mot co gang dau tien cung cap mot each co he thong nhitng kien thitc ccf ban ve sinh san cua cay than go lam co set cho lai giong, dac diem cua giong lai va ky thuat lai giong, khao nghiem giong vd nhan gioiig cac giong lai cay ritng, cung nhit mot so ket qua nghien citu ve sit dung giong lai tit nhien vd lai tao giong moi cho cac loai cay ritng d Viet Nam nhd sit hd trq cua Bo Nong nghiep vd Phat trien nong thon, ditan SAREC ve lam nghiep cua Thuy D iin, cac ditan ACIAR ve lam nghiep cua Australia Day la mot tai lieu tham khao cho cac nhd chuyen mon, cac nghien citu sinh vd sinh vien nganh Lam nghiep vd cho nhitng quan tarn den linh vitc lai giong cay ritng Trong qua trinh bien soan tac gia da nhan ditqc sit co vu vd giup tan tinh cua tap the can bo khoa hoc vd lanh dao Trung tarn nghien citu giong cay ritng (Vien Khoa hoc lam nghiep Viet Nam), nhitng y kien dong gop quy bau cua PGS.TS Le Huy Ham, chuyen gia linh vitc cong nghe sinh hoc, sit giup ve tit lieu cua TS Chris Harwood d T o chitc khoa hoc vd cong nghiep cua Australia (CSIRO), cung nhit sit dong vien cua lanh dao vd cac thay co giao Tritdng Dai hoc Lam nghiep Nhan dip tac gia xin ditqc bay to Idng bie't on chan sit giup vd co vu quy bau GS.TS Le Dinh Kha M6 DAU KHAINIEM VA A NGHIA CUA GIONG LAI TRONG LAM NGHI$P Gid'ng lai la gid'ng duqc tao lai tu nhien hoac lai nhan tao gitra cac ca the co kieu gen (genotype) khac Giong lai thudng co nang suat cao va co tmh chong chiu vdi cac dieu kien bat lod tot hon bo me Vi the, tao va sir dung giong lai dang la moi quan tam hang dau cua cac nha chon giong ndng lam nghiep tren the gidi Ngay nay, vdi sir phat trien cua khoa hoc chon giong va cong nghe sinh hoc ngudi ta da co the tao nhieu dang cay tr6ng mdi bang cac dudng khac nhu gay dot bien, da bdi hoa, bien nap gen v.v Song lai giong va chon loc cay lai van la phucmg phap chu yeu de tao cac giong cay mdi co nang sua't cao tren the gidi Co thd’ noi hem mot nua so giong co nang sua't cao dang duqc sir dung san xuat nong nghiep la cac gid'ng lai, luc giong duqc chon tao bang cac phucmg phap khac lai co ty 16 tha'p hem nhieu Mac ddu t£r nam 1854 Klotzsch (dan tu Piatnitsky, 1960) da tao duqc gid'ng lai a Soi (Quercus sp.,), song cay rung co ddi so'ng dai ngay, lau hoa ke't qua, chon tao va sir dung gid'ng lai cho cay rufng kho khan hem nhieu so vdi chon tao va sir dung gid'ng lai cho cay nong nghiep ngan ngay, nen de'n lam nghiep gid'ng lai van it duqc sir dung hem so vdi ndng nghiep Doi vdi cay ndng nghiep ngan ngay, ngudi ta co the tao dong thuan trude lai gid'ng va chon loc cay lai nhieu the' h6 de tao cac gid'ng lai dn dinh Ngudi ta cung co thd tao cac dong bat thu due lam co sd de phat trien gid'ng lai ddi thu nha't vao san xua't Song phucmg phap ra't kho ap dung vao vide chon tao gid'ng lai cho cay rung Chmh vi the' ma Golodriga (1960) va Wright (1976) da cho rang khdng co gi ngac nhien hang tram gid'ng lai d cac loai cay gd da duqc tao ra, song chi mot so' it la duqc sir dung Nghien cdu cua Golodriga (1960) ve lai gid'ng Nho (Vitis vinifera) da tha'y rang 79 to hop lai vdi 2844 cay lai duqc tao chi 22 cay la co trien vong Con lai xa dia ly giua cac gid'ng nho thude cac nhom sinh thai dia ly khac thi 70 td hop lai vdi 1820 cay lai chi co 46 cay la co tridn vong Trude day lai gid'ng cay ritng chit ye'u phat trien d chau Au thi hien lai gid'ng va gid'ng lai lam nghiep dang duqc sir dung d nhieu nude tren thd' gidi cho cac loai cay la kim va cay la rong Nhung loai co sir dung gid'ng lai nhieu nha't la nhung loai thuoc cac chi Thong rung la (Larix sp.), Van sam (Picea sp.), Thdng (Pinus sp.), Lanh sam (Abies sp.), Soi (Quercus sp.), Duemg (Populus sp.), Bach dan (Eucalyptus sp.), Keo acacia {Acacia sp.) v v Rieng Brazil e!e'n nam 1987 da co hon 5000 dong vo tmh bach dan lai dupe tao vdi 126 trieu cay hom cua giong lai Ecalyptus wophylla x E grandis (Campinhos va Ikemori, 1989) Tir ky thuat nhan giong sinh dudng dupe phat trien, cho phep sir dung uu the lai dbi thu nha't true tiep vao san xuat thi lai giong va giong lai mdi dupe sir dung rong rai lam nghiep Vi the, nhung giong lai duoc sir dung chu yeu lam nghiep phan Ion thuoc cac loai d£ nhan giong bang hom nhu Duong {Populus sp.,), Li6u (Salix sp.,) va nhung nam gan day la Bach dan (Eucalyptus sp.,) cung mot so loai cay khac Trong phai ke den nhung giong lai n6i tieng nhu giong Duong lai Populus x Euramericana I - 214 d chau Au, giong Bach dan lai Eucalyptus urophylla x E grandis Brazil Zobel va Talbert (1984) da cho rang "diem m lu chd't cua viec sir dung cong tuong lai cua hau het cac giong lai phu thuoc vao phuong thuc nhan giong sinh duong nao se duoc sir dung san xuat Co duoc hat lai thudng ra't khovadat" Ngay nay, nhb su phat trien manh me cua ky thuat nuoi ca'y mo te bao va giam hom, nhan giong hang loat cho cay lai doi thu: nhat dang dupe ap dung rong rai san xuat lam nghiep, riing dong vo tmh cho cac giong lai da cho phep tao tang thu toi da cho rung trong, sir dung dupe cac bien di khong luy tich (non-additive variation) nhanh chong cai thien nguon giong co sin (Evans, Turnbull, 2004), hien thuc hoa tang thu chat kho len 100% cho cac giong bach dan lai so vdi cac giong bo me d Brazil (Assis, 2000) Vi the sir dung giong lai lam nghiep lai cang thuan lpi va co trien vong ap dung vao san xuat hieu qua nhat thoi gian nhanh nhat SIT DUNG GIONG LAI VA TRIEN VONG LAI GIONG VIET NAM Giong lai tu nhien dupe phat hien dau tien d Viet Nam la giong lai tu nhien giua Bach dan caman {Eucalyptus camaldulensis) va Bach dan (E robusta) Giong lai dupe phat hien vao cuoi nhung nam 1960 tai cac tinh mien Blc co the tich than c ly gap 3- lln cac loai cay bo me (Le Dinh Kha, 1970) Dang tiec la thdi ky ky thuat nhan giong hom d nude ta d mire thap nen giong lai da khong the phat trien vao san xuat Phat hien ve giong Keo lai tu nhien (Acacia mangium x A auriculiformis) nhQng nam 1990 cung nhung nghien curu nhan giong, khao nghiem giong tren dien rpng va chon dupe cac dong Keo lai co nang suat cao ga'p 2-3 lln cac giong keo bo' me la Keo tai tupng va Keo la tram (Le Dinh Kha, 1999, Le Dinh Kha va cong su 2001) da tao nen mot chuyen bien ro ret cong tac giong d nude ta Keo lai tu nhien a nude ta khong nhung co nang suat cao, chit lupng than cay tot ma co hieu suit bot giay ldn, lupng not san d r£ cung cao hon rat nhieu so vdi cac loai keo bo me, vi the day la mot nhung giong cay dupe rong rai nhat hien Mac dau mdi dupe phat hien nam 1993, den nam 1995 mdi dupe 160 thl den cuoi nam 2004 da co han 100.000 dupe trong ca nude Nghien cun v6 lai xa giua ba loai bach dan la Bach dan uro (Eucalyptus urophylla), Bach dan caman (E camadulensis) va Bach dan li£u (E exserta) da tao cac t6 hop lai co nang suat cao ,5 -3 lan cac giong bo me theo dieu kien lap dia cu the (Le Dinh Kha, Nguydn Viet Cudng, 2001) Mot so giong lai xa giua Keo tai tupng (Acacia mangium) va Keo la tram (A auriculiformis) co uu the lai cung dupe tao nhung nam gan day nhd lai xa (Le Dinh Kha, 2001, Nghiem Quynh Chi, 2003, Nguydn Viet Cuong, 2005) Cac nghien cun ve sinh hoc no hoa va lai giong mot so loai thong cung dupe thuc hicn nhung nam g^n day nhP su giup cua du an SAREC Thuy Dien tai trp va da tao mot so giong lai khac loai gifla cac loai Thong nhua (Pinus merkusii), Thong duoi ngua (P massoniana), Thong ba la (P kesiya) va Thong caribe (P caribaea) Viec tao cac giong lai da mo mot hudng moi vd lai giong co dinh huong chon giong cay rung nude ta Nhung nghidn cun g£n day cho thay cac giong lai khac loai giua Bach dan urd (Eucalyptus urophylla) voi Bach dan pelita {E pellita) da co uu th£ lai ra"t cao so vdi bd me cua chung (Nguydn Viet Cudng, 2005) Ung dung c6ng nghe sinh hoc vao lai giong la mot hudng di mdi, rut ngan thdi gian chon bd me va xac dinh uu the lai, chac chan se dua lai giong phat trien nhanh chong Nam dupe nhung hieu biet can thiet ve lai giong, giong lai, tmh chat giong lai, ky thuat lai giong va khao nghiem gidng lai giup chung ta co nhung hieu bidt can thiet ve lmh vuc va chu ddng tao cac gidng lai mdi gop phtin tang nang suat va cha't lupng rirng d nude ta Hinh GS Rod Grifin tai khu Keo lai tu nhien nam tuoi a lam trirfmg Tien Phong (Thura Thien-Hue) co duong kinh 27-29 cm, Chtfomg CO S SINH HOC CUA LAI GIONG (Biological basics of hybridisation) DAC D I^M SINH SAN THITC VAT De lai gidng cong phai hidu duoc ca'u tao cua hoa va dac diem sinh san cua thuc vat than g6 Ta't ca thuc vat than gd deu thuoc nganh Thuc vat hat tran hay nganh Thong (Gynospermmae), va nganh Thuc vat hat km hay nganh Thuc vat co hoa, hay nganh M6c lan (Agiospermae) Dac trung cua Thuc vat hat tran la chua co hoa that su ma chi co non due va non cai, su thu tinh cung la thu tinh don Con dac trung cua Thuc vat hat km la da co hoa that su (nen goi la Thuc vat co hoa) va su thu tinh la thu tinh kep Cac thuc vat deu co qua trinh phan bao giam nhidm dd tao cac giao td due (