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NGUYEN THI THANH - PHAM THI DUNG N G U Y EN T H I TH A N H - PH A M T H I D U N G KY THUAT N U O I CA M U NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC VINH L 0INOIDAU iet Nam co nhieu tiem nang thuan led d i phat triin nghe nuoi ca biin Theo Tong cue Thiiy san (2017) tong dien tick nuoi hai san khoang 244.190ha Trong do, dien tick nuoi vung bai trieu ven biin 153.300 (chiem 62% dien tick co kha nang nuoi biin); dien tick nuoi vung vung, vinh, eo ngach va ven dao la 79.790 (33%); nuoi vung biin hd ll.lOOha (5%) Tuy nhien cho den nam 2015, dien tich nuoi biin ca nude mdi dat 40.102ha, san luong 308.587 tan san lupng ca biin edn kha khiem ton khoang 30.000 tan V V Ca mu la mot nhung loai ca biin co gia tri kinh te cao Chung dupe nuoipho bien dcac nude chau A nhu Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Malaysia, Singapore, Thai Lan Thit ca Mu thorn ngon, giau dinh dudng, la dac san dupe tieu thu tai cac nha hang d dang ca song va la mat hangxuat khau co gia tri Nhung nam gan day nghe nuoi ca Mu d nude ta dang phat triin manh > va dem lai hieu qua kinh te cao cho nong ngu dan ven bien Nam 2016, dien tick ca bien nuoi ao/dam dat 6.300ha va 1.164.643m3 long, san luong 28.293 tan san htong ca Mu nuoi chiem ty le lent nhatxap xi 50%, ca gid 30% va ca vuoc - 8% Be nuoi ca Mu mot each hieu qua, han che dich benh xay ra, dem lai hieu qua kinh te, thi viec nam vung cac bien phap ky thuqt quy trinh uong nuoi la rat can thiet Vi vqy chung toi bien soon cuon sach dua tren cosd tong hop tai lieu, cimg vdi mot so ket qua nghien cdu cua nhom tac gjui ve loai ca Mil dang duoc nuoi bien d Viet Nam Mac du nhom tac gid da het site cd gang qua trinh bien socm, nhien khong trdnh khoi nhitng thieu sot, nhom tac gid rat mong nhan duoc su gop y cua ban doc de cuon sach duck: hodn thien tot hon Xin tran cam on! NgheAn, thang nam 2018 NHOM TAC GlA CHINING DAC DIEM SINH HOC CUA CA MO a a Ca mu hay goi la ca song thuoc loai ca nude man, song d bien nhiet ddi va A nhiet ddi Ca mu tap trung nhieu loai d vung bien Thai Binh Duong Nude ta co tdi 30 loai ca Mu, co loai dUOc Ua chuong vi co gia tri cao, dat tieu chuan xuat khau la: ca Mu vach (E brunneus), ca Mu cham to ong (E merra), ca Mu (Epinephelus akaara), ca Mu cham nau (E coioides), ca Mu cao (E megachir), ca Mu den (E heeberi) va ca Mu md (E tauvina) Phan loai va hinh thai He thong phan loai: Nganh dong vat co xUdng song Vetebrata Lop ca xuong: Ostei chthyes Bo ca vuoc: Peciformes KYTHUATNUO I CA MU Ho: Serranidae Giong: Epinephelus Loai: Epinephelus spp Ten tieng Viet: ca Mu hoac ca song Ten tieng Anh: grouper Hinh Hinh thdi ngoai cua ca Mu Tren the giofi co hcfn 400 loai ca Mu, da so cac loai thuoc giong Epinephelus Viet Nam, da phat hien co hon 30 loai ca Mu co mot so loai hien dang dupe nuoi thucfng pham kha bien CHUdNG DAC DIEM SINH HOC CUA CA MU Ca mu det (E bleekeri) Ca mu ho (E.fuscoguttatus) Ca mu cham nau (E coioides) Ca mu vua (E lanceolatus) Ca mu chuot (Cromileptes altivelis) Ca mu diem gai (E malabaricus) Ca mu (E.akaara) Ca mu mo (E tauvina) Hinh Mot so loai ca Mu dang ditoc nuoi thuctng pham & Viet Nam (Nguon dnh: www.fishbase.org) KYTHUATNUOI CA MU B ang D ae diem hinh thai nhan dang m ot so loai cd M u Loai Dac diem nhan dang Than hinh thoi dep ben, chieu dai than bang 2,1 - 3,2 chieu cao, mom nhon, mieng rong, rang sac nhon, hai vay lung E akaara lien nhau, vay duoi loi tron, than mau hong xam co nhieu cham do, chieu dai toi da 31cm, thuefng gap 31cm Dau va than ca mau xam nhat hoac mau nau vdi cac cham tron khac tit mau gach md den mau nau toi, trung tam E tauvina cham co mau toi hdn ria ngoai, co mot vet den ludt tren lung, chieu dai 0t thuefng gap tit 50 - 75cm Than hinh thoi dep ben chieu dai than bang 3,0 - 3,5 lan chieu cao, mieng rong, rang sac nhon ca the co mau nau E bleekeri duoi co mau toi md, cac cham co mau cam, cham phan bo deu tren co the, kich thude cham bang nhau, cd ldn nhat 76cm, thudng gap cd 30 - 50cm CHliONG OAC DIEM SINH HOC CCA CA MU Dac diem phan bo * Phan bo theo dia ly: giong ca Mu (Epinephilus) co khoang 30 loai phan bo rong d cac vung nhiet ddi va can Nhiet Ddi, tif Dong Phi, An Do tdi Indonesia, Philippines, Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc, Hong Kong, Bac Uc va mot so nude thuoc Dong Nam A khac 0* Viet Nam ca Mu phan bo d hau het cac vung bien tit Bac vao Nam Tuy tifng vung bien ma co cac loai ca co su phan bo khac Loai E coioides phan bo ca d vung bien phia Nam va phia Bac, loai E akaara phan bo chu yeu d cac vung bien phia Bac, loai E tauvina phan bo td Bac vao Nam, loai E jus cogustatus chu yeu d doc vinh Bac Bo * Phan bo theo sinh thai: ca Mu la loai song day, thudng song d cac hoc da, cac ang, vung ven bd quanh cac dao co ran da san ho, thudng d sau tif 10 - 30m chu yeu song d sau tif -100 m, noi chat day la da ran san ho hoac day cat bun thuoc cac vung nude can cac dam, vinh ngoai khdi Ca mu thudng an sau cac hoc da de rinh moi, den mua sinh san thi chung mdi ket cap vdi tai bai de Ngoai tu nhien ca thudng bat dupe d cac vung nude nong, bai trieu va vung ngap man KYTHUATNUO I CA MU Dac diem moi trUifng song Moi trudng song cua ca Mu thay doi theo loai Ca song khong tap trung dan, phan bo chu yeu d vung bien am Mua he ca thudng tap trung d vung nddc nong gan bd, mua dong chung di chuyen vung nude sau co cac ran san ho, chung di cu vdi cu li ngan Pham vi nhiet thich hop tit 22 - 28°C thich hop nhat la trf 25 - 28°C, d nhiet 18°C ca bat dau it an, d nhiet 15°C, ca gan nhu ngdng hoat dong Khoang pH thich Ung la 7,0 - 9,0 nhien thich hop nhat la 7,5 - 8,5 Ca chiu dung dupe man rong tif 11 - 41%o Dinh dudng va sinh trUdng * Dinh dudng: Ca mu thuoc nhom ca du, an moi dong vat, thudng san moi d noi yen tmh Khi thieu thuc an chung co the tan cong lan nhau, ldn an be Ca mu de trufng, ca mdi nd an dong vat phu du, ca ldn co td - 12cm, an dong vat song nhu ca con, tom, tep ca Mu rat it an moi da chet va moi chim d day Thutc an cua ca Mu thay doi theo tung giai doan phat trien cua ca, luc nho ca an au trung giap xac, au trung Artemia, Copepoda, au trung dong vat than mem, giai doan ca huong ca an Copepoda, Artemia trudng thanh, ca tap bam nho, Moina 10 CHlfdNG CAC BfNH THLfONG GAP fl CA MU VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TR! BENH - Suf dung dinh ky thao ducfc Becanor TD2 tru6c mua dich benh phong benh Iridovirus va vi khuan Vibrio cho ca giong tru6c tha giong co hieu qua ro ret doi vdi viec phong benh tren ca Mu - Thao ditdc Becanor TD2 co hieu qua viec phong benh troc vay, 16 loet ca Mu v6i tin cay >95% 2.2 Phitcfngphap tri mot so benh tren ca Mu nuoi long 2.2.1 Benh vi khuan Chu yeu nhom vi khuan Vibrio gay Co rat nhieu yeu to de vi khuan phat trien va xam nhap vao cd the ca nhu mat nuoi qua cao, chat hiong thufc an kem, nguon nude nhiem, kem lilu thong hoac ky sinh trung gay nen vet thuong tao dieu kien cho vi khuan xam nhap Ca benh thildng co dau hieu bi xuat huyet, sung tay da, 16 loet, mat loi, due, than ca co khoi u, mau sac bien doi Can sang thua ca neu ca qua day, di chuyen long den noi khong bi nhiem, nu6c lUu thong tot, khong s6 dung thutc an bi UOn thoi cho ca an Dung Oxytetracyline - 3g/kg thde an hoac Sulfamethoxazole 50 - 70mg/kg ca/ngay, vitamin C 83 KYTHUATNUO I CAM U - 3g/kg thurc an tron vao thiic an, cho an lien tuc - * Chu y: Khi tron thuoc vao thutc an cho ca can phai hoa tan thuoc, tron deu vao thdc an, sau de it nhat 15 - 20 phut cho thuoc ngam vao thurc an, han che lildng thuoc that thoat ngoai - Tri benh Id loet va troc vay tren ca Mu Tam cho ca bang Rifamycin 30 - 50g/m3 nude thcfi gian tut 30 den 60 phut, dong thcfi tron Erythromycin (lieu lifdng lOOmg/kg ca/ngay) vao thurc an lien tiep, co hieu qua tri benh cao Hinh 31 Ca, nuoi long bi troc vay, Id loet 84 CHlfdNG CAC BENH THUClNG GAP d CA MU VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TRj BENH - Tri berth xuat huyet dudng mot: Tron thuoc Erythromycin (25 - 30mg Erythromycin/ kg ca/ngay) vao thdc an va tiem Streptomycin (0,2mg/ kg ca/ngay) lien tiep Tuy nhien phuong phap chi co hieu qua chiia tri tritdng hop ca m6i chi nhiem benh nhe - Tri benh mu mat: Tron Streptomycin (25 - 30mg/kg ca/ngay) vao thiic an va tiem Streptomycin (0,2mg/kg ca/ngay) lien tiep Phildng phap co hieu qua chua tri trudng hop ca mcfi chi nhiem benh nhe, ca an duoc - Tri benh mon dudi va hoai tit mang: Dung ket hop giua tron khang sinh Oxolinic acid (20mg/kg ca) vao thutc an va tarn khang sinh Acriflavin 100g/m3nude (trong - phut) lien tiep 2.2.2 Cac benh ky sinh triing Cac loai giap xac, giun va dong vat nguyen sinh ky sinh tren mang, vay, da ca lam cho ca bi benh Ca benh thudng noi len mat nude, boi loi cham chap, ho hap kho khan, tiet nhieu chat nhdt tren mang, da, hoac xuat hien nhufng vet trang rai rac tren co the 85 kythuAtnuoi camu hoac co the lam hoai tif d mang, mang trd nen man nau hoac trang nhat Ky sinh trung ky sinh d da va vay dan den viem xuat huyet va 16 loet Tri benh: co the dung dung dich formol lieu litdng 200 ml/m3 ngam cho ca tir 30 - 60 phut va sue khf manh dong thefi phun len ludi long de ve sinh litdi hoac tam nude ngot th 15 - 20 phut Hinh 32 Tam mt&c ngot cho ca benh - Tri benh san la mang Tac nhan gay benh: Pseudohabdosynochus epinepheli San la dung moc cua dia bam sau bam vao to chufc tuyen dau tiet men hialuronidaza pha hoai to chufc mang va da ca lam cho mang va da ca tiet nhieu dich nhdn anh hudng den ho hap cua ca Khi bi benh ca boi loi cham chap, ca gay yeu, to chufc da va mang bi loet tao dieu kien cho vi khuan, 86 CHlfCJNG CAC BENH THLfCJNG GAP fl CA MU VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TRj BENH nam va mot so sinh vat xam nhap gay benh Benh thitbng xay vao mua xuan va mua thu tren ca Mu nuoi long Hinh 33 San la ky sinh tren mang ca (Anh chup cua Nguyen Thi Ha va ctv) Phucfng phap tri benh: - Tam thuoc tfm KMn04.nong lOppm thdi gian 15 - 30 phut - Ngam nude ngot - gid/ngay, lien tuc - Ngam formol 200 - 250ppm 30 phut/ngay, ngam lien tuc - Ngam ca dung dich oxy gia 200ppm gib va sue khf manh 87 KYTHUATNUO I CA MU - Berth trung bank xe d ca bien Dau hieu benh ly: Ca bdi loi khong dinh htfcfng, noi tiing dan len mat mldc, da mau xam Dan ca bi benh nhe thi gay yeu, neu khong xh ly kip thcfi thi ca se chet Neu benh nang, than co nhieu nhdt mau trang due, mang ba trang, sau chet hang loat dac biet la giai doan ca giong Benh thudng xay vao mua xuan va mau thu dac biet ca Mu giai doan giong Ty le chet co the len den 100% thbi gian tuan 88 CHlidNG CAC BENH THUCJNG GAP CA MU VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TR| BENH Hinh 35 Trung bank xe tren ca mu {Anh chup cua Nguyen Thi Thanh, 2013) Phucfng phap tri benh: - Tam oxy gia nong 150 - 250ppm 15 - 20 phut - Ngam ca formol 150 - 200ppm 30 60 phut/ngay, ngam lien tuc - Ngam ca nude ngot khoang gid/ngay va ngam lien tuc theo stic khoe cua ca - Benh ran ca Day la benh ran ca Rhexanella verrucosa thuoc giap xac chan deu Rhexanella verrucosa c6 dang hinh ovan, dep lung bung, co doi chan bung va mot doi mat kep nam d mat lung cua phan dau, kich thude tit 10 - 50mm chieu dai 89 KY THUAT NL)6l CA MU Hinh 36 Benh ran &ca Mu (Epinephelus spp) Rhexanella ky sinh a mieng ca Mu; Rhexanella gay thuong ton xung quanh mieng ca benh; Rhexanella ky sinh a mang ca Mu; Hinh dang Rhexanella; (Anh chup cua Isti Koesharryani, 2001) 90 CHU0NG CAC BENH THUCJNG GAP CA MU VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TRI BENH Ran co chu ky phat trien true tiep khong qua ky chu trung gian Chung thtfdng ky sinh cfvay, mang ca, tren xoang mieng, xoang mang, mui cua ca Chung cao rach to chute da lam cho da bi viem loet tao dieu kien cho cac tac nhan khac xam nhap Ran ca dung tuyen doc qua ong mieng tiet chat doc pha hoai ky chu Benh gay chet thap, nhung co the lam ca yeu vi anh hutcing den kha nang bat moi cua ca Ngudi ta da gap ky sinh trung tren ca Mu nuoi long d Indonesia (Isti Koesharryani va ctv, 2001) O Viet nam, tren ca Mu nuoi long d Khanh Hoa, cung da phat hien loai tac nhan (Dam Ba Long, 1998) •) Khi bi benh ca co bieu hieu benh ly: Ca nguta ngay, van dong manh, boi cuong dai, cifdng bat moi giam, co the nhin thay dUOc bang mat thudng Trong mot so trudng hop co the gay mu mat Phudngphap tribenh: Tam bang thuoctimKM n04 10 g/m3 30 phut, phun xuong ao formaline 20 25 ml/m3 hoac tarn vdi nong 200 - 250 ml/m3 Chu y nong va thefi gian tarn cho ca phu thuoc vao sure khoe cua ca Ngoai co the ngam ca dung dich Formalin 200ppm (200ml/ lm nude) 30 60 phut, sue khf manh, sau chuyen ca vao dung cu sach; co the bat va giet ran ca bang tay 91 TAI LIEU THAN KHAO Pham My Dung, Nguyen Quang Huy, Nguyen Thi Thanh, Truong Thi Thanh Vinh, Ky thuat san xuat giong va nudi ca bien NXB Dai hoc Vinh, 2017 Nguyen Hiiu Dung, Nguyen Thi Muoi, Do Thi Hoa va Bui Quang Te, Berth, hoc thuy san, NXB Nong nghiep TP Ho Chi Minh, 2004 Nguyen Quang Huy, Thanh tuu, thdch thtic va giai phap khoa hoc cong nghe phuc vu phat trien nudi bien ben vvtng Bao cao tai hoi nghi Phat trien nuoi thuy san bien Tong cue Thuy san, Nha Trang 11/11/2016 Do Van Khuong, 2001 Nghien ctiu cong nghe san xuat giong va nudi mot so loai ca bien co gia tri kinh te cao dieu kien Viet Nam Bao cao tong ket de tai khoa hoc va cong nghe cap nha nude Vien nghien cvhi Hai san, Bo Thuy san 92 B ao Manh Son va Do Van Nguyen, Dae diem sink hoc, nudi va san xuat giong ca Mu (Epinephelus spp) dm ien Bac Viet Nam In “Tuyen tap cac cong trinh nghien ciiu nghe ca bien”, tap I, trang: 96 -125 NXB Nong nghiep Ha Noi Hoang Nhat Son, 2015 Bao cao tong ket de tai “ Nghien citu cong nghe san xuat giong ca Mu vua” ChilOng trinh nghien cutu khoa hoc cap nha node KC.06.05/11 - 15 Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Pham Thi lam , Pham Cong Hoat, Tran The Muu, Nguyen Quang Linh, Nguyen Thi Thanh (2015), Nghien cutu phutong phap phat hien vi rut gay benh va san xuat vac-xin phdng benh hoai tit than kinh cho ca Mu nudi cong nghiep, Bao cao tong ket de tai KC 04.03/11- 15 93 MUC LUC Ldl NOI0AU CHl/dNG OAC DIEM SINH HOC CIJA CA MU P han loai va hinh th a i B a c diem phan b o B a c diem moi tnidng song 10 B in h difdng va sinh trtfdng 10 Sinh san va p hat tr ie n 12 Cac hinh thdc nuoi duoc ap dung 15 CHl/dNG KY THUAT 1/dNG CA MU GIONG 17 U ong ca giong tham canh trai san xuat 17 U dng ca giong quang canh ao d a t 19 U dng ca giong cd nho cac long n o i .20 Q uan ly, cham soc ca M u giong khai th ac tu tu n h ie n 20 K iem tra va tri benh ky sinh trung (KST) cho ca Mu giong .22 L ua chon va djnh luong ca giong trai san x u a t.24 Ky th u at van chuyen ca g io n g 25 94 CHUdNG KY THUAT NUOI CA MU TRONG AO D A M 29 L ua chon vi tri xay dung ao dam nuoi ca M u thUOng p h am .29 Cac hinh thvfc nuoi ca M u ao d a m 31 T hiet ke va xay dung ao n u o i 32 Cai tao ao n u o i 33 C hon va tha ca g io n g 34 C ham soc va quan ly ca M u thUOng p h a m 39 T h u h o a c h 51 CHUdNG KY THUAT NUOI CA MU TRONG LONG B E 55 Y eu cau chon vi tri dat long be nuoi ca M u long b e .55 L ua chon, thiet ke va xay dung long be nuoi ca M u 56 C hon va tha ca g io n g 59 Q uan ly va cham soc ca M u nuoi long b e 62 T h u h o a c h c a .67 CHUdNG CAC BENH THUdNG GAP CA MU VA BIEN PHAP PHONG TR| B E N H .69 Phong va tri benh cho ca M u nuoi ao dat 69 Phong va tri benh cho ca M u nuoi long b e 81 TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 92 95 NHA XUAT b An DAI HOC VINH 182 Le Duan, Vinh, Nghe An DT: 0238 3551 345 (May le: 312) - Fax: 0238 3855 269 Email: nxbdhv@vinhuni.edu.vn KY THUAT NUOI CA MU Chiu trdch rihiem noi dung va xudt bin: Giam doc kiem Tong bien tap PGS.TS DINH TRI DUNG Bien tap: NGUYfiN HONG QUANG Bia, trinh bay: PHAN QUOC TRUONG Sica ban in: t A c G lA ISBN 978-604-923-418-7 In 1.200 ban, kho 14,5 x 20,5 cm; Tai C 6ng ty CP In to n g h o p Cau Giay DC: Lo A2CN1, C um CNTT v b a va n h Tvr Liem, P M inh Khai, Q Bac Tvt Liem, TP H a N 6i D ang ky ke hoach xuat ban so: 4001-2018/CXBIPH/2-78/DHV Q uyet d in h xu at b an so: 49-2018/QDXB-DHV n g ay th a n g 11 n a m 2018 In xong va n o p lu u chieu th a n g 12 n am 2018