Phong tục và tập quán Việt Nam: Phần 2

Nối tiếp phần 1, phần 2 của tài liệu Phong tục và tập quán Việt Nam tiếp tục trình bày một số phong tục, tập quán trong tang lễ và những điều kiêng kỵ trong tang ma. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo để nắm nội dung chi tiết.

de ngan tre nho hay nhiJng ngifdi khac v i to mo ma tien vao phong Co dau, chii re se la ngUdi xong phong dau tien k h i doan riidc dau ve tdi nha, sau mdi la ban be C O dau va nhiing ngiidi ho hang khac (!) mot vai dia pljiidng, me chong la ngifdi d i t dau vao xong phong cvfdi Sau k h i ngoi nghi ngdi mot lat, c6 dau cam khay t r a u di mdi khdp hai ho O mot vai dan toe thieu so lai c6 ong cu ho nha t r a i (thifdng la triidng ho) tay cam hifdng dan c6 dau chii re vao phong cifdi Luc nay, ong cu mdi t r a i chieu, sau rot chen riJdu mdi c6 dau, chii re uong roi ngoai, khep ciia phong lai Noi chung, du d dan toe nao t h i ngiidi ta cung kieng de ngifdi la tien xong phong c6 dau, chu re Phdn thvt ba M6T S6 PHONG TUC, TAP TRONG TANG ll VA QUAN N H O N G Dlf U K I £ N G KY I MOT SO PHONG TUC, TAP QUAN TRONG TANG LI Cdu hoi 71: T h e o phong tuc truyen thong, trUdc k h i chet, ngifdi V i e t thitdng c h u a n b i n h i i n g gi? Trildi: Trong cuoc song cua moi ca nhan, "chet" la mot quy luat tat yeu khach quan, khong c6 the tranh khoi Ngiidi xiia, de lam nhe bdt noi dau, thifdng quan niem "Song g\i\, thae ve", song la mot thdi gian qua ngan ngui so v6i cai chet Chet la tan so', la ket cue cuoi cung Bcii vay, than chap nhan cai chet, chuan bi cho cai chet nhijtng nam dang khoe manh la mot quan niem bien Thucf xifa, nhiing nha k i n h te c6 phan dii dat thiidng lo sam quan t a i va nhiing bd khuyet, kham liem, tham chi xac dinh ca mieng dat, ndi an nghi cuoi cung Chet la tat yeu, bdi the ngUdi ta thiidng don nhan va dung nhieu danh t i i van hoa de chi ro nhii: Hai nam 96 97 miidi, ve chau to, man phan, tii tran, ve v6i Chua (dao Kito), quy tien (dao Lao), vien tich (dao Phat) De chuan bi don nhan cai chet, ngifdi ta chu y triidc het tdi C O quan t a i Quan tai, ngoai each goi dan da la cai sang, cai hom, diidc goi mot each my mieu la "c6 tho diidng", "c6 hau sU" Quan tai la mot cai hom go day, ghep goc vuong, chieu dai vxia du mot ngiidi nam, be ngang hep sat hai vai nhhm giU khong cho xac triidng to, bcii the ngiJdi chet c6 hai vai rong t h i phai buoc gon lai sau khj tit thd, va phan nhieu xac phai that dai dai ndi tren xiJdng hong, de gifl cho ruot hfl thoi khong chay Dan gian khong c6 tuc moi ruot fldp xac, nhflng v6i bd khuye't, kham liem, dai liem va ta quan, xac chet dUdc goi buoc ky mot kho'i vuong goc bo vfla lot quan tai; quan t a i sdn gin rat ky, diidi lot nhieu bong no, tra blip kho, nxidc d xac chay cung tham di het Ngfldi ta gin nap ao quan bSng sdn song luyen v6i dat set kho tan nho, vdi bot nep quay nhfla xoan, rat k i n va chac, khong c6 thfl keo nao thay the dfldc Go tot nhat dung lam quan tai la vang tam, roi den gidi, hai thfl go c6 dac t i n h thich hdp v6i sdn mai, v i go c6 nhieu dau gifl cho sdn ben tot, khong bong troc Quan tai da lam b^ng vang tarn hay gidi la de sdn, thfldng la sdn son, hai dau chfl tho va nep Ian bang thep vang thep bac, sdn canh gian va sdn then Do bd khuye't c6 ban san, lam b^ng giay nho xep tap day nam, mfldi phan tay, khau ben lai bSng day gai, c&t xen tflng mie'ng dai, rong, to, nho theo ndi de goi dau, de chen hai ben mang t a i , tren dfl6i 98 va hai ben hip dui, cd chan, cho k h i goi lai mot khdi vuong goc Vai dung de goi boc thay gom c6: - Tam liem: Vai dai 14 thfldc (thif6c ta = 40cm), vai ngang doan, moi doan thfl6c, dau xe lam dai de buoc - Dai liem: Vai dai 14 thfl6c dau xe lam dai, vai ngang doan - Kham: Chan de liem moi chan khd vai, dai 12 thfldc, dai liem mot chan, tieu liem mot chan - Ta quan: Vai lot quan t a i , may khd vai dai 12 thfldc Ngoai chuan b i nhflng vat dung can thiet de tien hanh kham liem - nhap quan Cau hoi 72: Theo phong tuc, tap quan Viet Nam, gia dinh C O ngudi s i p qua ddi, gid phiit hap hoi can phai lam gi? Traldi: Sinh, lao, benh, ttt la bdn dieu tat phai c6 mot ddi ngiidi Tuy nhien, t f l xfla tdi nay, t f l gid hap hoi cua mot ngfldi se phai vinh vien di da lam cho khong k h i gia dinh t r d nen t r a m lang xuo'ng vdi ve thieng lieng Con chau ci xa gan dfldc bao t i n voi va trd ve, dong du nhflng deu i m lang noi buon Ngay xfla, ngfldi nao gia yeu tdi k h i biet m i n h khong the song dfldc, hoac la ngfldi nha nhan thay t i n h trang n g i i d i b e n h s i p t i luc qua ddi, t h i p h a i cho ddi cho nam t d i can n h a g i i i a , d a t n g o a n h d a u ve h i i d n g D o n g d e dxigc T h u y h i e u : Triidc het la viec dat t e n t h u y , t e n h i e u Khufng t e n diidc dat r a diia theo diic t i n h cua n g i i d i sinh k h i chet liic song (do c h i n h ngifdi ay dat hoac chap n h a n N e u n g i f d i sdp chet t i n h tao t h i c h a u p h a i hoi x e m CO can d a n gi k h o n g N h i i n g Idi n o i q u a n t r o n g cua n g i i d i sap qua ddi diidc g h i l a i t r o n g mot q u y e n goi la " D i n g o n " , " D i chuc" M o t so' n g i i d i biet m i n h k h o n g song dUdc bao l a u , k h i c h i i t siic khoe va sii t i n h tao da t i i t a y v i e t n h i i n g Idi d a n d o , d a y bao c h a u t r o n g n h i i n g cuon T h i f d n g n h i i n g Idi t r a n g tro'i c6 a n h h i i d n g sau sac d e n cuoc song sau cua chau, cho nen c h a u l u o n b i n h t i n h iSng nghe, r o i t u a n h a n h theo de v o n g h o n ngifdi da k h u a t diTdc " n g a m ciidi ndi c h i n suoi" luc t i n h ) D i f d i t r i e u N g u y e n , viec dat t h u y h i e u cho Theo tuc le x i i a , c h a u h o i x e m n g i i d i sap t r i i t h d i t h d cuoi C l i n g c6 tii d a t l a y t e n t h u y , t i i c la t e n sau d i i n g de k h a n k h i c u n g cdm, cho nen ta goi la t e n C l i n g cdm N e u n g i i d i sSp qua ddi ci t i n h t r a n g l a m benh m e m a n t h i c h a u t i m d a t t e n c i i n g cdm r o i bao lai cho n g i i d i ay biet k h i gap liic h o i s i n h ngin n g u i T i i gid p h i i t nay, c h a u p h a i t h a y n h a u n g o i ben c a n h n g i i d i benh de chd gid p h u t l a m c h u n g , g h i chep l a i t h a t c h i n h xac, r o i t h o n g bao cho m o i n g i i d i c u n g biet Cau hoi 73: K h i gia dinh c6 ngudi s5p qua ddi, phut lam chung can phai luu y nhiing dieu gi? ngifdi CO p h a m h a m diidc quy d i n h san t r o n g mot quy che rieng Chiic k h o a n g : L a theo doi de biet chSc c h n luc t a t th(^ T h a n n h a n lay mot c h u t bong gon dat t r e n lo m i i i K h i bong k h o n g dong day la liic n g i f d i b e n h da chet han N g a y liic nay, t h a n n h a n v u o t mkt cho n g i f d i chet de doi m a t n h a m hSn l a i , r o i xep c h a n t a y x u o i t h i n g theo t h a n the cho t h a t n g i n K h i e t x i : L a y m o t chiec d i i a cai n g a n g m i e n g n g i i d i chet "cai h a m " cho he r a de t i e n l a m 1§ " p h a n h a m " , goi la " n g a m ngoc" H a t i c h : T r a i m o t chiec chieu x u o n g dat, d i i a n g i i d i chet n i m x u o n g chieu m o t l a t r o i l a i difa t r d len g i i i d n g d u n g v a i p h u k i n Tuc le h a m y h y ' v o n g r i n g s i n h k h i ci difdi dat c6 t h e l a m h o i s i n h , n h i i n g theo q u a n n i e m co "che't la t r d ve coi d a t " ( n h a n s i n h if t h o , diec hoan If tho) hoac l a de l a y d u k h i a m d i f d n g cho ngiicJi qua CO Ke t i i liic c h a u p h a i c i t dat n h a u ngoi c a n h chifng, t u y e t doi k h o n g de cho, meo den gan cho n g i f d i chet, v i tuc t r u y e n r i n g cho, meo c h i n g may n h i n vao Trildi: K h i gia d i n h c6 n g i i d i sSp qua d d i , t r o n g p h i i t n g i i d i n h a l a m c h u n g can p h a i \\i\x y n h i i n g dieu sau day: 100 m i t n g i f d i chet se s i n h r a "quy n h a p t r a n g " Phuc h o n : Theo t i n n g i i d n g x i i a , co tuc c6 viec phuc h o n L a y ao cua n g i i d i chet r o i treo l e n noc nha 101 •phia triidc h i i n g ve p h i f o n g BSc vky goi t e n tuc ngUoi toc^ri^i^S va v u n m o n g t a y vao mot boc de vao ao q u a n chet ba I a n , sau treo x u o n g l o i noc n h a p h i a sau, dem cung v d i n g i i d i chet luc n h a p q u a n ao ay vao dSp l e n b u n g ngiJdi chet de h y v o n g h o n n g i i o i chet t r d ve Sau dem chon t a t ca cac d i i n g , ke ca nufdc n g i i v i T h a y q u a n ao: T a m r i i a xong l a t h a y q u a n ao cho T h i e t h o n bach: TrUdc k h i ngifdi n h a tat t h d , t h a n ngiidi chet Tuc xUa d i n h ro gom c6 nhvJng t h i i nhM k h a n n h a n l a y thifdc (bang 2,8m nay) l u a t r S n g dSp l e n chit d a u , bong n h e t l6 t a i , k h a n p h u m a t b a n g v a i t r d n g ngvfc D e n k h i n g i i d i ay chet hkn, t h a n n h a n dem l u a CO d a i buoc sau, bao t a y b a n g v a i l u a c u n g v i q u a n ao k e t t h a n h h i n h d a n g t h a n n g i i d i c6 d a u , m i n h , chan, t a y , mai t r a n g t r o n g , giay, t a t r o i d a t l a i l e n m i n h n g i i d i chet goi l a h o n bach L u c n h a p N g i f d i chet c6 q u a n tiidc thUdng diidc mac d u t r i e u q u a n t h i h o n bach diidc de t r o n g l i n h sang, l i n h toa, phuc Co n h a d i i n g n h i i n g q u a n ao t o t dep n h a t v l n mac t i i d n g t r i i n g cho n g i i d i qua co" luc song Co n d i k i e n g k h o n g mac ao kep, c h i mac ao N g a y nay, de t h a y cho h o n bach, ngifdi t a d u n g mot bijfc c h a n d u n g n g i i d i qua co' Moc due: Moc due l a tim rvia cho' ngUdi chet b^ng nifdc sach va t h d m T h d i xifa d u n g nifdc n g i i v i h i i d n g N g h i thufc l a m t r o n g m a n k i n T h i f d n g l a t r a i t a m r{fa cho cha, gai t a m r i i a cho me Tru:6c k h i t a m p h a i c h u a n b i cho n g i i d i chet m a y t h i l sau: m o t dao nho, m o t v u o n g v a i , mot sdi day, mot cai liidc, m o t cai t h i a , m o t i t d a t l a y d d i t ong d a u r a u , mot n o i nifdc n g i i v i ddn cat bo h e t n u t , mac v a t cai vao t r o n g , v a t k h e p chdm ben ngoai, t r a i h a n v i l o i mac cvia n g i i d i song NhiJng ong gia 70 t u o i t r d l e n , chet t h i f d n g difdc mac quan dieu ao l a m , c h i t k h a n n h i e u t i m K h i t h a y q u a n ao xong, p h a i de c h a n t a y n g d n sat n h a u N g i i d i t a t h i f d n g l a y day v a i c6t h a i n g o n t a y cai vao n h a u , xep t h a n g t r e n b u n g ; h a i n g o n c h a n cai cung difdc cot vao n h a u cho gon Viec cot c6 muc d i c h t r a n h de k h i t h a n t h e c i i n g l a i , t a y c h a n b i k h u y n h d a t r a h a i ben P h a n h a m : L a y gao nep vo k y v a dong t i e n c h u i T a n g c h u khoc q u y x u o n g , ngvfdi tam goi c i i n g quy va cho sang bo c h u n g t r o n g mot cai dia N h i i n g n h a g i a u khoc n o i : " N a y x i n tam goi de rijta h e t b u i t r a n " K h a n x i i a c6 k h i d i i n g dong t i e n v a n g v a h a t ngoc xong 11 phuc x u o n g r o i d i i n g l e n D i i n g v u o n g v a i t r a i , v i vay tuc c6 t e n l a " n g a m ngoc" T a n g c h u t h a m niidc n g i i v i l a u sach se mat m i i i , c h a n t a y , m i n h d i i n g ben p h a i l a y d i i a cay r a n g n g i i d i chet r a , bo gao nep may Tiep d u n g liidc c h a i d a u , l a y sdi day buoc toe gon va t i e n vao t r o n g m i e n g ba I a n , m o i I a n mot dong t i e n va ghe, d i i n g dao cat sach m o n g c h a n m o n g t a y , goi cac sdi hot gao hoac h a t ngoc L a n d a u bo vao mep ben p h a i 102 goi la sa phan la tdi phan ham, Cab hoi 74: Chuan b i tang le can phai thtfc hien nhiing viec gi? I a n t h i i ba bo vao c h i n h giiJa m i e n g goi ham, la tam phan I a n t h i i h a i bo vao mep ben t r a i goi ham Tra Id i: N g i i d i xxia g i a i t h i c h muc dich cua tuc p h a n h a m la ^ Trifdc k h i phat tang, tang gia phai chuan bi tot t r a n h cho ngufdi che't; sang the gi6i ben k i a m a k h o n g c6 n h f l n g cong viec can t h i e t n h i i lap c h u t a n g , c h u p h u ; g i a n Gao nep l a de ngifdi chet d u n g t h a y bijfa, ngiidi ho le, cao dong t i e n se d i i n g de d i va g i a i k h a t t r o n g liic d i d i i d n g d coi am tuc, Trii6c het la lap c h u t a n g va c h u p h u C h u tang thUdng la t r a i t r U d n g N e u t r i f d n g da chet t h i lap Le p h a n h a m xxia k i a diidc t i e n h a n h theo d u n g thvi t r a i d a u long cua t r i i d n g goi l a c h a u thvfa t r o n g n h i f n g d n h i e u n d i da c6 cai b i e n d i i t Neu trvidng k h o n g c6 t r a i t h i lap n g i i d i d a n ong n h i e u , t h a y v i d u n g t i e n cho vao mieng, n g i i d i t a d u n g t r a (de n g i i d i chet g i a i k h a t ) nao t h i i a ke c h i n h t h i i c cua ngifdi chet T r i i d n g hdp n g i i d i cha m a cai hoac vd m a t t h i Sau k h i bo gao va t i e n vao m i e n g xong, t a n g c h u bo dua gai m i e n g n g i i d i chet r a , buoc h a m dxidi l e n sat h a m cha l a m c h u t a n g , ong t h i ong l a m c h u t a n g C h u p h u la vd cua ngifdi chet hoac vd t a n g c h u (neu t r e n cho k h o i t r g x u o n g Tijf luc chau m i diidc vd ngUdi chet k h o n g con) T a n g c h u l a m c h u le khoc to t r o n g moi n g h i t h i i c , c h u p h u lo viec c h i p h i N g i i d i V i e t c6 le ddm mot bat cdm, t r e n de mot qua t r i l n g ga luoc boc sach v6, c6 dm mot doi dua t r e ma p h i a cuoi dudc v6t cho t r e q u a n l a i t h a n h h i n h cai hoa T a t ca dat c i i n g v i b a i v i d p h i a t r e n d a u n g i i d i chet, hoac t r e n ao q u a n sau k h i da n h a p q u a n tang T a n g l i t h i i d n g n h i e u viec b a n r o n , cho n e n r a t can c6 ngiidi c h i bao de theo d u n g le n g h i va t r a n h m o i stf khiem khuyet T h i i d n g t a n g gia n h d mot n g i i d i b a n t h a n hoac n g i i d i hang xom t h o n g thao n g h i le d i i n g r a l a m v i ho 1§ N g i i d i NgUdi n h a p h a i n h d t h a y txi x e m gid ngUdi chet ho le la n g i i d i t h a y m a t t a n g c h u va gia d i n h d i e u h a n h c6 l a n h hay k h o n g N e u p h a i gid t r u n g t a n g , c6 n h i i n g cong viec can t h i e t t r o n g t a n g le V i the, p h a i quy t i n h a m a n h , gay t a i hoa, chet choc cho c h a u t h i chon n g i i d i c6 t u o i , c6 u y t i n va k i n h n g h i e m , la ngUdi ho p h a i n h d t h a y t\l l a m bua hoac d u n g phap t h u a t de t o n g hang t h a n thuoc l a m ho l l M o i ngUdi t r o n g n h a deu p h a i x u a t than nghe theo n g i i d i ho l l c h i bao trung, d a n h duoi quy t i n h d i L a b u a se dUdc d a n t r e n ao q u a n va cho vao bo'n 6c chon ci bon goc ngoi mo 104 Lap n g i i d i chap sv(: Ngifdi chap siJ l a n g i i d i quan Xuyen hiJdng dSn t a n g c h u thvfc h i e n d u n g n h i i n g n g h i 105 / thilc l i tang: le Moc due, le Thanh phuc Thifdng t h i ngifdi chap siJ viet ca van ciing, van te, bai v i , long trifdng, cao lu ma quy d i bang each l a m le Phat moc Le dUde tien hanh nhxi sau: Ngiidi t h u le: La ngiidi tiep khach, dat l i tren ban thd, ghi ten, tuoi, tien le cua nhufng ngiidi phung vieng, sau bao cho tang chu biet de ta dn dang chay, viia doc chu, thif phu tren mot dao, roi NgUdi chap hieu: La ngiidi chi buy viec dvfa quan t a i tijf nha xe, kieu, viec len kieu, di diing, huyet lam the nao de glut quan t a i dUdc ng4n Ngvfdi ta phai n h d mot thay cung viia cam nam hudng dung dao gid len chem khe ba nhat vao dau, cuoi va canh d ben eo ao quan Viia chem, ngvfdi thay cung vijfa niem chu, dai y cau chu la tong k h i i cac loai than t r i i n g , quy t i n h , ma quai va moi loai ta ma khac khong cho quay n h i l u ngifdi chet Ngay xiia, cao thiidng viet tay roi cho ngiidi mang den tvfng nha than thich Doi v6i cac bac ton triicing va ban hQu h xa, ngUdi ta phai giii cao rieng sai ngifdi mang di va lam hai ngiidi song Thay cung c6 k h i niem chii khe Noi dung cao phai ghi ro svf viec, ten tuoi ngifdi qua ddi, cung gid va dia diem cii hanh tang l l Danh xifng cua than nhan ngufdi chet k h i xifa cung difdc quy dinh ro V i du nhif cha chet t h i xvfng la "c6 t i i " , me chet t h i xUng la "ai tk", cha me deu chet t h i xiing la "c6 t i i " K h i l i Phat moc ket thuc, ngiJdi nha tang chu nem mot Cau hoi 75: Trade k h i k h a m l i e m - nhap q u a n , v i p h a i l a m le Phat moc? hong, c6 k h i lai quat thao n h i i doa nat, t h i uy Ngvfdi ciing dung nhiing nen nhang de lam phep long c6 ao quan nSm gao, muoi diidng de tong tien het moi ma quy Cau hoi 76: L I N h a p q u a n dudc thuc h i e n nhxi the nao? Traldi: Triidc k h i lam le Nhap quan, ngUdi ta lot la chuoi, giay ban, che bup, bong nep hoac khan ao voc n h i i u vao quan tai de hut am Ngoai ra, ho xem ngay, gid nhap TraJ&i: NgUdi xiJa cho r^ng, chiec ao quan bao gid cung C O "quy t i n h " , "moc t i n h " , "ma quai" Ian khuat de am hai ngiidi chet va gieo t a i hoa cho tang gia V i the, trii6c k h i lam le nhap quan, ngifdi ta phai danh duoi, trii khvL het 106 quan, neu chet vao gid xau t h i bo c6 bai to tom, hoac quyen lich tau, vao quan tai de tran ap ma quy; c6 gia chu m d i phap sii ve yem bua Triidc k h i nhap quan phai qua t h u tuc liem xac, goi la kham liem Nhiing ngiidi khong the cho lot vao quan t a i 107 vi k h i chet ngUdi ho bi co r u m , ngiidi ta dung con, rifdu de xoa bop, hoac hd ngifdi chet tren Ixia roi nin cho th^ng Vai va kham hem phai diidc chuan bi day du ttf trii6c K h i tien hanh hem xac, tang chu vao khoc quy xuong, ngiidi chap sii quy theo va khan: "Dudc gid, xin lam le liem Can cao" Tang chu sup lay mot lay roi diing len Trong liic phai kieng ky khong cho than nhan de n\idc mat khoc cua minh rdi vao t h i hai v i ngiidi xxia cho rang la mot diem khong tot, chau sau se kho lam an Do kham liem difdc dat theo thijf tU trxidc sau tren chieu: Dai liem, chan dai liem, tieu liem, chan tieu liem, tren cung la cac lot, dem dau va tay chan Ngifdi chet difdc dUa xuong dat ngan tren chan tieu liem Lot dau, t a i , minh, chan tay cho gon, xong gap chan ben trai triidc, ben phai sau roi gap dii6i chan len va tren dau xuong Sau dung vai tieu liem buoc l a i theo chieu doc va chieu ngang Xong tieu liem den dai liem cung tien hanh tUdng tU nhii vay Cuoi cung la dat ngUdi chet len vai ta quan chd nhap quan Sau cung la le Nhap quan Than nhan c6 mat diing theo t h i i t\i xa gan, tren d\i6i quanh quan t a i Phai canh dung gid to't thay cung hay thay t u ci chua coi sach chon K h i den gid, nhutng ngifdi lo viec nhap quan nang ngifdi chet len bang bon goc tam vai ta quan va dat nhe nhang vao ao quan 108 Neu ngiidi chet qua kho, chiia the cho vao quan t a i (jvfdc t h i ho diing hai chiec diia cao dat vao hai mep quan tai roi cho t h i hai xuong dan, sau cat bo nhiJng day buoc tay, chan ngifdi chet Cho trong ao quan dvfdc don day quan ao cua ngvfdi chet ma k h i song v&n mac va giay cuon ken Xong xuoi ngifdi ta gap vai ta quan phia tren, phia dii6i, trai trUdc, phai sau Trong k h i lam Id Nhap quan, chau ruot ma ky tudi hoac gid chet v6i ngiidi chet phai lanh mat cho khac xa h i n de ngiia t a i hoa ve sau (vi tuc cd t i n rkng ngiJdi chet c6 the hit theo) Neu chet phai gid xau t h i ngoai nhQng la bua dan tren ao quan luc phat moc, ngiidi ta bo vao quan t a i c5 bai to tom hay quyen lich tau, nhat la quyen lich ban CO dau son de tran ap ma quy theo tuc xiia De ket thuc le Nhap quan, ngifdi ta boi sdn tren quan t a i va day nip, dong "ca" cho ch^c Quan t a i da diidc nhap xac goi la "hnh ciiu" Luc bay gid nhiJng chau ky tudi phai lanh mat ngoai mdi difdc phep trci vao de ciang vdi moi ngifdi sup lay L i n h cQu difdc dat ci chinh giuta nha, dau quay ngoai Tuc dat linh cQu quay dau ngoai c6 y nghia: ngiidi den phiing dieu se lay d dang dau chC( khong l i lay d dSng chan Tren l i n h cQu de mot bat cdm long va mot qua t r i l n g luoc kep gifla hai chiec dua bong (dau vot tua nhU bong hoa) cim dxing thang, goi la cdm bong Con chau t r a i rdm ngoi hai ben Hnh ciiu, t r a i ben t r a i , gai ben phai Cau hoi a 77: T r o n g t a n g l e , m a c d o t a n g p h u c d U d c quy dinh nhif the n a o ? Trilai: Sci di CO tuc le v i ngiJdi xifa cho rang: Gay tang cha bang triic v i true hinh tron tifdng triJng cho trdi, true suot bon mua khong doi tiet cung nhii ta'm long thvfc^ng cha v i the ma khong thay doi Gay tang me bang • Trong tang le, trai, gai, dau t h i deu bit khan x6, doi m i i ket bang sdi chuoi, ben mac ao quan b i n g vai tho xau, ben ngoai mac ao x6, ngoai cung quang sdi day chuoi, th^t lifng bang chac hay cung bang sdi chuo'i, di giay ket bang c6 gai hoac rdm vong, niia tren tiidng trvfng cho trdi, n{fa dii6i vuong Neu ngiJdi cha chet t h i ao quan may bo xo gau, me chet t h i may ao c6 ven ga'u, c6 y la cha hdn me mot bac Tuc ngQ CO cau "Cha buong me ven" la theo tuc ay Nhung neu ngiidi me mat sau cha t h i tang phuc cung khong can phai phan biet nhif tren dd Dau om t ^ t i m phat ra, nen gay tang phai ngang Ao tang phai khau dUdng song lUng Ion mep vai ngoai va gifla lifng c6 mot mieng vai khau bam vao, ngifdi xUa goi la "phu ban" de to y cong tren lUng minh mot STi dau xot, tiec thiidng sinh diidc trai de lai t h i luc cha me chet, dila trai Con gai da xuat gia (lay chong) t h i chi mang ao ven gau de tang cha me de ma thoi Con t r a i phai chong gay, viec doi v6i ngUdi xifa he lam Ngiidi c6 gia that roi ma k h i mat khong c6 t r a i chong gay dua tang t h i gia quyen ttf coi la dieu si nhuc dau ddn Gay tang cha t h i bang true, gay tang me t h i bang vong, chieu dai bang ngang ngiic, cho t r a i t i m cua ngifdi chong gay 110 tiidng trifng cho dat Ca hai t h i l gay tang deu phai chong xuong dat Chieu dai cua cay gay tang phai ngang vdi qua t i m ngUdi cam, y rang ngiidi hieu thao, khoc thifdng qua ma sinh dau om, phai c6 cay gay chong ngiic de chong dd "n6i dau t i m " a'y Rieng re va chau t h i doi mu man, khan ao mau trang Neu nhii ngiidi ca chet triJdc cha me minh ma c6 ay phai thay mat cha minh chong gay de bao hieu ong ba va phai dufng chu cac viec te le goi la chau dich ton thifa tang phuc ciing nhif ngUdi trai vay Cau hoi 78: T h i e t l i n h s a n g , l i n h t a l a g i ? D i f d c t h u c h i e n n h u the n a o ? Tralai: Thiet l i n h sang la ke giiidng nam cho vong hon ngifdi chet Nha giau sang thiidng bay ve ke givfdng ci phia dong linh ciiu, du ca man, chan goi Nha ngheo tung bo khong theo tuc 'V 111 L i n h toa la ban thd, bao gid ciing dat d phia trifdc linh than toe vung thon que thiidng thong bao bang mieng cQu Tren linh toa ve phia trong, giiJa dat bai v i de chile jvjgi dung cua cao thifdng ghi ro sinh, t h i n g de txldc, ho ten hiiy, ten thuy, ten hieu ya chiic vu cua ngiidi chet, thong bao thdi gian va dia ^ Bai v i lam nan tre be khung phat giay cao chOrng 40cm de dilng diidc viing, dat d i n g trudc hon bach; nha ngheo kho dan mot manh giay t r ^ n g dai viet mot dong chQ len tren mot nan tre c^m vao mot khiic chuoi cay de cho khoi Bat hifdng de trvf6c vdi dai riidu phia ngoai, hai ben la den, nen, ong hifdng, tiidm tat hdn t h i c6 mam ngu qua va tam sii hay ngu svf Cau hoi 79:Le Thanh phuc (phat tang) dugc th^c hien nhu the nao? TrJl&i: Phat tang chinh la viec thong bao t i n tijtc buon dau cho moi ngifdi biet Nghi thilc phat tang xuat hien t ^ rat sdm Xifa ngifdi ta goi phat tang la Den gid phat tang, triidc ban thd bay linh sang, linh toa dat hon bach Hon bach dUdc lam tijf mieng lua dSp tren ngvfdi chet k h i gan mat buoc lai hinh ngu:di c6 dau, chan, tay Ben ngoai bay hiJdng an, ban va cung Con chau mac tang phuc, dijfng sSp hang theo t h i i t\i d ngoai san khoc 16c Luc nay, chu le cho ngifdi danh (chieng) phat tang bao cho than toe va lang xa biet nha minh c6 ngiidi da chet va viet cao dua den moi nha 112 diem an tang Ngay xifa gia toe thiJdng song quan cii nen viec phat tang cung rat thuan Idi Ngifdi phat tang phai mac tang phuc Trong triJdng hdp gia dinh c6 ngifdi dot txi chiia chuan bi diide tang phuc t h i phai buoc mot day vai trdng quanh bung K h i phat tang, thai phai tuyet doi trang nghiem, gildng mat phai the hien noi dau buon v6 han, giong noi tram pha chut ngao Sau k h i thong bao xong phai xin phep cao l u i v i mac ao tang d nha ngiidi khae qua lau la dieu cam ky K h i diidc thong bao, moi ngiidi gia toe neu khong eo viec gi dac biet cap bach deu phai den tang gia giup dd lo heu s i p xep moi viec Sau k h i da phat tang, gia chu mdi phiidng bat am den thoi ken Phifdng bat am phai dxing tuc t n i c ben canh linh ciiu K h i c6 khach t6i vieng t h i thoi ken va noi cho khach lam le Phifdng bat am dan gian goi la phifdng nhac hieu Nhac hieu tang l i la cac dieu Ian khoc, Ian tham, Ian ai, gia nam, v.v nhhm chia buon, ke le su xot xa, thiidng tiec, noi ho noi niem t i n h cam cua ngudi den vieng va tao nen khong k h i trang nghiem Xifa, phiidng nhac hieu thiidng c6 nhiing bai rieng, thay Idi khoc cha me, vd khoc chong, chau khoc ong ba, anh chi em khoc Dan gian c6 cau "Song dau den, chet ken trong" la nghia nhii vay '^ - S(i():j 113 Ciu hoi 80: Phiing dieu II tang difdc thvTc hien nhif the nao? Trilai: Trong tang gia, yiec don tiep khach khiJta dUdc giao cho ngiidi ho tang Neu khach den phung vieng muon vao lam ll, tang chu phai tiep don va Id cao triidc vong hon ngifdi chet Khi ngifdi than, ban be ngifdi qua co Ian lifdt vao vieng, ngifdi chu tang va ngifdi chu phu diing canh linh toa va ngoanh mat ve phia khach de dap ll Trong linh ciiu de nha, chau va khach khijfa den vieng chi lay hai lay nghia la coi nhif ngifdi ay dang song Mai tang xong mdi lay bon lay, tifc la m6i lay dao cua ngifdi chet ma thd Khach den vieng, ngifdi sd thi lay khong, ngifdi than lay thi phai ho ba tieng de to long thifdng tiec Khi khach den vieng lay, cai phai vifa khoc, vifa lay dap Nhifng chi dap ll mot Ian, khach lay hai thi minh lay mot, khach lay bon thi minh dap lai hai Con cai lam ll trifdc linh toa, hay dap le khach phai quy difdi dat khong difdc quy lay tren chieu Doi v6i ngifdi den phung dieu, le xifa c6 quy dinh nhif sau: - Dang CO tang khong nen di phung dieu - Co the phung bang vang, ngoc, chan ao tarn liem, tien bac, xe ngiia cho dam tang hoac hifdng, den, tifu, qua 114 - Neu quen ngifdi song thi den dieu ma khong khoc - Neu quen ca ngifdi song va ngifdi chet thi c6 khoc - Neu linh ciiu quan tai nha thi lay hai lay theo ll v6i ngifdi song Neu da chon cat xong thi lay bon lay trifdc ban thd Ben canh do, ngifdi Viet c6 le phiing vieng bang cau doi, trifdng Ngifdi di phung dieu neu cha thi tren doi trifdng d dong lac khoan, trifdc ten minh phai de ro "Thia phu menh"; neu me thi de "Thifa m^u menh", ngu y viec phung dieu da difdc cha hoac me cho phep .ji Cau hoi 81: Cung cdm, chuyen ciiu tang le diidc thuc hien nhii the nao? Trildi: Sau le Thanh phuc, hang ngifdi ta cung cdm vao buoi sang va buoi chieu goi la Chieu tich dien Buoi sang, chau bifng khan, lifdc va linh sang, ciing quy khoc ba tieng, quan man len roi rifdc hon bach cho linh toa, sau mdi dang cung Buoi chieu toi dang ciing xong lai rifdc hon bach vao linh sang, buong man, dap chan roi di Trifdc tong tang, phai khieng linh ciiu sang nha thd to de ngifdi chet yet to Le tuc la vay nhifng thong thifdng vln la: rifdc hon bach sang nha thd to, tang chu vao lam ll cao yet thay ngifdi chet le bon lay khong cam Trong xa hoi ngiidi Cd Ho trxidc cung c6 triidng hdp da the d nhufng gia dinh giau c6 nhxi chu lang Tuy nhien, viec lay them vd phai dudc svi chap nhan cua vd ca va ngiidi vd le phai c6 nhieu le vat de bieu ngiidi vd ca Tru6c day, mot gia (Jinh ciia ngiidi Cd Ho gom nhieu cap vd chong cung chung song tap hdp ciing mot ngoi nha dai (hiu rot) V i vay, cac nha nghien cilu da goi to chiifc mot nha dai la dai gia dinh bao gom nhieu gia dinh nho (tieu gia dinh) Sau nay, cac tieu gia dinh song hai, ba ngoi nha khac nhau, d sat c^nh cung mot khuon vien Gia dinh nho muon chuyen nhUdng dat dai, tai san deu phai c6 ly chinh dang va phai diidc siJ nhat t r i ciia ngildi cau Cua cai lam (chu yeu la liidng thiJc) la cua rieng tilng gia dinh nho; moi gia dinh nho c6 mot kho chiia rieng (la mot ngoi nha san nho sat canh nha ci) Cac dung cu san xuat nhii xa gac, cay, cuoc, riu dung sinh hoat nhii ao quan, trang siic, thuoc sd hiJu rieng Moi tieu gia dinh CO mot bep rieng va sinh hoat xung quanh khu vxic bep Trong mot dai gia dinh, moi ngifdi d chung nhifng lam rieng, an rieng, ciing c6 nhCtng triJdng hdp d chung, lam chung nhiing an rieng Dai gia dinh c6 nhieu vien ba, bo'n the he gom ca con, chau, chat Cua cai gia dinh nhif trau, Idn, ga, chieng, che, va ke ca dat dai thuoc sd hiiu chung ciia cac vien gia dinh Con cai mot gia dinh cua c\i dan Cd Ho theo ho me Con gai diidc ke thvfa nhiing tai san ciia gia dinh Quyen hanh gia dinh phan n h i e u thuoc ve ngifdi phu n i i T u y nhien, gia dinh hay ke ca ngoai xa hoi, vai tro cua ngifdi dan ong ciing diidc chii trong, nhat la lao dong san xuat, k h i ma ddi song kinh te chiem doat dan chuyen sang hinh thiic san xuat, gin v6i siJ phan cong lao dong Tre em du t r a i hay gai deu difdc bo me thiidng yeu, cham soc nhif nhiing quan niem cii thich n i i h d n nam Diifng dau dai gia dinh la pd hiu, thildng la chong ciaa ngiidi dan ba thuoc the he 16n nhat gia dinh Ngifdi cau (kim pang) mot dai gia dinh la ngifdi dieu hanh moi viec ve kinh te, sinh hoat t i n ngifdng, ma chay, cxidi xin, thay mat cho dai gia dinh quan he v6i cac gia dinh khac Ngay nay, dai gia dinh ctmg v6i che m l u he ciia toe ngifdi Cd Ho dang tren da tan Cac gia dinh nho dang dan tCfng hxidc tach doc lap vdi dai gia dinh O cac vung CO kinh te on dinh, vCing tiep giap t h i tran, t h i t i i , t h i xa, vung ven quoc 16 20, 11, 27 t h i svf tan cua gia dinh 16n, svi xuat hien cua gia dinh nho cang bien Dat dai canh tac ciia gia dinh Idn va cac gia dinh nho thiidng ke can nhau, thuan tien cho viec trd giup coi, bao ve khoi sU pha hoai ciia t h i i rilng mua vu Dai gia dinh va tieu gia dinh quan t u mot bon du6i sU dieu hanh cua quang bon (gia lang) Ngay nay, tai nhieu bon, gia lang ciing la thon triidng 184 Cau hoi 125: Tuc dUng vd, ga chong cua ngudi Ma dudc thuc hien nhxi the nao? Trildi: NgUdi Ma theo che phu he, v i vay k h i t r a i den tuoi trifdng (khoang - tuoi) thich c6 gai nao m thi xin y kien cha me de t i m ngifdi mai mo'i (can goi pao) den nha c6 gai lam le hoi cudi lay v d khac t h i tai san lam cua ngufdi vd qua co' deu thuoc quyen sd hutu cua ngUdi chong Sau hon nhan, phu nut Ma ve d ben nha chong Sau le Mat khac, k h i ngiidi gai di lay chong, ngUdi Ma quan niem la gia dinh nha gai mat di mot lao dong, nen ho doi hoi sinh l l kha nhieu de den bu sii mat mat NgUdi trai muoh dinh hon vdi mot ngiidi gai t h i phai bieu bo' me tiidng lai v a ngiidi vd chiia ciidi nhieu mon qua, thUdng la mot che riidu, mot ga, mot so' tang pham nhu chuoi hat deo co, luc lac, liidc siing va mot i t trang svic nho khac theo y thich cua ngiidi vd tifdng lai Trifdc tien hanh hon le, nha trai phai nop cho nha gai mot cap chieng, 30 cai che, trau, den heo Tuy theo miic tai san nop cho nha gai ma ngiidi trai dUa vd ve d hkn nha minh hoac phai d hkn nha vd cifdi, ngvfdi trai phai sang b ben nha vd neu nop dii hon le cho ben vd.- Nam gidi ngiJdi Ma muoh lay vd phai CO trau, che, ga, Idn, quan ao, rifdu va vong Tien hanh hon le d ngiidi Ma la chu lang quyet dinh Ngifdi ni3 k h i da theo chong t h i i t ve nha bo me de cua minh K h i chong chet, khong c6 em trai chong de lay t h i ngiidi vd goa phai d lai nha chong de nuoi nam, sau mdi difdc trd ve nha bo' me de cua minh de "di budc niia" v6i hai ban tay tr^ng Ngoai ra, ngUdi goa chong phai tra lai mot phan sinh le ma gia dinh chong trifdc day da nop cho gia dinh ngiidi phu ni3 k h i tien hanh hon le Mot phan sinh 1§ la tiiy theo hoan canh cxia nha gai luc bay gid, nhifng thong thUdng phai to chiic biia tiec de bao cao vdi cha me ben nha trai gom rifdu, ga, Idn hoac de, sau dai dien nha gai mdi difa ngufdi ciia minh ve difdc Trifdng hdp ngifdi phu nfl c6 quan he tot v6i gia dinh nha chong, khong muon di "tai gia" hoac ngUdi chong chet ma tuoi khong the di lay chong diidc nQa t h i d cung v6i va thiifa ke tai san v6i ngiidi trai trifdng TriJdng hdp ngvfdi vd chet, ngUdi chong lay em gai cua ngifdi vd qua co (phai c6 sU thoa thuan doi ben) t h i ngifdi em gai khong c6 quyen doi le vat neu ngifdi chong da nop du cho nha gai sinh le liic ciidi ngiidi chi Neu ngUdi vd qua co khong c6 em gai de thay minh, ngiidi chong di 186 Ngay xifa, ngUdi Ma ciing co tuc diing vd ga chong cho tvi nho Nha trai dong vai tro chu dong dem mot ga, mot che rUdu sang nha gai de "bay to", neu difdc nha gai nhan coi nhii la da hiJta hon, ddi ngiidi trai den 15 tuoi la lam le ci(6i Neu nha gai khong muo'n cho cvfdi t h i phai tra le, neu nha trai khong muon ciidi t h i phai chiu mat le va phai den bu siic lao dong cho nha gai quy dinh thdi gian d re la Con trai co quyen hifdng tai san cua cha me de lai Con cai sinh lay ho cha Viec dat ten cho dijfa tre sd sinh phai theo sii thong nhat y kien ciia nhiing ngifdi gia bon (trai dat ten theo van ciaa chu, bac, cau; gai dat ten theo van ciia di, co) K h i ngiidi dan ba sinh de, mot tuan, tat ca than nhan khong di rtfng, khong dong, den t h i i tam, ngiidi phu n i i diidc bong ngoai, luc 187 moi ngiidi mcii di lam Dan ba k h i sinh de difdc lam rieng cho mot cai choi, de s i n nu6c uong, thilc an va t i i lo lieu lay k h i de Sau mdi dUdc be ve nha Neu la t r a i , ngiidi me cam theo xa gac, no, dao Neu la gai, ngUdi me cam theo bi dilng cdm, dung cu det, gui, r i u che cui Sau moi ngiidi cung chao an mifng, dat ten va diia ve nha Ngay nay, tuc le cua ngUdi Ma diidc nhieu ngUdi cai tien theo loi m6i, cung lam choi nhung CO ba mu lo cho ngifdi phu nfl liic sinh nd hoac dua den t r a m xa Trong viec to chiic hon le cua ngUdi Ma cung thay xuat hien nhieu chi tiet c6 nhfing net tUdng dong vdi ngildi Cd Ho, nhifng van c6 mot vai chi tiet khac nhiJ: tien hanh hon l l , ngvfdi gai gui mot gui cui ve nha chong, me don gui cui, hifdng dkn c6 dau va don moi ngifdi vao nha lam nhi3ng le quy dinh NgiJdi mai moi diia cho chii re mot chen rvfdu, chii re uohg mot niia roi difa cho c6 dau uong, ctf nhii the lap di lap lai sau Ian, trxldc s\l chilng kien cua ba hai ho Sau la den le trao vong, day la nghi 1§ hit buoc phai c6 Du da an cdm nim, uohg chung chen rifdu sau Ian ma chua trao vong cho t h i coi nhii hon le chifa diidc chinh thiic Tiep den la mua, hat, danh chieng trong, thoi ken Dem hom do, doi vd chong phai thiic cung dan lang va cuoc lien hoan van tiep dien vai dem Ngifdi Ma von c6 dia ban c\i t r u tUdng doi doc lap, do quan he hon nhan chu yeu xay noi bo dan tpc minh, vay ho khong cam viec quan he hon nhan v6i cac dan tpc khac Trong hon nhan cua ho c6 nhiing quy 188 dinh nhit hon nhan cho phep trai c6 lay gai cau Trong triidng hdp c6 the khong nop le hoi mon hoac giam nhe cua hoi mon, neu ngifdc lai la khong difdc phep, gai CO khong lay trai cau Neu vd chet, ngifdi chong diJdc phep lay em gai vd (neu em gai chifa chong hoac chong chet), nhiing phai difdc ngiJdi gai dong y, khong diidc lay chi gai (khac ngifdi Cd Ho) NgiJdc lai, neu ngiidi chong chet t h i ngiidi vd C l i n g CO the lay em trai chong (neu chiia hoac chet vd) chtf khong difdc lay anh chdng Neu t r a i v6i nguyen tac tren t h i bi lang phat va Luat tuc xifa cua ngifdi Ma cho phep lay hai vd, ba vd, mien la du dieu kien, v i the c6 cau hat rhng: "Chim cuoc hat nhitng dieu xau Con qua hat nhiing chuyen xiia Ai hiet dieu khien mot vu tranh cai c6 quyen lay hai vcf" Ngay nay, hon nhan cua ngifdi Ma c6 nhieu doi thay giao liiu k i n h te - van hoa vdi cac tpc ngifdi Ian can, nhat la ngifdi Viet Tuy vay, nhieu tuc le cu vkn difdc lifu giQ NhQng diem tich cUc difdc phat huy, diem tieu ciic dang difdc ttfng bifdc loai bo cho phii hdp v6i yeu cku ddi song mdi hien dai Cung nhif ngifdi Cd Ho, gia dinh truyen thong cua ngifdi Ma la mot dai gia dinh, tap hdp nhieu tieu gia dinh cung lam an, sinh song Ngifdi chu gia dinh la ngifdi dan ong cao tuoi nhat, chu gia dinh la ngifdi chiem giii tai san va quyen hanh gia dinh, quyet dinh moi viec 16n nho nha 189 Ciu hoi 126: Q u a n he Hon n h a n cua dan toe C h u R u dvLOc thiTc Traldi: c6 ban, v a n nghe, nhac song; t r o n g t r i f d n g hdp h i e m j^., (chi CO mot t r a i ) ngifdi t a cung chap n h a n h o i vd N g i f d i C h u R u von cif t r u t r e n mot l a n h tho theo toe n g i i o i t a o n g doi t h o n g n h a t , cho H i e n nay, tac dong cua hon n h a n t i e n bo, ngUdi t r a i to chiic hoi vd, l l cU6i ciing dUdc to chiic l i n h d i n h v6i h i e n n h i i t h e nao? nen t t f t n i d c t i t h i i d n g CO q u a n he hon n h a n t r o n g noi bo dan toe Che hon n h a n cua ngudi C h u R u la che mot vd mot chong va cif t r u ben n h a vd N g i i d i p h u nut dong v a i t r o chu chot t r o n g hon n h a n ma ho t h i f d n g goi la tuc " b i t chong" ( n h u n g i i d i Cd Ho) NgUdi gai k h i den t u o i 15 hoac 16 la c6 quyen "bat chong" K h i ngiJdi gai chon difdc n g i i d i n h i f y, ve t h i f a v6i bo" me n h d ngvfdi m a i moi, cung v i ong cau (hoac ngifdi chi ca) dem le v a t den n h a t r a i l a m 1§ x e m m a t N e u n h a t r a i b a n g long t h i h a i ben quy d i n h l a m le an hoi Le A n hoi dUdc dien r a n h i i sau: Den da d i n h , nha gai m a n g l i v a t den n h a t r a i l a m le a n hoi, sau tiec riJdu can giuta n h a t r a i va n h a gai, n g i i d i m a i mo'i n h a gai deo n h S n va vong cUdm cho chang re t i i d n g l a i de thtfc h i e n viec d i n h hon Sau do, nha gai, n h a t r a i ban bac va thong n h a t l a m le t h a n h hon cho doi t r a i gai Tiec ciidi cua ngifdi C h u R u diidc to chiJtc l i n h d i n h , keo dai 3, t u y theo mijfc giau ngheo cua ngUdi gai, n g i i d i ta c6 the mo heo, mo de hoac dam t r a u va r i i d u can, moi ngiidi sinh boat v a n nghe t r o n g n h i i n g hon l l Sau le cUdi, ngifdi gai p h a i ci l a i l a m dau N g i f d i p h u n i i difdc ve cif t r u ben n h a chong n h i f n g de r a sau v i n lay ho me K h i chet d i , mo ma v a n thuoc dong ho me C u n g n h i f cac dan toe t h i e u so khae d Tay Nguyen, t r o n g cong dong C h u R u , h i e n tifdng q u a n he n a m n i i t i e n hon n h a n k h o n g dvfdc xem la he t r o n g , viec t r i n h t i e t cua ngifdi p h u nQ k h o n g a n h hifdng gi den hon n h a n , n h i f n g ngoai t i n h difdc coi n h i f mot t r o n g t o i , h i l u a t tuc t r i f n g phat r a t n a n g ne N h i i n g t r i f d n g hdp l y hon i t k h i xay r a , neu CO t h i p h a i difdc sil chap t h u a n cua chu lang T u y che mot vd mot chong difdc xac lap t\i l a u ddi, song hien tifdng da the v a n c6 the xay r a ci n h i i n g gia d i n h giau CO (cung n h i f ngifdi M a , ngifdi Cd Ho) K h i ngifdi chong m u o n lay vd le t h i p h a i x i n y k i e n vd ca va difdc ngifdi vd ca chap t h u a n T r i f d n g hdp chong chet, goa CO the lay em t r a i cua chong (neu difdc doi ben phu chap t h u a n ) N e u k h o n g difdc, ngifdi p h u n i i p h a i de t a n g chong mot n a m , sau m6i difdc "bat chong" khac de bao ve eiia cai cua dai gia d i n h va bao d a m siJ on d i n h L u a t tuc ngifdi C h u R u cho phep c6, cau (ca h a i chieu) CO the lay n h a u Gia d i n h xa h o i co t r u y e n cua ngifdi C h u R u la dai gia ben n h a t r a i 15 ngay, chd ben nha m i n h den l a m l l don d i n h m a n g n a n g t a n dif cua che m a u he, dieu re ve cif t r u v i n h vien ben nha m i n h L§ rif6c cung difdc tap t r u n g n h a t d v a i t r o ngifdi vd, ngifdi cau dien r a tvfdng doi l i n h d i n h t r o n g v a i ba t a i n h a gai quyen t h i f a ke t a i san t r o n g gia d i n h thuoc ngifdi gai 190 (midh) va 191 bon nvfdng cac c6 biet chat nhufng bo cui de chuan b i L o a i c u i the he, c u n g c h u n g song v6i n h a u diidi mot m a i n h a dai d a i k h o a n g 0,8 met dep va deu, go de chay, dvfdm l i i a Ho ( s u n g t d n u h prong) To chiic c u a dai g i a d i n h dtfa t r e n cd dvfa ve de loai c i i i d mot n d i r i e n g , k h o n g de l i n vcii c u i sd cong dong k i n h te, x a hoi va t\i tiicing (ho c u n g n h a u s a n d u n h a n g Co n h i i n g trvfdng hdp cui p h a i c h u a n b i x u a t va c i i n g n h a u c h u n g h i i d n g s a n p h a m lao dong l a m h a n g h a i , ba n a m D a i g i a d i n h c u a ngUdi C h u R u thUdng c6 tii ba den r a ) , s a n p h a m lao dong l a m r a dvfdc c a t c h u n g mot k h o (pi o k h d day) va a n c h u n g mot noi cdm (go'prong) D i l n g dau d a i gia d i n h la ngUdi dan ong 16n t u o i n h a t O n g cau thifc chat la n g i i d i t h i f a h a n h g i a i quyet m o i viec t r o n g gia d i n h n h u p h a n chia t a i san, hon n h a n , m u a ban va chuyen n h i i d n g r u o n g dat T u y n h i e n , v ^ n q u a n he gia d i n h m a u he c h i phoi, m o i cong viec gia d i n h deu p h a i h o i y k i e n ngUdi vd, k h i n g i i d i vd n h a t t r i , ong cau mdi t h a y m a t quyet d i n h N g a y nay, tac dong m a n h me cua xa hoi, gia d i n h 16n cua n g i i d i C h u R u dang b i p h a n hoa t h a n h n h i e u gia d i n h nho Cac gia d i n h nho t u y difdc chia r u o n g dat, t r a u bo, l a m r i e n g , a n r i e n g n h i i n g d quay q u a n v6i n h a u x u n g q u a n h gia d i n h 16n de h i n h t h a n h mot bo toe D u gia d i n h N g a y xvfa, bat buoc p h a i c6 100 bo c u i t h i m d i bat dvfdc chong Ngay nay, so' c6 g i a m d i Da bat chong la p h a i C O cui T r o n g hon n h a n cua ngvfdi Gie T r i e n g t h i c u i la q u a n t r o n g n h a t Ngvfdi gai yeu t h i t i m each d a n h t i e n g trvfdc N e u ngvfdi t r a i dong y t h i t o i den a n h chang tvf n g u y e n den t a m svf v i ngvfdi gai t a i n h a rong Sau v a i t u a n le, ngvfdi n h a gai m a n g cui sang n h a t r a i xep t h a n h dong de l a m le loong (le hvfa hon) Ngvfdi t a vay rvfdu len dong cvii, k h a n v a i t h a n l i n h phCi ho cho doi vd chong sinh dvfdc n h i e u cai khoe m a n h T r o n g le nay, n h a t r a i t a n g n h a gai mot so dan, n h a gai t a n g n h a t r a i nhuing san p h a m det Sau do, le cvf6i dvfdc to chvfc m 16n hay nho, t r o n g xa hoi ngvfdi C h u R u , v a i t r o ngUdi dan ong deu diJdc khSng d i n h vdi nhiSng chiic v u chu chot III PHONG TUC, TAP QUAN TRONG TANG MA t r o n g lang, t r o n g dong toe va la ngiJdi t h a y m a t ngvfdi p h u nvi g i a i quyet cac cong viec t r o n g gia d i n h Cau hoi 128: T a n g ma ngxtdi G i a R a i dudc thuc h i e n n h u the nao? Cau hoi 127: " B o c u i hiia h o n " cua ngxfofi G i e T r i e n g nhif the nao? Traldi: H a u het cac c6 gai ngvfdi Gie T r i e n g k h i den t u o i 14 15 da C O y t h i i c va chu dong "b^t chong" K h i l a m xky, len 192 Traldi: Ngvfdi Gia R a i cho r i n g , s i n h t h d i ngvfdi gSn bo v i gia d i n h , ho hang, l a n g xom K h i chet, ngvfdi song thvfdng tiec va p h a i co tao het moi dieu k i e n de cho l i n h h o n cua ngvfdi bien t h a n h ma v i n h v i e n ci b u o n lang V i the, m ngiidi Gia Rai to chiic tang l i , cung ma de cho hnh hon trd ma (atau) khong trd ve quay roi ngUdi song Tang l l Gia Rai noi chung rat phijfc tap Xa xifa ngiidi Gia Rai c6 tuc chon tat ca nhiJng ngiidi he thong dong ho me vao chung mot huyet Ngiidi chet d cung mot lang chon d ndi quy dinh Thed tuc le nay, nhQng ngiidi dan ong chet thUdng phai diia ve chon d que me Nhiing bay gid phd bien chong chet difdc chon chung cung huyet vdi vd K h i chdn, cac quan tai dvfdc Ian lifdt xep canh K h i day huyet, ngiidi ta tiep tuc lay van ke bdh ben tao huyet noi tiep de c6 the chon them vai hom niia K h i huyet da dutdc khoang vai chuc hom vcti quang thdi gian hang chuc nam, ngifdi ta m6i tien hanh le bo ma (hoa lui) Trii6c k h i huyet, mot ngiidi than phai bo xuong vai hot gao tifdng triing - v6i y nghia la de chd ngUdi chet an Sau ho m6i quan tai xuong va lap dat Phia dau huyet ngiidi ta dat mot che rifdu can, choc thung day va ghe bo tai roi phu len mot canh gai O nhieu ndi quanh Play Cu ngifdi ta chon mot ong tre thong xuong quan tai de hang bo cdm, muoi, gao, riidu v6i quan niem la de cho ngUdi chet an uong Ngiidi ta ckm ba coc go de danh dau viec tham vieng mo triJ6c k h i lam le bo ma Con ga, cap tre difdc bo vao v6 rifdu d mot dau mo cung vdi mot tau thuoc la, mot bat riidu va i t cdm Phan ngiidi chet diidc chia la cac loai thilc an: cdm, thit ga, thit Idn, thudc hut va bo tat ca vao mot cai gui treo tren nha mo Sau k h i chon cat, nao ngUdi nha ciing phai dem cdm cho ma an mot Ian vao luc xe chieu, goi la diim dai va tien hanh cac nghi thilc khac 194 Cung cdm tron thang (hga mncfi): Le diidc tien hanh sau mdt thang vdi viec mo Idn va an tai mo mot Neu gia dinh d\i dat t h i mo trau an hai ngay, mot dem Khi tien hanh nghi le hien sinh bang trau, ngvfdi ta chat cay gad (pcf lang) chon xuong phia dau mo, roi cSm nhQng g6 xung quanh tao cai cot that chac, de buoc chat t h t o g trau vao day Sau ho lay cay dap chet vat hoac dung giao, cha gac dam chet trau Dau trau diidc ckm vao doan tre vot nhon roi gikt len cay gao vij!a noi d tren L i gi6 thiJdng ky (hoa phun): Mac dii da diia cdm hang nhiing hang thang, ngifdi nha lai dem rvfdu ma uohg va danh chieng Tuc keo dai cho den diing tiJdng va chuan bi cho le bo ma Le hoi bo ma: La nghi le Idn nhat ddi sdhg tinh than cua ngiidi Gia Rai va c6 the coi day la nghi le cuoi cung tang le Trvfdc k h i vao le, ngUdi Gia Rai c6 tuc le difng nha mo mdi va deo cac cot tiidng de chdn quanh nha md Diing xong tifdng, ngifdi ta vao le hoa lui Cach thilc giohg nhii l l hoa mncfi nhiing md nhieu trau bo hdn, nhieu Idn hdn Trdng le nay, tat ca cac lang xung quanh deu den tham d\i vdi ddan cdng chieng cua lang minh, mdi mot lang lai difdc chia phan la thit trau, bo Cau hoi 129: N g h i l l tang m a cua ngUofi N u n g dUdc thuc h i e n n h i i the nao? i Traldi: Ciing nhii cac dan toe khac, dan toe NCing cung c6 nhiing nghi le ve viec hieu rat rieng Dan toe Nung quan 195 n i e m k h i n g i i d i t h a n t r u t hdi t h d cuoi cung la luc chia tay N g h i le dang den boa cho n g i i d i chet diidc goi la le vcti t r a n g i a n de ve coi am, vay chau se m d i t h a y T a n g k h a y 16 Co le n g i i d i chet m d i n h i n ro diidng ve Cling ve de l a m cac t h u tuc t i e n diia l i n h hon cua n g i i d i da the gidi ben k i a Triidc k h i mac ao t a n g chau p h a i cam chet ve n d i a n n g h i cuoi c u n g diidc suon se De bao h i e u ao t a n g den ben l i n h ciiu cua n g i i d i chet de lay Sau k h i da cho n g i i d i da chet, chau p h a i l a m day d u n g h i 1§ k h o n g n h a p quan, chau p h a i k i e n g k h o n g diidc n g u t r e n dvfdc de sot bat cijf hxidc nao giiidng, k h o n g cit toe, k h o n g a n t h i t md t r o n g 40 K h i n h a c6 ngifdi chet, chau chiia difdc khoc, c h i dau de to long bao h i e u v d i n g i i d i da chet Do la trifdc k i a , k h i nao t h a y tao den k h a m l i e m chau m d i dvfdc khoc h a u nhxi nhQng t h u tuc co h u da diidc Con chau p h a i d u n nifdc bSng cac loai la t h d m de t S m riJLa xoa bo, t i n h t r a n g ngifdi chet de l a u t r o n g n h a h a u t h a y q u a n ao cho ngifdi chet N e u ngifdi chet la gai t h i mac het da k h o n g L i dang cdm difdc t h i l c h i e n h a i ao, n e u l a n a m t h i mac ao Ngifdi t r a i triicing lay dong t i e n x u dat vao l u d i hoac vao tay cua ngUdi da chet, coi l a t i e n k h i qua cau Sau k h i hoan t a t cac t h u tuc t h a y tao m d i t i e n h a n h k h a m l i e m Co n d i chau k h a m I a n vao b u o i sang va buoi chieu Ngifdi N i i n g q u a n n i e m song the nao t h i chet n h i i vay, dang cdm cho ngifdi chet vao buta la the h i e n long t h a n h k i n h l i e m ngifdi qua co' bang t a m v a i tr&ng, n h u n g cung c6 n d i Le cay t i e n , cay bac diidc m o i ngiJdi re l a m bang k h a m n i e m b n g v a i m a u vang Sau k h i k h a m l i e m xong, giay x a n h , do, vang, t r d n g , cao t h a p t u y t a m , de bo" me ngifdi chet se difdc dat r a g i a n gifla t r o n g nha, d a u quay ve m a n g ve the gidi ben k i a K h i d i i a m a cay t i e n , cay bac p h i a b a n t h d , m a n chi mSc goc, k i e u mic m a n de m a n g theo de dot t a i mo L§ Qua IvLa diidc t h i i c h i e n triidc p h a n biet g i i i a ngifdi chet va ngUdi song k h i d i i a l i n h ciJu d i chon n g h i a l a dac cua ngifdi chet Gid n h a p q u a n diidc ngUdi N u n g r a t coi t r o n g , v i ngUdi diJdc do't het hoac hd l i i a de k h o n g h o n v i a cua ngifdi N u n g q u a n n i e m gid n h a p q u a n k h o n g c h i l i e n q u a n den qua CO K h i difa q u a n t a i r a k h o i cvLa, t h a y tao l a m phep n g i i d i chet ma l i e n q u a n den ca ngifdi song V i the de h o n k h o n g l u a n q u a n t r o n g n h a quay pha ngUdi ngUdi nao k h o n g may chet p h a i gid x a u t h i c6 k h i v a i song Le h u y e t diidc ngifdi N u n g chon dat r a t ky, chon m d i chon dUdc gid n h a p quan Trxidc k h i d i i a xac vao q u a n ndi dat p h a t va chon gid tot m d i h a h u y e t Sau k h i chon t a i t h i ao q u a n da difdc lot b^ng gao r a n g hoac che k h o de h u t chohg m u i hoi tho'i K h i diJa xac vao ao q u a n t h i t h a y tao doc mot t d giay goi l a t d " p h a n " , t d giay diidc g h i ro t h a n t h e cua ngUdi da chet, triidc k h i nfip q u a n t a i difdc dong l a i t d giay dUdc bo vao t r o n g coi nhxi bien b a n ban giao cua ngifdi song va ngiJdi chet 196 cat dvfdc h o m , chau se m d i t h a y tao den n d i chon cat t i e n h a n h n g h i le md ciia mo de bao cho sdn t h a n biet va don n h a n ngifdi chet ve coi a m Ngifdi N i i n g t h i f d n g de t a n g bo' n a m , t a n g me n a m , t r o n g t h d i g i a n k h o n g dUdc to chile cxidi h o i , l a m n h a M -K Sim 197 N g h i le ma chay cua ngUdi N u n g da t i e n bo hdn trifdc day r a t n h i e u , t u y n h i e n d mot so' n d i v u n g sau, v u n g xa, phong tuc, tap q u a n cu v a n n a n g ne Ciu hoi 130: T u c tang ma^ cua ngudi C d H o dudc thiic h i e n nhuthenao? Traldi: K h i CO ngifdi t h a n qua ddi t u o i gia hay benh t a t , ngifdi ta dap vd mot cai che, sau d a n h chieng, t r o n g de bao t i n cho ngitdi t r o n g cong dong Tiep do, ngUdi n h a l a u riJa va t h a y m d i cho n g i i d i qua c6' N g i i d i t a h e m t h i h a i n g i i d i chet t r o n g mot tarn 6i c h a m (6i p r u m ) , 6i ma (6i d r a i , 6i lang), 6i tola (6i o, 6i yoal) So" l i f d n g 6i t u y thuoc vao hoan canh cua tvfng gia d i n h , la mot h i n h t h i l c chia cua K h i da difa t h i h a i n g i i d i chet vao quan t a i , gia d i n h t i e n h a n h t h u tuc n g h i ngdi (rdld), thvfc chat la tiep tuc c h u a n b i nep, cui va chang res (don k h i e n g quan t a i ) , CO the giet heo, ga de dai ba den g i i i p viec cho d a m ma (tuy thuoc vao dieu k i e n gia d i n h ) Dac biet, neu ngifdi chet v i t i i each la cau cua gia d i n h t h i p h a i giet mot so t r a u , bo, ga, heo, v i t N g h i t h i i c la bat buoc, cho n e n d a m t a n g la viec dai sii cua ca h a i gia d i n h , d u ngiJdi vd qua c6' i\L l a u da thuoc ve n h a vd Tiep theo rdlo la r a n ( t u tap) N g i i d i t r o n g buon den chia b u o n t h i f d n g m a n g theo mot v a t de gop p h a n cung t a n g chu Gia d i n h c6 the giet gia sue, gia cam de h i e n te nhiJ la n g h i le c h i n h t h i i c va dong t h d i lo viec dao huyet Triidc k h i sat s i n h , p h a i t i e n h a n h mot so' n g h i t h i i c trifdc quan t a i , chAng h a n lay l y r i f d u can len d a u q u a n t a i , sau lay cac t h i i thvfc p h a m n h i i heo, ga m o i cho ngUdi chet C u n g v6i cac tarn 6i la chuoi ciidm, vong co, t h i i mot i t (gan, r u o t , t i m , cap chan, cap canh ) de len vong deo t a y va t a t ca nhutng t h i i difdc coi la t a i san, v a t q u a n t a i , so' t h i t l a i diidc n a u de d a i moi ngifdi d u n g cua ngvfdi k h i song n h i i chieng, che Tuc chia t a i san cho ngUdi chet la c h u n g cho cac n h o m Cd Ho va n h i e u toe n g i i d i khac ci Tay N g u y e n Rieng v i toe n g i i d i C h i l , k h i cii6i, ngifdi t a t a n g n h a u mot t a m b i l det bang coi CO h a i m a u va t r i n g , k i c h thii6c rong c h i i n g 60 - 70cm, D e n t r i i a hoac chife'u, t i e n h a n h le kle Y a n g k o i (keu t h a n lua), mot t r o n g cac v i t h a n ma ngxJdi chet se gan g u i m a i , x i n n g i i d i chet g i i i p cho gia d i n h giong tot, sii a m no Ben canh q u a n t a i , ngUdi ta t r a i mot t a m chieu coi cd 60 X 150cm, k h o n g diidc d u n g loai chieu m u a ci chd NgUdi d a i k h o a n g 160 - 170cm, t a m diJdc giut l a i cho den k h i t h a n cua ngifdi qua co ( n a m hoac nQ) cam t a m 6i srdm6 ngUdi ay qua ddi t h i difdc d u n g de l i e m t h i h a i k h a n v a i , m d i moc cho den k h i khSp l i i d t t h i k e t thuc le N g i i d i t a chon cac loai cay 16n, t h i i d n g l a cay vong, cay bong gon, de deo n h i i deo t h u y e n doc moc h a i n i i a u p vao n h a u L i e m xong, dat t h i h a i vao q u a n t a i day nap l a i , viec l i e m ngifdi chet n h a n h hay c h a m t u y thuoc vao sii chuan b i cua t t t n g gia d i n h 198 kle Y a n g k o i Sau do, t a m 6i srdmd difdc cuon l a i de b dau chieu, cung phia dau n g i i d i chet M o i ngUdi c6 m a t deu t h a m gia tiec t a n g T i e p theo r a n la tdp (chon cat) B u o i sang t6p, n g i i d i t a thao v a n hoac p h e n n d i biic vach doi 199 dien quan tai, mang tat ca cac vat dung cua ngifdi qua c6 va nhQng t a i san diidc chia khoi nha tieng chieng khong diift, roi di quan Ngiidi ta khan vai mot Ian niJa tifdng t u nhii le kle Yang koi ran, roi tang chu rot ru;du can mdi moi ngiidi mot ly tien diia ngiidi da khuat Sau do, quan tai diidc dat tren chang res de diia tang Neu ngiidi chet la ngifdi chong t h i nha trai lam them le wa de hon ngifdi chet ca ddi di lam re ve tham lai ngUdi than mot Ian cuoi trifdc k h i di vinh vien Cac vien dong ho trai ciing l i n lifdt chia tay ngiJdi than cua minh Tai huyet, ngUdi ta tien hanh le rdlo te rd nan (nghi lai leu nho) Rd nan kich thiidc m6i chieu 40cm rat ddn sd, tifdng triing cho ngoi nha ma ngifdi qua co' se "tiep tuc song cuoc song mdi va cif t r u sau nay" Ngifdi ta trai chieu C l i n g cdm, roi ciing que tre (gai djdh: cay dH), phong cay nhon dai 2m vao cay ngan c6 khoet 16, vijfa phong viia hoi ly viec di dot ngot cua ngvfdi chet Moi ngifdi thay vtfa phong vrfa hoi ngifdi chet Roi me hay vd hoac cai cua ngiidi chet tien hanh nghi thCtc dap vd qua bau kho sau bay Ian go bau vao quan tai IChi qua bau vd la bat dau cuoc song mdi cua ngiidi qua c6', ket thiic le Huyet mo cua ngiidi Sre thdi ky gan day wkn la mo chung nhii cac nhom ngiidi Cd Ho Diia tang xong, moi ngiidi trd ve nha tang chu dting riidu can pha tiet ga de rtta tay nh^m tay ta ma hay linh hon ngiidi chet bam theo minh Ngay t h i i sau ke t i i chet la hen giQa ngiidi song va ngiidi da khuat, ngUdi nha di vieng mo mang theo 200 cdm, nude, ao, hat giong, mot goc chuoi, goc mia canh nha rd nan roi mdi tham mo Tham xong, phai riia tay bang rUdu can pha san vdi tiet ga diing bau kho Tu: do, thdi gian den thang, c6 nghi thiic dan (diia cdm cho ngifdi chet) Ndi dan la cho hoang vang ngoai pham v i bon lang, ngiidi than mdi cdm c6 the khoc hoac khong Cii dan t i n r^ng, neu ngifdi chong chet, ngiidi vd thdi gian chiu tang den nam phai chung thuy vdi ngifdi qua CO, neu vi pham t h i mo se bi sup, ngiidi chet se bao mong de ho hang nha trai kiem tra Neu mo sup ma ngifdi vd nhan toi t h i nha trai c6 quyen phat ga, heo hay trau theo mxic mo bi sup i t hay nhieu Ngiidi vd khan vai xin chong tha t h i i va xin phep t a i gia, roi sat sinh ciing te, va t i i diidc lay chong khac Nhiing nghi thilc tang tuc bai ban va phiic tap tren day la nhiing nghi thiic khai quat nhat Vdi cac nhom khac t h i c6 khac i t nhieu ve chi tiet, ten goi, so' lUdng, le vat, so' le cung Nhtfng nhiing nghi thiic chi ap dung cho ngiidi chet binh thifdng, chet tot (chot niam), khong ap dung diidc cho ngifdi chet xau, chet vi t a i nan, chet bat dSc ky t i i Khong diidc mang ngifdi chet xau vao nha hay bon, neu v i pham se bi phat trau, bo, heo, ga, riidu, phai to chiic le ciing va mai tang ngifdi xau so' ngoai dia phan ciia bon lang, thdi gian \\iu quan t i i mot den hai dem roi chdn V i cho r^ng ngiidi chet xau la Yang Vnriang b a t nen phai lam l l de goi hon ngifdi chet xau ve nhap bon vdi hon ngifdi chet binh thifdng Vdi loai chet nay, gia dinh va cong dong kieng cut rat ky, c6 k h i tdi thang, phong cai xui xeo lay Ian sang nha khac 201 Ngay nay, t a p tuc ma chay cua n g i i d i Cd Ho da so da bo h a n Rifdu can c6 k h i difdc t h a y the b a n g r i l d u t r a n g t h a y doi r a t n h i e u tii k h a u l a m q u a n t a i , l a m n h a r d Q u a n t a i k h o n g t i i l a m b a n g go r i f n g ma m u a q u a n t a i n a n , v a n de c h n cat, k i e n g l a m san Day la n h i i n g dau h i e u dang m i i n g cua su t i e n bo cfl, theo hxidng n g a y cang t i e n bo Tii x\ia, c i i d a n q u a n n i e m q u a n t a i l a n h a cua va v a n m i n h t r o n g t a n g tuc cua ngvfdi Cd Ho ngvfdi qua c6 n e n p h a i o h u a n b i c h u dao, p h a i t i m cay N h i n chung, t a n g tuc la tap tuc 16n l i e n quan den mot 16n, deo b a n g cong cu t h o n g t h i i d n g c h i l c h i i a p h a i d u n g ddi ngvfdi va a n h hvfcing den cuoc song cong dong Tap t u c cu moc, n e n p h a i v a t va m a t v a i ba n g a y S\i c h u a n b i chu yeu da va dang t h a y doi 16n lao theo chieu h i i d n g q u a n t a i va cac k h a u khac k h i e n d a m t a n g t h i f d n g keo v a n m i n h , khoa hoc, p h u hdp v i siic khoe va nep song v a n d a i ngay, k h o n g d a m bao ve s i n h , a n h h i i d n g den hoa cong dong, n h a t la n h i i n g cong dong c\i t r u gan sutc khoe gia d i n h v a cong dong H i n h t h i i c c h i t o n t a i d nhQng v u n g xa x o i , heo l a n h hoac nhOng gia d i n h k h o k h a n , ngheo t u n g N g i i d i d a n c6 t h e t\i cxia xe va dong q u a n t a i b a n g v a n v d i d u n g c U m d i nhu c\ia, hua, dinh hoac m u a q u a n t a i da dong s i n ci c U a h i e u n h i i n g i f d i V i e t Viec r u t ngkn t h d i gian t a n g le va siJ v a t va t r o n g qua t r i n h c h u a n b i T u y vay, viec l a m n h a r d n a n i t n h i e u v a n t o n t a i v i cac t r u n g t a m k i n h te - v a n hoa N g u y e n n h a n svf t h a y doi t a n g tuc cua ngvfdi Cd Ho ra't phiic tap, song dvfdc tap t r u n g vao mot so' n g u y e n n h a n c h i n h : xa h o i ngvfdi Cd Ho dvfdc p h a t t r i e n n h a y vot tvf xa hoi n g u y e n t h u y l e n xa hoi h i e n dai, t r o n g chvfa k i p c6 dvfdc bvfdc chuyen tiep t h i c h hdp; dia b a n cvf t r u xen cvf hoac cong cvf v i ngvfdi V i e t va cac d a n toe khac; trao doi k i n h te, giao Ivfu v a n hoa va to chvfe xa hoi theo mo h i n h n h i e u n h o m Cd Ho q u ^ n n i e m ve tiep tuc s\ song sau k h i h a n h c h i n h cua ngvfdi V i e t ; hvfcing che giao due va k i n h qua ddi P h a n dong c\i d a n k h o n g rao va t r a n g t r i mo bang te chung; a n h hvfdng cua cac phvfdng t i e n t h o n g t i n - v a n cay tifdng, nen d a n toe Cd Ho k h o n g c6 t i f d n g n h a mo nhiJ hoa h i e n dai; v a i t r o suy yeu cua gia lang; t h i e u svf d i n h ngifdi E De, Ba N a , Gia Rai; htf6ng chon cat cung k h o n g hvfdng de p h a n biet cai m d i va cai cu T o n g the cac n g u y e n quan t r o n g l a m , chu yeu t r a n h a m \i6t, ngap l i n g , n e n mo n h a n da l a m t h a y doi tap tuc theo ea h a i hvf6ng m y t h i f d n g tap t r u n g t r e n sxibn n i i i , go dat cao tuc va h u tuc, t i e n bo va lad h a u , t i c h cvfc va t i e u cvfc Viec Svf kieng" cU cang g i a m , nay, n g i i d i chet xa'u cung diidc m a n g ve n h a m a i t a n g b i n h thiJdng ma k h o n g s d uy liic cua Y a n g V n r i a n g Keo theo sxi t h a y doi quan n i e m ve chet xa'u, chet tot, t h i s\i k i e n g c f l cung k h o n g keo dai den t h a n g t r o n g triJdng hdp chet x a u , ma c6 n d i 202 d i n h hvfdng va dieu c h i n h la mot viec l a m doi hoi svf n g h i e m tiic, khoa hoc va mot t h a i t o n t r o n g , t h i e n y va te n h i L a y v a n dong t h u y e t phue l a m c h i n h , tvfng bvfdc tao dvf l u a n xa hoi t i c h cvfc, g i i i p dong bao xay dvfng cuoc song m i mot tot dep hdn 203 Cau hoi 131: T u c tang m a cua ngiidi M a difdc thuc h i e n nhtf t a p t r u n g dao huyet Ngifdi M a k h o n g c6 tuc xem hifdng dao huyet, dao h u y e t nong sau, m i e n la de lot h o m H u y e t the nao? dao xong, ngifdi t a l a t b difdi m o t 16p cay, dat h o m len Tralai: y t r e n , t r a i chiec chieu cua ngifdi chet n i m k h i song, sau K h i CO ngiJdi t i f gia coi ddi, cong viec dau t i e n cua ngiidi m d i lay dat, v u n cao mo theo chiec h o m Chon xong, M a la mac nhiJng chiec q u a n ao quy n h a t cho ngifdi chet, de ngifdi t a de dac (cua cai) difdc chia cho ngifdi chet ben chan duoi t h ^ n g n g a n va lay day cot l a i , diia h a i tay canh mo, dac k h o n g de n g u y e n ven, p h a i l a m hong mot up len ngiJc, sau lay mot cai bat goi dau cho ngiidi chet chut (de ngifdi khac k h o n g lay), difdi chan mo ngifdi t a l a m De to long l u y e n tiec cho ngifdi n h a da qua co", ngxidi mot san t h a p de len n h i i n g d u n g l a m bep N e u n h a M a de t r o n g n h a 7, T r o n g t h d i g i a n dau, ngUdi d a n g i a u CO, l a m t a n g c6 d a m t r a u , ngifdi t a l a m mot chuong ong vao rCfng k i e m go t o t l a m h o m H o m dUdc diia vao n h a t r a u nho ben canh mo va de d mot i t xifdng va sifng cua b a n g mot ciia 16n mcti l a m , k h o n g difa qua cxLa r a vao h a n g t r a u b i giet (khac v6i ngifdi Cd Ho, neu c6 te t h a n l i n h D e n thijt ba, ngifdi chet dudc bo vao h o m , sau va ngifdi chet b^ng t r a u t h i ngifdi t a c i t d a u t r a u dem dat ba ho hang, l a n g x o m mdi den t h a m vieng, cung p h i a p h a n mo) bai, a n uong Ngifdi M a (cung nhiJ n g i i d i Cd Ho) c6 tuc K h i difa d a m xong, m o i ngifdi t i m suoi t l m giat sach s^m sv(a va p h a n chia cho ngUdi chet nhijfng dac can se m d i ve n h a Ve den n h a , ngifdi d i chon ngifdi chet k h o n g t h i e t n h i i k h i song de c6 the difdc tiep tuc "song ci the difdc vao n h a m a p h a i ngoi t a p t r u n g mot cho, ngifdi gidi ben k i a " Ngifdi M a c6 tuc le n h i i n g n g i i d i t h a n nhif d i lay nifdc l a di hoa vdi m a u ga, vay len n h i i n g ngifdi ngoi a n h em, chau t h i i d n g cSt mot p h a n toe cua m i n h bo t a p t r u n g mot cho va cau k h a n Sau viec do, ngifdi d i difa vao h o m de n g i i d i chet c6 "nguyen Heu Idp n h a " d a m m d i difdc ve n h a Sau k h i chon cat ngifdi chet xong, Ngifdi chet cua l a n g nao diidc chon d dia p h a n cua l a n g ngifdi M a c6 tuc k i e n g c i i k h o n g d i l a m dong, l a m ay, ngiJdi cung m a u m u , r u o t t h i t difdc chon c h u n g mot ray H e t ho l a i giet mot ga, n a u nifdc soi, lay l a n g h i a dia (do la k h u cam k y r i e n g cua dong ho ay) Ngifdi s u a n u n g (ngai ciiu) l a m le r i i a m o t I a n nQa r o i m d i d i l a m ngoai chi c6 la ngifdi t h a n can m d i difdc d i chon ngifdi chet dong, l a m ray T r o n g n h i i n g b i n h t h u d n g , den n g h i a dia t h i k h o n g difdc t r d ve b u o n l a n g sau luc ay T r o n g d a m t a n g , ngifdi M a k h o n g c6 s i i p h a n biet g i i i a c h u l a n g v d i t h i f d n g dan, a i chet d a n l a n g deu lo n h u K h i k h i e n g h o m ngifdi chet d i chon, ngifdi t a m a n g theo n h a u Tre sd s i n h k h i chet difdc chon ngay, t r e biet n o i va cua cai difdc chia cho ngifdi chet va xa beng, xa bach, cuoc ngifdi Idn chet deu de v a i m d i chon N d i chon cat xeng, den n g h i a dia dat h o m ngifdi chet d mot cho r o i m d i difdc coi la n d i cam k y vdi t a t ca m o i ngifdi, c h i t r t f n h i i n g 204 205 liic CO ngUdi chet dem den chon cat, thifdng khong mot trci lai cho chon cat Triidng hdp ngiidi bi chet bat dkc ky tii difdc chon xa hdn nhiing ngiidi benh tat, gia yeu ma chet Neu ngufdi chong hoac vd chet bat die ky txi, ngiidi lai phai cut mot nam khong diidc di san xuat Ilia Vd chet diidc chdn tai ndi chon cat cua dong ho ben chong, khong diidc dxla ve phia ben vd Cau hoi 132: T a n g m a cua ngiidi C h u R u dutfc thifc h i e n n h u the nao? chet sau de chong len tren Sau 5, hoac 10 nam, k h i gia dinh CO dieu kien kinh te kha gia t h i boc mo, t h u gom hai cot vao chung mot hom va chon cat lai Liic phan mo cua gia dinh diidc chon can than theo mot phong tuc co truyen cua ngiidi Chu Ru Hang nam, c