III. PHONG TUC, TAP QUAN TRONG TANG MA
60 X 150cm, khong diidc dung loai chieu mua ci chd NgUd
t h a n cua ngifdi qua co (nam hoac nQ) cam t a m 6i srdm6 k h a n vai, mdi moc cho den k h i khSp liidt t h i ket thuc le
kle Yang koi. Sau do, t a m 6i srdmd difdc cuon l a i de b dau
chieu, cung phia dau ngiidi chet. M o i ngUdi c6 mat deu t h a m gia tiec tang.
Tiep theo ngay r a n la ngay tdp (chon cat). Buoi sang ngay t6p, ngiidi ta thao van hoac phen ndi biic vach doi
dien quan tai, mang tat ca cac vat dung cua ngifdi qua c6
va nhQng tai san diidc chia ra khoi nha trong tieng chieng khong diift, roi di quan. Ngiidi ta khan vai mot Ian niJa tifdng tu nhii le kle Yang koi trong ngay ran, roi tang chu rot ru;du can mdi moi ngiidi mot ly tien diia ngiidi da khuat. Sau do, quan tai diidc dat tren chang res de diia tang. Neu ngiidi chet la ngifdi chong t h i nha trai lam them le wa de hon ngifdi chet ca ddi di lam re ve tham lai ngUdi than mot Ian cuoi trifdc khi ra di vinh vien. Cac thanh vien dong ho trai ciing l i n lifdt chia tay ngiJdi than cua minh.
Tai huyet, ngUdi ta tien hanh le rdlo te rd nan (nghi lai leu nho). Rd nan kich thiidc m6i chieu 40cm rat ddn sd, tifdng triing cho ngoi nha ma ngifdi qua co' se "tiep tuc song cuoc song mdi va cif t r u sau nay". Ngifdi ta trai chieu.
C l i n g cdm, roi ciing que tre (gai djdh: cay dH), phong cay
nhon dai 2m vao cay ngan c6 khoet 16, vijfa phong viia hoi
ly do viec ra di dot ngot cua ngvfdi chet. Moi ngifdi thay nhau vtfa phong vrfa hoi ngifdi chet. Roi me hay vd hoac con cai cua ngiidi chet tien hanh nghi thCtc dap vd qua bau kho sau bay Ian go bau vao quan tai. IChi qua bau vd la bat dau cuoc song mdi cua ngiidi qua c6', ket thiic le nay.
Huyet mo cua ngiidi Sre trong thdi ky gan day wkn la
mo chung nhii cac nhom ngiidi Cd Ho. Diia tang xong, moi ngiidi trd ve nha tang chu dting riidu can pha tiet ga de rtta tay nh^m tay ta ma hay linh hon ngiidi chet con bam theo minh.
Ngay thii sau ke t i i ngay chet la ngay hen giQa ngiidi song va ngiidi da khuat, ngUdi nha di vieng mo mang theo
cdm, nude, ao, hat giong, mot goc chuoi, goc mia trong canh nha rd nan roi mdi tham mo. Tham xong, phai riia tay bang rUdu can pha san vdi tiet ga diing trong bau kho. Tu: do, trong thdi gian 1 den 3 thang, con c6 nghi thiic dan (diia cdm cho ngifdi chet). Ndi dan la cho hoang vang ngoai pham vi bon lang, ngiidi than mdi cdm c6 the khoc hoac khong.
Cii dan t i n r^ng, neu ngifdi chong chet, ngiidi vd trong thdi gian chiu tang 1 den 3 nam phai chung thuy vdi ngifdi
qua CO, neu vi pham t h i mo se bi sup, ngiidi chet se bao
mong de ho hang nha trai kiem tra. Neu mo sup ma ngifdi vd nhan toi t h i nha trai c6 quyen phat ga, heo hay trau
tuy theo mxic do mo bi sup it hay nhieu. Ngiidi vd khan vai
xin chong tha thii va xin phep tai gia, roi sat sinh ciing te, va tii do diidc lay chong khac.
Nhiing nghi thilc tang tuc bai ban va phiic tap tren day la nhiing nghi thiic khai quat nhat. Vdi cac nhom khac nhau thi c6 khac nhau it nhieu ve chi tiet, ten goi, so' lUdng, le vat, so' le cung. Nhtfng nhiing nghi thiic do chi ap dung cho ngiidi chet binh thifdng, chet tot (chot niam), khong ap dung diidc cho ngifdi chet xau, chet vi tai nan, chet bat dSc ky tii. Khong diidc mang ngifdi chet xau vao nha hay bon, neu vi pham se bi phat trau, bo, heo, ga, riidu,... phai to chiic le ciing va mai tang ngifdi xau so'
ngoai dia phan ciia bon lang, thdi gian \\iu quan t i i mot
den hai dem roi chdn. Vi cho r^ng ngiidi chet xau la do
Yang Vnriang bat nen phai lam l l de goi hon ngifdi chet
xau ve nhap bon vdi hon ngifdi chet binh thifdng. Vdi loai chet nay, gia dinh va cong dong kieng cut rat ky, c6 khi tdi 3 thang, phong cai xui xeo lay Ian sang nha khac.
Ngay nay, tap tuc ma chay cua ngiidi Cd Ho da so da
t h a y doi r a t n h i e u tii k h a u l a m q u a n t a i , l a m nha r d
n a n , v a n de ch6n cat, k i e n g c f l , . . . theo hxidng ngay cang
t i e n bo. Tii x\ia, cii dan quan n i e m quan t a i la nha cua ngvfdi qua c6 nen p h a i ohuan b i chu dao, p h a i t i m cay
16n, deo bang cong cu thong t h i i d n g c h i l chiia p h a i d u n g
cu moc, nen p h a i v a t va m a t v a i ba ngay. S\i chuan bi
quan t a i va cac k h a u khac k h i e n dam t a n g t h i f d n g keo dai ngay, k h o n g d a m bao ve sinh, a n h h i i d n g den sutc
khoe gia d i n h va cong dong. H i n h thiic do chi ton t a i d
nhQng v u n g xa xoi, heo l a n h hoac nhOng gia d i n h kho
k h a n , ngheo t u n g . N g i i d i dan c6 the t\i cxia xe va dong
quan t a i bang v a n vdi dung c U mdi nhu c\ia, hua, d i n h
hoac mua quan t a i da dong s i n ci c U a hieu n h i i ngifdi
V i e t . Viec do r u t ngkn thdi gian tang le va siJ vat va trong
qua t r i n h chuan bi.
Tuy vay, viec l a m nha rd nan i t nhieu van ton t a i v i
nhieu nhom Cd Ho qu^n niem ve tiep tuc s\ song sau k h i
qua ddi. Phan dong c\i dan khong rao va t r a n g t r i mo bang
cay tifdng, nen dan toe Cd Ho khong c6 tifdng nha mo nhiJ ngifdi E De, Ba Na, Gia Rai; htf6ng chon cat cung khong
quan trong l a m , chu yeu t r a n h am \i6t, ngap ling, nen mo thifdng tap t r u n g t r e n sxibn n i i i , go dat cao.
Svf kieng" cU ngay cang giam, ngay nay, ngiidi chet xa'u
cung diidc mang ve nha mai tang b i n h thiJdng ma khong
s d uy liic cua Y a n g V n r i a n g . Keo theo sxi thay doi quan
niem ve chet xa'u, chet tot, t h i s\i kieng cfl cung khong keo
dai den 3 thang trong triJdng hdp chet xau, ma c6 ndi con
bo han. Rifdu can c6 k h i difdc thay the bang rildu trang. Quan t a i khong t i i lam bang go r i f n g ma mua quan t a i lam san. Day la n h i i n g dau hieu dang m i i n g cua su tien bo va van m i n h trong tang tuc cua ngvfdi Cd Ho.
N h i n chung, tang tuc la tap tuc 16n lien quan den mot ddi ngvfdi va anh hvfcing den cuoc song cong dong. Tap tuc chu yeu nay da va dang thay doi 16n lao theo chieu hiidng van m i n h , khoa hoc, p h u hdp v6i siic khoe va nep song v a n
hoa cong dong, nhat la n h i i n g cong dong c\i t r u gan cac
t r u n g t a m k i n h te - van hoa.
Nguyen n h a n svf thay doi tang tuc cua ngvfdi Cd Ho ra't phiic tap, song dvfdc tap t r u n g vao mot so' nguyen n h a n chinh: xa hoi ngvfdi Cd Ho dvfdc phat t r i e n nhay vot tvf xa hoi nguyen t h u y len xa hoi hien dai, trong do chvfa k i p c6 dvfdc bvfdc chuyen tiep thich hdp; dia ban cvf t r u xen cvf hoac cong cvf v6i ngvfdi Viet va cac dan toe khac; trao doi k i n h te, giao Ivfu van hoa va to chvfe xa hoi theo mo h i n h h a n h chinh cua ngvfdi Viet; hvfcing che do giao due va k i n h te chung; anh hvfdng cua cac phvfdng t i e n thong t i n - van hoa hien dai; vai tro suy yeu cua gia lang; thieu svf d i n h hvfdng de phan biet cai mdi va cai cu. Tong the cac nguyen n h a n nay da l a m thay doi tap tuc theo ea h a i hvf6ng my tuc va h u tuc, t i e n bo va lad hau, tich cvfc va t i e u cvfc. Viec d i n h hvfdng va dieu chinh la mot viec l a m doi hoi svf nghiem tiic, khoa hoc va mot t h a i do ton trong, t h i e n y va te n h i . Lay van dong thuyet phue l a m chinh, tvfng bvfdc tao dvf l u a n xa hoi tich cvfc, giiip dong bao xay dvfng cuoc song m6i ngay mot tot dep hdn.
Cau hoi 131: T u c tang ma cua ngiidi M a difdc thuc hien nhtf
the nao?
Tralai:
K h i CO ngiJdi t i f gia coi ddi, cong viec dau tien cua ngiidi M a la mac nhiJng chiec quan ao quy n h a t cho ngifdi chet, de chan duoi t h ^ n g ngay ngan va lay day cot lai, diia h a i tay up len ngiJc, sau do lay mot cai bat goi dau cho ngiidi chet.
De to long luyen tiec cho ngifdi nha da qua co", ngxidi M a de t r o n g nha 7, 8 ngay. Trong thdi gian dau, ngUdi dan ong vao rCfng k i e m go tot l a m hom. H o m dUdc diia vao n h a bang mot ciia 16n mcti l a m , k h o n g difa qua cxLa. r a vao hang ngay. Den ngay thijt ba, ngifdi chet dudc bo vao hom, sau do ba con ho hang, l a n g xom mdi den t h a m vieng, cung bai, an uong. Ngifdi M a (cung nhiJ ngiidi Cd Ho) c6 tuc s^m sv(a va p h a n chia cho ngUdi chet nhijfng do dac can t h i e t n h i i k h i con song de c6 the difdc tiep tuc "song ci the gidi ben k i a " . Ngifdi M a c6 tuc le n h i i n g ngiidi t h a n nhif a n h em, con chau t h i i d n g cSt mot p h a n toe cua m i n h bo vao hom de ngiidi chet c6 "nguyen Heu Idp nha".
Ngifdi chet cua lang nao diidc chon d dia phan cua lang ay, ngiJdi cung m a u m u , r u o t t h i t difdc chon chung mot nghia dia (do la k h u cam k y rieng cua dong ho ay). Ngifdi ngoai chi c6 la ngifdi t h a n can mdi difdc d i chon ngifdi chet.
y Tron g n h i i n g ngay b i n h thudng, ai den nghia dia t h i
khong difdc t r d ve buon l a n g ngay sau luc ay.
K h i k h i e n g hom ngifdi chet d i chon, ngifdi t a m a n g theo cua cai difdc chia cho ngifdi chet va xa beng, xa bach, cuoc xeng, den nghia dia dat hom ngifdi chet d mot cho r o i mdi
tap t r u n g dao huyet. Ngifdi M a khong c6 tuc xem hifdng dao huyet, dao huyet nong sau, m i e n la de lot hom. H u y e t dao xong, ngifdi t a lat b difdi mot 16p cay, dat hom len t r e n , t r a i chiec chieu cua ngifdi chet n i m k h i con song, sau do m d i lay dat, v u n cao mo theo chiec hom. Chon xong, ngifdi t a de do dac (cua cai) difdc chia cho ngifdi chet ben canh mo, do dac khong de nguyen ven, p h a i l a m hong mot chut (de ngifdi khac khong lay), difdi chan mo ngifdi t a l a m mot san t h a p de len do n h i i n g do d u n g l a m bep. Neu n h a giau CO, l a m t a n g c6 dam t r a u , ngifdi t a l a m mot chuong t r a u nho ben canh mo va de d do mot i t xifdng va sifng cua con t r a u b i giet (khac v6i ngifdi Cd Ho, neu c6 te t h a n l i n h va ngifdi chet b^ng t r a u t h i ngifdi t a c i t dau t r a u dem dat phia p h a n mo).
K h i difa dam xong, moi ngifdi t i m suoi t l m giat sach se mdi ve nha. Ve den nha, ngifdi d i chon ngifdi chet k h o n g difdc vao n h a ngay ma p h a i ngoi tap t r u n g mot cho, ngifdi d i lay nifdc la di hoa vdi m a u ga, vay len n h i i n g ngifdi ngoi tap t r u n g mot cho va cau k h a n . Sau viec do, ngifdi d i difa dam m d i difdc ve nha. Sau k h i chon cat ngifdi chet xong, ngifdi M a c6 tuc kieng cii 7 ngay k h o n g d i l a m dong, l a m ray. Het 7 ngay ho l a i giet mot con ga, n a u nifdc soi, lay la suanung (ngai ciiu) l a m le r i i a mot Ian nQa r o i mdi d i l a m
dong, l a m ray. 5 Trong dam tang, ngifdi M a k h o n g c6 sii p h a n biet giiia
chu lang vdi thifdng dan, ai chet dan lang deu lo n h u n h a u . Tre sd sinh k h i chet difdc chon ngay, tre biet noi va ngifdi Idn chet deu de v a i ngay m d i chon. N d i chon cat difdc coi la ndi cam k y vdi t a t ca moi ngifdi, chi trtf n h i i n g
liic CO ngUdi chet dem den do chon cat, con ngay thifdng
khong mot ai trci lai cho chon cat do. Triidng hdp ngiidi bi
chet bat dkc ky tii difdc chon xa hdn nhiing ngiidi do benh tat, gia yeu ma chet. Neu ngufdi chong hoac vd chet bat die ky txi, ngiidi con lai phai cut mot nam khong diidc di san
xuat Ilia. Vd chet diidc chdn tai ndi chon cat cua dong ho
ben chong, khong diidc dxla ve phia ben vd.
Cau hoi 132: T a n g ma cua ngiidi C h u R u dutfc thifc hien n h u
the nao?
Traldi:
Cung nhii ngiidi Cd Ho va ngiidi Ma, viec tang ma cua ngiidi Chu Ru diidc coi la viec he trong, ngiidi chet diidc ca nha diia ve the gidi ben kia, cho nen diidc chia phan cua cai sinh boat thiidng ngay.
Tuy nhien, tang ma ngiidi Chu Ru con c6 tuc le khac biet nhii: k h i trong nha c6 ngiidi qua co", gia dinh di mdi thay liy den lam le. Hom diidc chuan bi s i n (c6 the la khiic go tron bo doi khoet rong long hoac van ghep vuong), chd den ngay thii hai ngifdi chet mdi difdc liem difa vao horn, sang ngay thvf ba difdc khieng di chon cat (nhu vay, theo tuc ngifdi Chu Ru, ngiidi chet difdc de trong nha ba ngay).
Ndi chon cat difdc quy dinh rieng cho tiing gia toe. Do la mot khu ruong nho noi cao hdn gifla dong ruong va each
nha cung tren diidi 1km, huyet dxiOc dao rong chiing 3 x 4m,
sau tren I m . Nhiing ngiidi qua co trong gia dinh diidc chon chung mot huyet, ngUdi chet trifdc de phia diidi, ngutdi
chet sau de chong len tren. Sau 5, 7 hoac 10 nam, khi gia dinh CO dieu kien kinh te kha gia t h i boc mo, thu gom hai
cot vao chung mot hom va chon cat lai. Liic nay phan mo cua gia dinh diidc chon can than theo mot phong tuc co truyen cua ngiidi Chu Ru.
Hang nam, c<i den ngay giS, moi ngiidi trong gia d i n h cung ba con than thuoc to chiic tham vieng mo, cac thu tuc thd Cling to tien ciing difdc thiic hien tai mo vao nhiing ngay nay. Ngiidi Chu Ru khong thd ciing to tien, khong lam gio chap tai nha.
'v r
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