TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH, Truong Di hoc Khoa hoc, DH Hue Tp 9, So 2 (2017) QUAN HE AN NINH CHINH TRI G I C A AN D O VA MYANMAR (1948 1991) Nguyen Tudn Binh Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Hue Email nguyentuanbinhgmail com T 6 M TAT An Dp va Myanmar la hai quoe gia lang gieng co moi quan he truyen thong gan gui vd lau ddi Sau khi chinh thiic thiet Idp quan hf ngogi giao tir nam 1948, hai nude budc vao thdi ky quan he hoa binh, hpp tac va phat trien Sau su kien Tuong Ne Win dao chinh va.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH$, Truong D^i hoc Khoa hoc, DH Hue T^p 9, So (2017) QUAN HE AN NINH - CHINH TRI G I C A AN DO VA MYANMAR (1948 -1991) Nguyen Tudn Binh Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Hue *Email: nguyentuanbinh@gmail.com T6M TAT An Dp va Myanmar la hai quoe gia lang gieng co moi quan he truyen thong gan gui vd lau ddi Sau chinh thiic thiet Idp quan hf ngogi giao tir nam 1948, hai nude budc vao thdi ky quan he hoa binh, hpp tac va phat trien Sau su kien Tuong Ne Win dao chinh va lap chinh phd quan su Myanmar (thang 3-1962), mdi quan he hiiu nghi giiia hai nuoc dan trd nen lanh nhat va gidm siit cho den dau thdp nien 90 cua the ky XX Trong bai viet nay, tac gid tap trung tim hieu tim trinh quan hf an ninh - chinh tri giiia An Dp va Myanmar Uong thdi ky Chieh tranh lanh (1948 -1991) va dua mpt sd nhan xet, ddnh gia; qua giiip ngudi dpc hieii ro hon ve quan he hai nuoc giai dogn nghien ciiu Tir khoa: an ninh An Dp, chinh tri, Myanmar, VAI NET VE QUAN HE X N BQ - MYANMAR T R U C NAM 1948 An Dp va Myanmar Id hai nude ldng gieng gan giii, ed vai tid va vi tri quan tipng d khu vye Nam A va Ddng Nam A Vi vdy, quan hf hai nude dd cd ljch sii tir lau ddi Ngay tie thai co dai, anh hudng cua An Dp d Myanmar dd dugc the hifn tien nhieu Enh vyc tir thuong mai, triet hge, chfnh fcrj, tdn giao deh van hod An Do gido va Phdt giao tir Xn Dp du nhap den Myanmar vao the ky Vn Myanmar da ke thira he thdng quy pham phap ludt cua An Dp: Cac cudn sdch phap luat dau tien ma ngudi Mien ggi la "Manusara Shwemin" chfnh la bd "Dhammathat Wagaru" cua An Dp Tieng Pah, xuat phat ttr An Dp, la nguon goc cua nhieu tir tiong ngdn ngii cua ngudi Mien Dien Quan hf thuong mai giiia hai nude ciing dugc fliiet lap tir rat sdm vdi viec lap nhfeu khu dinh cu dge theo bd bieh Myanmar ciia eae thuong nhan An Do Sau qua tiinh xam luge eua thyc ddn Anh, Myanmar va An Dp deu tid mdt phan ciia De che Anh Khi Myanmar bj cai tij nhu la mdt phan eua lanh thd Xn Do thudc Anh tiong giai doan 1886 - 1937, mdt lan sdng ngudi Xn da di cu d a i quoe gia Nam 1896,10 ndm sau Anh tuyen bo sdp nhgp Myanmar mdt tinh ciia An Dp thupc Anh, cd khoang 18.000 binh si An Dp ddng quan d dat nude Nam 1861, canh sdt d Rangoon hoan loan la ngudi An Khi gianh dupe ddc lap vdo ngdy 4- Quan hi an ninh - chinhtiigiUa An Dg vd Myanmar (1948 -1991) 01-1948, CO khoang 300.000 - 400.000 ngudi Xn Dd sinh sdng d Myanmar [1, ti 88] Sir hifn difn ddng ddo cua ngudi Xn Dp tien dat nude Myanmar sau ngdy gianh dupc dpc lgp da lao n^n nhiing tac ddng quan tigng tiong moi quan hf hai nude Ben canh dd, su hgp tdc giiia nhdn dan Xn Dp va Myanmar tiong enidc dau tianh chung chong lai su cai tij cnia ngudi Anh, gianh dde lap ddn tdc da gdp phan tao nen su hieu biet ehung giiia hai nude Quoe hdi Xn Df da the hifn tinh edm doi vdi nhan dan Myanmar tiong Nghj quyet 27-28 thang 3-1931 bang tuyen bo; "Quoe hgi An Do edng nhan quyen cua ngudi dan Myanmar viic yiu cSu tdch khoi An Do vd thiii lap mgt nhd nude Myanmar ddc lap hogc vSn Id mdt qudc gia tu tri mdt An Dd tte vdi quyin tdch khoi An Do boi cu nao hg (Myanmar) muon " [5, ti 41] Sau Myanmar tach khdi An Dp thudc Anh (1937), eac nha lanh dao phong tiao dd'u tianh d hai nude da ung hd phong tiao dan tdc cua de chong lgi de qudc Anh Cac nha ldnh dao Myanmar theo ddi chgt che phong tiao dau tianh gianh ddc lap ciia Xn Do, dde biet Id tiong giai dogn tmoi cimg Trong Aung San dupc bd nhiem lam Phd Chii tjch Hpi dong dieu hanh d Myanmar, Jawaharlal Nehm ening giii vj tii tuemg ty d Xn Dp Khi Aung San va ddng su tiong Hdi dong dieu hanh bj am sat vao 19-7-1947 tai Myanmar, Jawaharlal Nehru da bay td su thucmg tiee doi vdi Aung San va cac dong chf cda dng: "Myanmar vd ehSu A da mat di mdt nhieng ngudi can ddm vd cd iam nhln xa trdng r^ng" vd dng thong hdo cho ngudi dSn Myanmar rang, An Dd se "dimg vi phia hg nhieng ngdy khd khdn phia trude" [1, ti 88] Trdi qua nhieu giai doan thdng tiam tiong ljch sii, moi Uen he ve chmh tri, van hda, tdn giao, xa hdi eua Xn Do va Myanmar la hen tang cho moi quan hf ldng gieng giiia hai nude tir sau gidnh dpe lap den dau tiigp nien 90 cua the ky XX TIEN TRINH QUAN HE G l f A AN DQ VA MYANMAR TREN LINH VlJC AN NINH - CHINH TRI (1948 -1991) Sy hi^u bi^l Idn va moi lien lae chat the giiia cdc nha Idnh dao Xn Dp va Myanmar tiong eude daii tianh gianh ddc lap da tao nen mdt mdi quan hf thdn thifn sau hai nude gianh duge dde lap tir Anh Ngay 04-01-1948, An Dp va Myanmar da chfnh thiie thfet lap quan he ngogi giao, md mgt thdi k^ mtii tiong ljch sii quan he hai ntrdc [10, ti 77\ Trong Myanmar gianh duge dde Idp, Thd lutmg Xn Do Jawaharlal Nehru da luyen bo: "Trong qud khie cUng nhu tucmg lai, ngudi ddn An Do si 1^ vai sdt cdnh vdi nhan ddn Myanmar, vd cho da Id may man hay bdi hgnh, ehung ta se luon ciing chia se vdi Day Id mgt ngdy tuyit vdi vd long trgng khdng chi ddi vdi Myanmar md cdn ddi vdi An Do vd todn bd chdu A" [l, ti 89] Quan hf giiia Xn Dp va Myanmar sau gidnh dpc lap da dnh hudng d a i so phdn oia ngudi Xn sinh sdng d Myanmar Tir ndm 1948, chfnh phii Myamnar da fliue TAP CHI KHOA HQC v A C N G NGHfi, Tnrcmg D ^ hoc Khoa hpc, D Tgp 9, S^f (2017) hifn mpt sd bien phap nham tang tnrdng lgi fch kinh te cho ngudi dan va han che quyen lpi oia ngudi nude ngodi Nhiing bien phap thudng nham vao ngudi Xn Do, vl ddy Id bd phgn chian da so tiong dan so nude ngoai d Myanmar sau quoe gia ndy gidnh dde lap Mpt tiong nhiing bifn phdp eu the dupe chfnh phii Myanmar thdng qua la Dgo luat ve ehuyen nhugng dat dai (Land Alienation Act) Theo ndi dung cua dao ludt, nhiing eu dan khdng phai Id ngudi Myanmar se khdng ed quyen dugc mua dat d nude Ngoai ra, Du lugt Quoe hiu hoa dai dai (Land Nationalization Bill) cua ehinh quyen Myanmar dupc tiidng qua 11-10-1949 dd Iam day len sy phdn ting manh me eua ngudi An Do d ed hai nude Tuy nhien, tinh ban than thiet giiia hai nha lanh dao Jawaharlal Nehru (Xn Do) va U Nu (Myanmar) da ngan chgn cac eupe ddi dau ed nguy co xay giiia hai nude Theo Nehru, dii Dy ludt Quoe hiiu hod dat dai ciia Myanmar anh hudng rat Itin den ngudi Xn Dp d Myanmar, nhtmg nd khdng mang tfnh phan biet doi xtr Dong thdi, Nehru van giii thdi dp kien quyet ve vife Myanmar phdi boi thudng d'ay du eho nhiing ton that ma dgo ludt ndy gdy doi vt5i ngudi Xn Dp Sau gianh dugc dge lap va nam 1948, Myanmar phdi doi mat vdi cudc khiing hodng ndi bd sau sac: Su ndi day eua Ddng Cdng san Myanmar, dan tdc Karen va cac lyc lupng phien qudn khde Thu tudng U Nu phai tim den su vifn tig tii Xn Do, tir cac quoe gia tiong Khoi thinh vupng chung va ca My Trong boi canh dd, Xn Dp dd cd nhiing sy hd tig, giiip kip thdi nhdm khdi phuc lai tigng thai dn dinh eho quoe gia lang gjeng Ngoai ra, Myanmar can tien khan cap de dap iing ehi phi quan sy nham dan dp eac lyc Iupng ndi day tiong nude, Xn Dp ciing da td chiie mdt eude hgp bao gdm cac chfnh phii thudc Khoi tiiinh vupng chtmg d New Delhi (thang 2-1949) de thao luan ve van de Ciing tiong thdi gian nay, ehinh phii Myanmar dd nhan duge su giiip dd ve vu khf tii ehfnh phu An Dg de doi phd vdi lyc lugng quan ndi day Thang 4-1950, dng Gadgil, Bd trudng Cdng nghiep va cung iing An Dp, khang djnh viec bdn chiec may bay Dakota cua Xn Do cho Myanmar da giiip chfnh phu nude tii Uen lae vdi eae thj tian tiong thdi gian khd khdn An Dp cdn ddng gdp tiifu bang Anh tiong tong so trifu bang von vay eua Khoi thjnh vupng chung ddnh cho Myanmar tiong nam 1950 [1, ti 89] Ben cgnh do, vife hd tig them tai chinh cho ehfnh phu Myanmar edn dupc thyc hien thdng qua khodn vay dac bift tiifu nipee tir chfnh phu Xn Dp (ddi lgi Myanmar cung ca'p gao eho An Do) Phat bieu tai Qude hdi An Do vao thdng 3-1950, Jawaharlal Nehru tuyen bo rang sy ung hd tnia Xn Dp doi vdi Myanmar khdng phdi la su can thifp vao cdng viec ndi bd tnia nude lang gieng, va rang "do khdng phdi Id muc dich cua chiing tdi vd viic chiing tdi dilng mgi cdch can thiep vdo edc nude khdc Id hodn todn khdng phu hgp, nhimg bdi ci ndo hg i^n, chung tdi deu sdn sdng giiip da md Idiong kem theo bai ei dieu kien can thiep ndo" [5, ti 45] Ngoai vifc tham gia giai quyet cudc khdng hoang trude mat, Jawaharlal Nehru va U Nu cdn tim each dua moi quan hf hai nude len mdt Quan hi an ninh - chinh tri giiea An Do vd Myanmar (1948 - 1991) budc tao CO sd viing chae htm Do do, Thii luting cda Xn Dp va Myanmar da bat dhi tien hanh tham van thudng xuyen va de each thiic hpip tac ve eae van de Uen quan den hai nude, eiing nhu den hda binh the gidi va cde van de quoe te khac Quan he ndng ain giiia Xn Do va Myanmar keo ddi tiong suot flidi gian Thu tutmg Nehru va Thu tudng U Nu cam quyen Myanmar va Xn Do nam tiong sdcac nude tham gia sdng lap Phong tiao khdng Uen ket va duge mdi tham d y Hdi nghj Bandung (Indonesia) ndm 1955 Ban than hai nha lanh dao ciia hai nude deu la nhiing thdnh vien tich eye tiong Phong tiao khdng Uen ket Ngay 7-7-1951, Bd tiudng Bp Ngogi giao Myanmar Sao Hkun Hkio va Dgi sii Xn Dp tgi Myanmar M A, Rauf da ky ket Hiep udc hiiu nghj tai thii Rangoon (Myanmar) Sy kien la mdt dalii moc lich sii dua moi quan hf hiiu nghj Xn Dp Myanmar len mdt tam cao mdi [10, ti 81] Dieu II cua Hiep udc quy djnh rang: "Hoa binh vd tinh hiu nghi giiea hai nude se vinh cuu, khdng bao gid thay ddi Hai nude se mai mai phan dau detang cudng vd phdt trien han nua moi quan he chan hiin cd giua nhan ddn hai nude" [9] Theo Dieu IV tnia Hiep udc: "Hai nude dong y rang ede dgi dim cua hg phdi gap go thudng xuyin ditrao doi quan diem ve cdc van de ciing quan tam vd xem xet cdch thiec vd phuang tien cho su hgp tdc ldn giua hai nude cdc van de tren" [9] Su ndng am tiong moi quan hf giua Myanmar va Xn Dp vao thdi diem duge the hifn qua viec Thu tudng va cac vien tiong chfnh phu Myanmar ludn duge ehdo ddn d New Delhi, sang tham Xn Do va thao luan eac van de vdi Nehru va Chfnh phu Xn Dp Tfnh chat than thfet va gan giii tiong mdi quan he giiia An Dp va Myanmar da dugc Nehru nhah manh tai mdt enidc hgp bao d New Delhi vao 2802-1952; "Chung tdi dang lien lac thudng xuyin vdi ehinh phii Myanmar trin nhiiu vSh de Chung tdi khdng ehi la bgn be theo nghia thdng thudng, md tdi cd thi ndi rang dieu ndy can han cd tinh ban" [10, ti 84] Khdng nhiing the, Xn Dp ciing da giup Myanmar vupt qua nhiing khd khan tiong thdi gian eiau sau gianh dpc lgp bang nhiing vifn tip ve kinh te va quan su, iing hd nhiing chfnh sach doi ngi cda chinh phu U Nu, bao gdm ca nhiing nd lue cai each tiong nutic, ke ea chinh sdeh ed phan Iam gidm di nhieu quyen Igi cua edng ddng ngudi An dang sinh song d vimg ehau tho sdng Irawaddy eua Myanmar liic bay gid An Dp ciing dd phal tiiai nhfeu moi quan he ve kinh te va quan sy vdi Myanmar Dac bift, tiong thdi gian cam quyen cua Thu ludng U Nu, chinh quyen Myanmar phdi doi vtii nhieu eupe noi dgy va dau tianh li khai v^ sac tpc va tdn giao enia nhieu tde ngudi khdng phai Id ngudi Mien Difn d khap mgi noi Trude tinh hinh dd, An Dg da dua qudn dpi den hd tig chinh quyen Myanmar tiong eac nam 1949,1958 de chong lai lyc lugng ndi day Cd tiie ndi, su giiip va iing hf cua Xn Dp ve cae mat ehfnh tri, kinh te, qudn sy da giiip cho chfnh phu ciia Thii tudng U Nu diing viing tiong mdt thdi ky ddi sau dpc lap Nhung dieu dd dd ldm cho mdi quan hf giiia Xn Dp va Myanmar tiai qua mdt gjai doan tot dep ke tir sau Myanmar gidnh dugc dge lap, Hon niia, su hien difn ciia cpng dong ngudi Xn d Myanmar, hogt ddng tiong TAP CHI KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHg, Trutmg D^i hpc Khoa hpc, DH Hug T|p9,So2(2017) nhieu Iinh vyc khac ening ed mdt y nghia het siic quan tigng, gdp phan that chat hem niia moi quan he hihi nghj giiia nhdn dan An Dp va nhdn dan Myanmar Sau cupc npi chien d Tnmg Quoe (1946 - 1949), mdt bd phgn cnia Quoe dan ddng da chgy sang Myanmar, keo theo dd la su truy kfch cda qudn dpi cgng san Tnmg (^ude Chfnh phu Myanmar rat lo lang ve su hien difn cua qudn ddi Tnmg Quoe tien lanh tho cua minh Sau khdng thuyet phyc dupe My tiong viec can thifp voi Tnmg Qude de nit qudn ddi Quoe dan dang khdi Ddng Bae Myanmar, nam 1953, Myanmar quyet dinh dua van de Lien Hpp Quoe Chfnh phu An Dp da diing v^ phia Myanmar cd tiong va ngoai Lien Hgp Quoe thdng qua viec dng hp mgnh me nghj quyet giai trir quan bj va tii tan qudn dpi nude ngoai khdi lanh tho Myanmar Ngay 05-11-1953, tiong mdt cudc tianh ludn tai Lien Hgp Quoe ve vifc Myanmar ddi chong lai sy hifn difn cua qudn dgi Tnmg Quoe tien lanh tho Myanmar, V K Krishna Menon, dai difn ciia An Dp tgi Lien Hgp Quoe da canh bao: "Nhieng gi ton hgi din Myanmar cUng Id ldm tdn thucmg din chung tdi (An Do) Giiea chiing toi khdng cd liin minh quan su nhung Myanmar cd liin quan chat che vdi ehung toi vd tai nhien tinh hinh a Myanmar la mdi quan tam ldn ddi vdi chiing tdi" [1, ti 90] Nam 1956, quan dpi Trung Quoe mdt lan niia xam nhgp vdo lanh tho Myanmar, Thii tutmg U Nu dd tim deh sy ho tig eiia An Do, Do do, v