Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.Biến đổi văn hóa của người Tày ở huyện Định Hóa, tỉnh Thái Nguyên hiện nay.
HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS NGUYEN THANH THUY CULTURE CHANGE OF THE TAY PEOPLE IN DINH HOA DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE NOWADAYS SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS MAJOR: CULTURAL STUDIES Code: 9229040 HA NOI - 2022 The thesis was completed at Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics Supervisor(s): Assoc Prof., Dr Nguyen Toan Thang Assoc Prof., Dr Le Ngoc Thang Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis shall be defended in front of the Thesis Committee at Academy level at Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics At hour minute, date month year 2022 The thesis can be found at: - Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics - Vietnam National Library INTRODUCTION Necessity of the thesis 1.1 In the period of accelerating industrialization, modernization, international integration, building an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with national identity, building and developing Vietnamese culture and people to become an endogenous resource, an important soft power, meeting the country's sustainable development requirements, our Party and State affirm the particularly important role of culture in development: culture is the foundation the spirit of society, both as a goal and as a driving force for the development of the country In his opening speech at the National Cultural Conference on implementing the Resolution of the 13th Party Congress on culture, on the morning of November 24, 2021, General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong affirmed: "President Ho Chi Minh once said that Culture lights the way for the nation to go The culture that we build is an advanced culture imbued with national identity with the core content being national independence and socialism; Marxism - Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's ideology play a leading role in the spiritual life of society; inheriting the good cultural traditions of the nation and at the same time selectively absorbing the achievements and cultural quintessence of the world, striving to build a civilized and healthy society for the sake of genuine interests and human dignity, with increasingly higher levels of knowledge, morality, fitness, lifestyle and aesthetics At the same time, human is the subject, holding a central position in the development strategy; cultural development When there is culture, there is nation…” To implement that direction, our Party and State have promulgated many guidelines and policies to preserve and promote the values of the diverse and unified Vietnamese culture of 54 ethnic groups, especially interested in the culture of ethnic minorities nationwide Preserving and promoting the national cultural traditions of each locality and region has become an important task, contributing to the construction of the country's culture The problem is that it is necessary to comprehensively study Vietnamese culture, including the culture of all ethnic minorities in the general development roadmap of the national culture 1.2 With that trend, the study of the changes of the Tay people culture in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province currently has urgent and practical significance, meeting the cultural construction and development requirements of this ethnic minority in the general movement trajectory of the advanced Vietnamese culture, imbued with national identity During the resistance war against the French colonialists, Dinh Hoa locality, Thai Nguyen province was selected as the Central Safety Zone - the resistance capital of the country, so the Tay people were soon exposed to the revolution and resistance, thereafter formed a unique feature in the development of Tay culture here For that reason, the Tay culture in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province, apart from the common characteristics with the Tay culture in other localities, has also changed significantly: the traditional Tay culture is intertwined with the revolution culture After more than 35 years of renovation, along with the general development rules and trends of Vietnamese culture, many cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen are changing to adapt to the modern life In addition to the positive development, unfortunately, some cultural features of the Tay people are in danger of distortion or vanishing The problem is to preserve and promote the traditional cultural values of the Tay people in the face of the multifaceted impact of many new socio-economic factors, so that the traditional Tay culture here is not lost, does not change in the negative direction The study of cultural change of the Tay people to inherit, promote and develop is not only a scientific issue but also a special political task for Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in the current context 1.3 For many years, as implementing guidelines and policies of the Party and State, Thai Nguyen province, including Dinh Hoa district, has had many specific programs, plans and activities, including the construction and implementing the project "Development of community tourism in association with conservation and promotion of traditional, cultural and historical values of ethnic minorities in Dinh Hoa district" However, in reality, the process of implementing that plan has not been really synchronous, has not brought into full play the typical cultural values to make this local culture become the driving force of socio-economy and culture development in association with sustainable development Cultural change is a normative issue for all cultures as well as for ethnic cultures, however, theoretical research on cultural change at home and abroad, in addition to the results, still involve many gaps that need to be further supplemented and clarified, especially the theory of ethnic cultural change Therefore, the approach to research on cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province is the application of theoretical issues of cultural change, especially ethnic cultural change, etc., to reflect on the current cultural practices of the Tay people, and at the same time point out the emerging practical problems of the Tay cultural change in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen province, in the context of industrialization, modernization, urbanization, building a digital economy and a digital society, implementing digital transformation nationwide, promoting international exchanges and integration increasingly deeply Stemming from the above urgent requirements, we choose the issue "Cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province nowadays" as the topic of this doctoral thesis, majoring in Cultural Studies Research purposes and research tasks 2.1 Research purposes On the basis of summarizing and interpreting, adding theoretical issues on cultural change, ethnic cultural change; studying the current situation of cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen province, identifying specific cultural values that need to be preserved and promoted; analyzing the influencing factors to propose solutions to preserve and promote the cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in the coming time 2.2 Research tasks - An overview of the research situation related to the thesis topic to analyze and find a new and valuable contribution direction of the thesis Synthesize and systematize the theoretical and practical basis of cultural change of ethnic minorities in the current context of innovation and integration - Focus on analyzing and clarifying the factors affecting the cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province today, identifying the cultural changes of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district basing on some fundamental material culture components - The thesis analyzes the cultural and spiritual changes of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province today With the available resources, the thesis compares to see the similarities and differences in the cultural changes of the Tay people in some other localities such as Lang Son, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang - Clarifying the problems posed to the change of traditional culture of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district today; propose solutions to preserve and promote traditional cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in the coming time Research subject and scope of research 3.1 Research subject The subject of the thesis is the cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province today The cultural content of the research subject includes: material culture, spiritual culture and social culture, etc., which have a fairly wide scope of research Within the framework of the thesis, the PhD candidate only selected a number of elements of material culture and spiritual culture with obvious changes to describe, analyze and evaluate Specifically: material culture elements namely: village structure, houses, costumes, cuisine; Spiritual culture elements including: language, festival, marriage, funeral 3.2 Scope of research 3.2.1 Research time range The thesis studies the cultural change of the Tay people from 1986 to the present The thesis selected the milestone from 1986 to now because the 6th Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1986) is considered as the "Renewal" milestone in many aspects for the comprehensive development of the country This is also the time marking the process of opening up, implementing modernization and socialist-oriented market economy The "nowadays" towards which the PhD candidate approaches and collects documents to write and complete the thesis is 2022 3.2.2 Research space The thesis selects Phuc Chu, Dinh Bien, Diem Mac and Phu Dinh communes of Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province where the Tay people live, in which all three communes Dinh Bien, Diem Mac and Phu Dinh belong to Dinh Hoa Safety zone, associating with many cultural and revolutionary values, ranked as a special national historical relic by the Prime Minister Research questions Currently, in the context of accelerating industrialization and modernization, developing a socialist-oriented market economy, the trend of urbanization, globalization and the process of international exchange and integration, ethnic minority cultures in Vietnam, including the Tay culture in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province, is undergoing drastic changes In the direction of research on cultural change of Tay people in Dinh Hoa Thai Nguyen, the thesis answers the following research questions: Research question 1: How has the traditional culture of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province changed since the country entered the period of renewal, integration and development? Hypothesis: The culture of the Tay started to change after 1986, and has changed a lot from 2015 to the present The traditional material culture and spiritual culture of the Tay people have been dynamic and changed quite significantly Research question 2: What cultural elements with cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province need to be preserved and promoted? Hypothesis: The elements of material culture and spiritual culture of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province need to be preserved and promoted Research question 3: What causes the cultural change of the Tay people? How does the Tay culture absorbs the new cultural values of the times, while retaining its own identity? Hypothesis: The process of industrialization, modernization, urbanization, the explosion of the information society, the leaping development of mass communication (radio, television), especially the internet and social networks, the Cultural exchanges between regions have influenced, dominated and influenced the Tay culture in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province In order for the Tay culture to absorb the new cultural values of the times and still retain its own identity, it is necessary to have synchronous and feasible solutions with the participation of the whole Party, the whole army, the whole people Research Methodology 5.1 Collecting and synthesizing data method The thesis focuses on analyzing documents, data, investigation results, research results that have been and have been published in books, newspapers, magazines, topics, dissertations and theses to generalize, synthesize, make scientific judgments and evaluations of the thesis, ensure the scientific validity of the analysis and assessment of the cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, the province Thai Nguyen 5.2 Ethnographic field method This is the main method used in the process of collecting most of the material for the thesis The actual survey sites are mainly villages where the Tay people live in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province The timespan for each field trip is usually week At the study sites, the main techniques used include observation, participation, in-depth interviews, group discussions, retrospective interviews, in which: + Observation: Helps to cover human and geographical features such as: visualize the landscape, natural conditions, living environment, economic activities, lifestyle, customs, daily cultural activities date, etc of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa to get initial, relatively general information about the research subject and area + Participatory observation: The purpose of this method is to gain a deep understanding of the research subject Both observing and participating in daily life, or special occasions such as holidays, New Year, important rituals in the community, family, individual, etc will create real-life experiences, thereby uncovering objective research problems + In-depth interview: This method is used to collect information as research materials To carry out the thesis, we performed in-dept interview with 20 people The selected in-depth interviewees are mainly reputable people, including village elders, artisans, young people, tao master (thầy tào), and shamans In addition, in-depth interview subjects were also village heads and deputy heads, representatives of mass organizations in the village (farmers, women's unions, youth unions ), commune cultural officials, representatives of local leaders and people + Group discussion: Used to collect information on the understanding and views of cultural subjects, policy implementers on issues with different opinions Groups organized for discussion may be compatible across levels, ages, or groups of work involved Discussion groups are also designed with people of different interests and preference in mind The thesis has conducted mixed group discussions including different genders and ages 5.2.3 Sociological investigation method In order to have data demonstrating the change of the Tay people, in addition to in-depth interviews and group discussions, we have surveyed and studied the questionnaires of Tay households living in Phuc Chu, Dinh Bien, Diem Mac, Phu Dinh Communes The number of questionnaires issued was 120, the number of valid answers received was 100 The thesis used SPSS software to process quantitative data, including the use of analytical techniques to clearly see the degree of variation in different cultural elements and its changing trends The survey results are used in analyzing the current situation of cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province 5.2.4 Professional solution This method is applied through direct discussions on specific issues with experts in the fields of cultural research, Tay people research, etc., in order to establish scientification and the value of statements and conclusions 5.2.5 Interdisciplinary approach Using interdisciplinary research methods such as history, culture, ethnography/ Anthropology, sociology allows the thesis to have an overview of the cultural change situation of the Tay people in the Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province under the influence of many objective and subjective factors 5.2.6 Comparative method In the thesis, on the basis of collected data, the comparison of synchronicity and chronology is mainly used in the process of analysis and evaluation through which to see the similarities and differences in culture and cultural change of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province before and after 1986, we can see the similarities and differences in the change of cultural elements of the Tay people at the study sites in other localities Scientific contributions of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical contributions The thesis contributes to the synthesis and systematization of theoretical issues on cultural change (instrumental concepts and analytical frameworks on cultural change), the identity of the traditional culture of the Tay people, the discovery of cultural changes of this ethnic people in the process of promoting industrialization, modernization, urbanization, exchange, integration and cultural acculturation 6.2 Practical contributions - The thesis sheds light on the cultural change status of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province since 1986, when the country entered the period of renewal, industrialization, modernization, urbanization and international integration, and especially when many localities carry out the new rural areas program - The research results of the thesis can be used as a reference for the research and teaching of Cultural Studies and Cultural Management, as a reference, as a guideline and policy for heritage management and conservation, and tourism development in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen today Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis content is deployed in chapters: Chapter Overview of research situation, theoretical basis and overview of the research area Chapter Change in material culture of the Tay people, Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province Chapter Change in spiritual culture of Tay people, Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province Chapter Factors affecting cultural change and solutions to preserve and promote cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in the coming time Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS AND OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH AREA 1.1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1.1 Researches on culture and cultural change 1.1.1.1 Researches on culture Research works on culture can include some typical works: "Cultural theory and cultural direction of the Party" by the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics; "Vietnamese indigenous culture - modern development trends" by Nguyen Thanh Tuan; "Vietnam's New Culture" by Phan Ngoc; “Vietnamese culture on the path of liberation, renewal, integration and development” by Do Huy; “Methodology on the role of culture in development” by Vu Khieu, Pham Xuan Nam, Hoang Trinh; "People and culture - From development theory to practice" by Trinh Thi Kim Ngoc; "Culture, Ethnic Culture and Vietnamese Culture" by Ngo Duc Thinh, etc 1.1.1.2 Researches on cultural change Research works on cultural change can be mentioned: Researcher Le Hong Ly et al in the work "Overview of the trend of cultural change in Vietnam in the first decade of the 21st century (2001-2010) and forecast for the next decade (2011-2020)”; Research by Mai Van Hai, Pham Viet Dung in “Trends of change in culture and lifestyle in Vietnam”' “Trends of cultural change in rural and urban Vietnam in the first decade of the 21st century (2001-2010)” by Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham, Truong Thi Minh Hang; Author Nguyen Van Kim edited the book: "Cultural acceleration and integration in Vietnam”, etc 1.1.2 Research works on culture and cultural change of the Tay people 1.1.2.1 Researches on Tay culture Up to now, the traditional culture of the Tay has become a research issue for many domestic and foreign researchers and scientists, including: Author Bigot - Alfred with Overview of the race in the northern border of Indochina (1939), Bigot - Alfred with the research on Abortion methods of the Tho people (1937) "Kien van tieu luc" by Le Quy Don; "Tay culture in Vietnam and the process of world integration" by Duong Thuan, etc 1.1.2.2 Researches on cultural change of Tay people About cultural change of Tay people, there are: Le Sy Giao in the work "Cultural change of Tay - Thai residents of Vietnam along the Red River in the context of globalization"; Vu Phuong Nga's doctoral thesis in Anthropology on "Cultural acculturation in the context of ethnic mixed families (through research on the Tay people in Chi Lang district, Lang Son province)"; Researcher Nguyen Thi Song Ha edited the project: "Cultural change of ethnic minorities in Vietnam from Renewal to the present" 1.1.3 General comment 1.1.3.1 Issues that have been studied It can be said that the above-mentioned studies on culture and cultural change by domestic and foreign authors are of reference value from many different angles for the study of cultural change of the Tay people in the Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in the introduction of concepts and theories to analyze and evaluate the contents of the thesis Most of the above studies have focused on the following main contents: - Firstly, there are quite a few works that synthesize theoretical issues on cultural change, typically the thought of biological evolution - Secondly, domestic and foreign works on ethnic culture, including Tay culture in general on a national scale, mainly refer to Tay cultural factors - Thirdly, there have appeared a number of studies on cultural change of some ethnic groups, however, there is still a lack of research on cultural change of the Tay people 1.1.3.2 Issues that have not been studied in depth, need further studying On both theoretical and practical aspects, the Tay culture in general and the Tay culture in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen province in particular, as well as the changes, have not been given due attention, if not researched These are scientific "blanks" Firstly, the research works on the Tay people and the Tay culture mentioned above have not clarified or mentioned the rich and diverse nuances 11 having one color and not decorated In their cultural life, the Tay people have their own rules about costumes between men and women, age and social status Costume includes clothing and jewelry 2.3 CULINARY With ethnic minorities in Vietnam, including the Tay, cuisine and culinary culture have become their own unique values, not only showing the diversity and richness of dishes, ingredients, spices, cooking methods but also behavior in communication between the Tay people and different generations, between the Tay people and the spirit world, and between the Tay people and the environment The common feature in the cuisine of the Tay people and other ethnic minorities is that they all take rice as the main food source because Vietnam is an agricultural country Basically, the traditional cuisine of the Tay people consists of rice, vegetables, and fish, while the use of meat is very limited, except on holidays and hunted wild animals However, due to the characteristics of the area of residence, the cuisine of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen, besides the common similarities, has its own unique features compared to the Tay people residing in other localities Sub-conclusion of chapter The life of a person, a community, a nation or a society is itself constantly evolving, self-regenerating and constantly changing in the evolution of history The material culture of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province is also in that development The Tay people in Dinh Hoa have unique, diverse and rich cultural characteristics The material culture of the Tay people is currently changing to adapt to real life circumstances The village of the Tay people is also different from the past The traditional stilt houses built with ancient techniques of wood, bamboo and cork of the Tay people have been increasingly and gradually lost and replaced by more solidified, spacious and beautiful houses Much of the layout has changed, but the sacred spaces and basic rituals related to housebuilding are still maintained Traditional costumes of the Tay people have been and are rarely used in daily life Currently, traditional costumes are only popular in remote communes and only the elderly in the village still retain their customs and wear traditional clothes Especially among young people today, they no longer have the habit of wearing their traditional costumes, but instead are wearing modern ones These costumes are only worn on occasions such as weddings, festivals, holidays Tay cuisine has many typical foods and drinks, especially cuisine used in family and community ceremonies Nowadays, Tay cuisine has undergone many changes due to the absorption of the surrounding ethnic communities, especially the Kinh, and due to the development of society, many 12 new dishes, drinks or spices that traditionally were not used in the Tay society, are now present in almost every household on a daily basis… The change of these material cultural values proves that culture is always changing and developing Many traditional cultural values of the Tay people have been lost, leading to the risk of loss of cultural identity, which has actually been happening, but also from that arise new cultural values suitable for the real life situation that was chosen by the Tay community itself Chapter CHANGE THE SPIRITUAL CULTURE OF THE TAY PEOPLE IN DINH HOA DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE 3.1 LANGUAGE Ethnic languages play a very important role in ethnic life, especially in preserving and transmitting cultural values “Ethnic language is an extremely important criterion associated with the existence of that nation Language acts as a gateway to culture, a derivative of cultural parameters of the nation Language loss will lead to the loss of national cultural values, leading to ethnic degradation from a cultural perspective In the current context of strong integration, ethnic languages in general and Tay languages in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in particular face many challenges when compared with the common languages and the subject language of the region When studying the status of language change of some ethnic groups living in the Northeast of Vietnam, including the Tay in Thai Nguyen and Lang Son provinces, the authors Vuong Xuan Tinh and Tran Hong Hanh said that the trend of cultural integration and interference have a profound impact on ethnic languages, that is: Under the impact of globalization, ethnic relations, language exchange and contact, and the use of more prevail languages is becoming increasingly popular in political, economic and social life In that context, ethnic languages, especially ethnic languages with a small population, are prone to falling into a state of weakness and at risk of extinction The reality of Vietnam shows that, from the August Revolution until now, the languages of ethnic groups have developed and changed in many different directions Although the Party and State always have policies to encourage the development and preservation of national languages, due to various reasons, some languages of ethnic groups with a small population are increasingly being lost or replaced by regional and common languages The phenomenon of using bilingualism and multilingualism in each region, village and family is becoming increasingly common The phenomenon of using ethnic languages in daily life is increasingly divided among ethnic minorities, between classes and ages In 13 recent years, under the influence of the process of industrialization, modernization and integration, the language exchange, contact and the use of common languages have prevailed in political, economic and social life, becoming increasingly popular Ethnic languages are used in family, school, community and social environments 3.2 FESTIVAL For ethnic minorities, annual festivals are quite diverse, each ethnic group has its own festivals, in which festivals often include both rituals and celebrations The typical festivals - community rituals of ethnic groups, although all have traditional beliefs - religious elements with different degrees of intensity, but based on their properties, they can be divided into different types, such as: festivals - rituals related to the profession; festivals - rituals to worship ancestors and people with meritorious services; festivals - rituals to pray for peace, for good luck, to pray for child Festivals - rituals associated with forms of worshiping folk beliefs The Tay people in Vietnam in general, the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in particular, have many festivals that take place every year, which are quite rich with many cultural values and adhere to the customs and practices of the ethnic people, there are festivals of many types of culture, folk art, folk songs, folk dances, games practiced by the Tay people However, since the country's Renewal up to now, under the influence of many subjective and objective factors, there have been many festivals, especially the rituals performed in the Tay festival, that changed There are even festivals that are not only within the scope of the ethnic group in the village community, but has spread to other ethnic groups in the same locality because the festival is an indispensable living necessity of any ethnic community in our country, including the Tay 3.3 MARRIAGE For the Tay, marriage has a particularly important meaning not only for individuals but also for the whole family, clan and community Traditionally, for ethnic minorities, including the Tay in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province, the wedding is considered as a mark that collectively, the community recognizes the love of a couple with a lot of rituals, customs and practices imbued with cultural imprints of the ethnic community Nowadays, besides organizing a wedding to announce to the villagers, marriage must also be recognized by law and marriage registration at the local government is also very important, which is the legal basis to ensure the right to benefits and obligations when a man and woman become husband and wife This is the big difference between traditional marriage and today's marriage At the same time, many rituals and customs in the wedding of the Tay people have also been reduced 14 It can be seen that, in the context of improved economic conditions, easy and convenient roads, development of information technology, education level and awareness have made more progress than before, with the increasing cultural interference and the influence of the Party and State's guidelines and policies, the marriage of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province has undergone fundamental changes, being more suitable to the current life, many traditional cultural values bearing the national identity are still preserved and promoted, but there are also many positive cultural identities that have been gradually or even completely lost Therefore, in order to preserve and promote the good and typical cultural values of the Tay people, it is important to learn about marriage changes and marriage rituals to identify the specific cultural values in order to preserve and promote are absolutely necessary, including folk songs and dances in wedding carols such as village mandarin singing, then singing ceremony, etc 3.4 FUNERAL For the Tay, funeral is a complex of concepts associated with funeral rites and interrelationships between the living and the dead, the living with the living, in the totality of social relationships and order of the ritual process That system includes concepts about the soul, about the universe, about the human condition and types of funerals Funerals show very clearly the cultural values of the ethnic group Most funeral rites and human behavior explain the process of transcendence The existence and maturity of the soul in the afterlife The most important thing is that funeral shows the filial piety and morality of descendants towards the deceased, and at the same time, it can also show profound humane values, aesthetic values, historical values, educational values Perhaps that is why, funeral changes are often slower than other cultural elements Sub-conclusion of chapter Through the long development process, the Tay people have built for themselves a rich culture both in terms of material culture and spiritual culture The spiritual cultural life of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen province is very diverse and rich, but now many of these cultural values are undergoing profound changes in the context of industrialization, modernization, and socialization international integration Many traditional cultural values in a particular historical period have been lost, many cultural values have been interfered with, influenced by other ethnic groups, especially the majority’s ethnic group (the Kinh) in line with the general development of the country and nation in the current context Many elements of spiritual culture, especially folk games such as throwing balls, pushing sticks, tug of war, etc., are only held on major community festivals organized by local authorities in order to recover, 15 conserve and develop cultural values Many new cultural elements were formed such as modern physical training, sports, and arts cultures such as volleyball, badminton, football, shuttlecock become "spiritual food", promoting people's health, exchange between families, villages in daily life The traditional culture of the Tay ethnic group is always moving, changing and developing, which is an inevitable rule of life because culture never stands still However, all of these changes are actively received and selectively absorbed by the Tay community themselves to serve their own lives Therefore, it is possible that the cultural changes of ethnic minorities, of the Tay people in general have certain common denominators, but in each locality, including the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province, there will be idiosyncratic characteristics It is now important to have the proper attention of the Party, State, local authorities and especially the awareness of the Tay community, so that the positive traditional cultural values of the Tay people are not lost Chapter FACTORS IMPACTING CULTURAL CHANGE AND SOLUTIONS TO PRESERVE AND PROMOTE THE CULTURAL VALUES OF TAY PEOPLE IN DINH HOA DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE IN THE COMING TIME 4.1 FACTORS IMPACTING THE CULTURAL CHANGE OF THE TAY PEOPLE IN DINH HOA DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE - World and domestic context - Impact of urbanization on cultural change of Tay people in Dinh Hoa - State policy towards ethnic minorities - The development of modern science and technology - The trend of increasing exchanges between the Tay and other ethnic groups and absorbing culture is increasing - The tendency to neglect and forget cultural values in the young generation parallels the recovery of some traditional cultural values 4.2 SOLUTIONS TO PRESERVE AND PROMOTE THE CULTURE VALUES OF THE TAY PEOPLE IN DINH HOA DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE IN THE COMING TIME 4.2.1 Raising awareness and responsibility of Party committees, authorities and related agencies in preserving and promoting cultural values of the Tay people Raising awareness and responsibility of Party committees, authorities and related agencies in preserving and promoting cultural values of the Tay people 16 by strengthening the introduction of the Party's guidelines and policies on culture into action plans of Party committees, authorities and related agencies in Thai Nguyen province In the context of the current complicated development of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Government's 2021 action motto is "Solidarity, discipline, innovation, creativity, aspiration for development", closely following the direction of The Government and the Prime Minister on the implementation of "dual goals", Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism has focused on directing the implementation of goals, tasks and solutions to develop the culture, family, sports and tourism sector in the direction of innovating the approach and management thinking, with the spirit of initiative, seriousness, drastic, flexibility, focusing on performing a number of key tasks, in which, the focus is on the coordination mechanism, which is multi-sectoral, harmonious, multisectoral linkages that not overlap, considering cultural values and standards as the foundation to create the sustainability of development, because economic development without the basis of preserving and promoting cultural values will not be sustainable This point of view must be thoroughly grasped in practice, concretized by legal documents, so that the traditional cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa and Thai Nguyen must be preserved and integrated with the value of the new cultural life, on the basis of the motto of making the cultural life of the Tay people better, eliminating bad and backward factors Cultural development is not only about absorbing the quintessence of the past, preserving and promoting cultural values, and handling the relationship in the present well, but also always aiming for an authentic culture for sustainable development, for human happiness 4.2.2 Promote socialization, mobilize resources to effectively preserve and promote traditional cultural values At present, Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province still preserves bold cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities, notably the Tay ethnic group accounting for nearly 50% of the population But with the impact of many factors, especially the impact of industrialization, modernization and international integration, the traditional culture of the Tay people is undergoing profound changes The cultural values of the Tay people are in danger of disappearing and losing their identity The traditional culture of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa as well as the traditional culture of other ethnic minorities in our country has both good and progressive values and contains elements that are no longer suitable for modern society Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to preserve and promote in order to enhance the traditional values of cultural identity of ethnic minorities in general and the Tay in Dinh Hoa in particular With the motto "The State and the people it together", over the years, the work of socializing, renovating and embellishing historical and cultural relics in 17 Thai Nguyen province has been interested and promoted by the authorities at all levels and achieved encouraging results, contributing to the mobilization of resources, and better implementation of the conservation and promotion of cultural values However, the traditional cultural values of the Tay people still need to be strengthened if they are to be preserved and passed on to the future In order to preserve and promote the traditional cultural values of the Tay ethnic group in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in the coming time, the promotion of socialization and resource mobilization to effectively implement conservation and promoting traditional cultural values is an important solution and a driving force to preserve and promote traditional cultural values of the nation Socializing activities of preserving and promoting cultural values is mobilizing social organizations and people, building a responsible community of people from all walks of life with state agencies, is the expansion of investment sources, utilizing the potentials of human, material and financial resources in society to participate in the cause of protection and promotion of cultural heritages according to the motto of the State and the people working together Socialization will contribute to reducing financial burdens for the state, utilizing the potential of the whole society and creating conditions for the state to invest in key projects In order to well implement the work of socializing the conservation and promotion of traditional cultural values of the nation, all levels and branches of Thai Nguyen province need to strengthen propaganda, education, and create favorable conditions for organizing and providing guidance for grassroots organizations and social units, in which great attention should be paid to utilizing the voluntary spirit of the masses so that everyone considers the protection and promotion of heritages as for their own sake Strengthen international cooperation in the protection and promotion of traditional cultural values of ethnic minorities in order to enlist international support in various forms: financial aid, technical equipment, technology and staff training In addition to the state budget, mobilizing social resources to contribute to the conservation and promotion of cultural heritage values; At all levels, relevant branches and local authorities need to strengthen the mechanism to monitor the use of state budget sources, funds mobilized from the people, agencies and businesses to avoid losses and ineffective investment, not for the right purpose Thai Nguyen province needs to mobilize resources, promote the socialization of conservation and promotion of cultural values; encourage and create conditions for organizations and individuals inside and outside the province to contribute and support the protection, restoration, embellishment and promotion of cultural values in general and the culture of the Tay people in particular 18 4.2.3 Building a coordination mechanism, promoting tourism development in association with the implementation of policies to preserve and promote the cultural values of the Tay people In the process of implementing the conservation and promotion of traditional cultural values, it is necessary to develop a coordination mechanism in the process of planning and formulating policies We need close coordination between scientists, researchers, managers and cultural workers in the planning and promulgation, implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness of public activities In addition, it is necessary to assign tasks between units in planning, formulating and implementing ethnic and cultural policies to be truly scientific, to avoid overlapping and duplicating between powers and interests The coordination mechanism between the parties needs to be close, especially in sharing, exchanging and disclosing information In the process of planning and formulating policies, it is necessary to have synchronous coordination in researching and documenting folklore values, traditional rituals (such as traditional festivals, ancient dances, ancient sacrifices, ancient relics) to pass on to the next generations, not to lose the original values by forms such as: research, collection, editing, publishing into books, printing tapes, discs, pictures… It is necessary to develop an integrated mechanism in the implementation of conservation policies, promoting cultural values with other policies, programs and plans In recent years, Thai Nguyen province, including Dinh Hoa district, has issued many programs and policies to preserve and promote traditional cultural values in ethnic minority and mountainous areas However, so far, many programs and plans have not been effective as expected In order to preserve and promote the cultural values of ethnic minorities, including the Tay, which are not fragmented and spread, it is necessary to have a mechanism to integrate policies and programs to preserve and promote cultural values Traditionally integrate into the development programs and policies of the province such as policies on forest protection and development, the system of central and local poverty reduction policies, building new rural areas, and policies on the development of education and health for children in ethnic minority areas, groups of policies on supporting vocational training, job creation, building a system of cultural institutions from the province to the grassroots, especially focusing on attach importance to tourism development in association with conservation and promotion of traditional cultural values, associating with tourism development associated with historical elements of revolutionary bases in order to effectively realize the goal of restoration, preserve local culture and national cultural heritage Combine restoration and preservation of cultural heritage with investment promotion and strong development of the tourism industry Heritage 19 conservation planning associated with tourism development planning Through tourism, visiting revolutionary bases and experiencing activities not only helps to promote the unique features of the Tay culture, but also helps to form and develop services and products Building tours, cultural tourism routes, ecotourism, community-based tourism, learning about the tangible and intangible cultural values of the Tay ethnic group In order to this, it is necessary to have the orientation and direction of the state management agencies from the province to the district to the grassroots, to associate with tourism companies to cooperate in investment and development of tourism Raising the level of celebration of festivals: Cultural and sports festivals of mountainous ethnic groups, contests and performances of the ethnic minorities, keeping the original and unique festivals of ethnic minorities in order to attract visitors to learn and participate with ethnic minorities, and at the same time let cultural subjects directly participate and give comments on cultural activities of the nation 4.2.4 Improve the capacity of staff in charge of cultural management to stimulate creativity and initiative of the people Improving the capacity of cultural management staff in the current context is essential because they are one of the important factors contributing to the orientation, organization and mobilization of creativity among the people, together with other resources, realize the aspiration to preserve and promote the traditional cultural values of the Tay people As the thesis has analyzed, due to the intensity and scope of the cultural exchange process being strong and wide, it has been, is and will create disturbances in the traditional culture of the Tay people Cultural officers have a particularly important role and position in advising the Party committees and authorities in formulating and promulgating guidelines and policies to lead and deploy the cause of cultural development ensuring the correct orientation and goals of the Party and State Along with other armed forces and forces, cultural cadres are always present at the front lines of the front, movements of emulation of labor, production and construction to build a new life together with the people, and at the same time to propagate the Party's cultural guideline In order to contribute to improving the quality of cultural human resources in a formal and professional manner, specialized in industries and fields, managers need to strengthen training and update knowledge and professional skills for incumbent cultural staff The system of cultural cadre training institutions must be increasingly upgraded, invested and developed in a modern and advanced direction, updating new knowledge on management, construction and cultural development Each cultural cadre must constantly cultivate and improve their ethical qualities, qualifications and professional 20 capacity; must always uphold the spirit of pioneering, exemplary, taking the lead in all tasks and movements Expeditiously build, supplement, perfect and renew the content of the training program, update professional knowledge and specialized skills in culture at training institutions There are mechanisms and policies to treat and attract students who are children of ethnic minorities to study in cultural and art training institutions Renovate the policy of respecting cultural cadres working in remote, isolated and ethnic minority areas Strengthening the entire apparatus for cultural management in the locality, improving responsibility and professional qualifications for cultural officials Full-time cultural officers in localities must be deeply knowledgeable of ethnic traditions, being a pioneer in the propagation of cultural values in mountainous ethnic minorities, and also a participant in the conservation and promotion of the traditional cultural values of the ethnic minorities in this area 4.2.5 Encourage community participation in the conservation and promotion of the traditional culture of the Tay people On the basis of the master plan to protect and promote cultural values associated with economic development planning, it is necessary to have mechanisms and policies to create conditions for the community to participate in the conservation and promotion of traditional cultural values of ethnic minorities, paying special attention to people who are directly involved in activities of protecting and promoting cultural heritage with practical benefits Honoring and properly treating people with meritorious services and reputation in preserving and promoting cultural values of ethnic minorities is a necessary matter, because they themselves have created and preserved cultural values of the Tay people through unique lifestyles and customs Village elders, village chiefs and artisans, shamans, and witches are important contributors to training, helping the young generation to fully understand the meaning and values of the Tay ethnic community's culture Regularly open classes, traditional cultural clubs for artisans to teach the young generation unique intangible cultural values Research, develop, and promulgate mechanisms and policies for artisans, village elders, and keepers of traditional cultural values of the Tay ethnic group to honor, encourage, motivate and enhance their responsibility and dedication to the work undertaken At the same time, create all favorable conditions for them to promote their forte and capacity Propagate ethnic minorities to be proud of and appreciate their good spiritual, moral and customs values, and promote traditional positive cultural values in their new life Building and implementing cultural conventions on the basis of combining good traditional elements Organize healthy cultural activities to attract people to participate 21 Encourage the maintenance of healthy customs and habits of the peoples; restore and develop traditional handicrafts of typical value; research and application of knowledge about traditional medicine and pharmacy; restore and enhance traditional festivals, eliminate harmful customs in people's cultural life; combating negative manifestations and commercialization in festival organization and activities; maintaining and promoting cultural and culinary values, values of traditional national costumes and other folk knowledge Promoting the role of the young generation in preserving and promoting the traditional cultural values of the Tay people Educating national pride and pride in ethnic culture, especially for the young, in order to preserve and promote the precious cultural capital of their ancestors, to avoid the ideology of learning and hybridization that corrupts the values of their own cultural identity Having programs to introduce ethnic cultural values into schools, educating students to respect and be proud of the national culture Organize the teaching of ethnic languages for children of ethnic groups so that before speaking the common language, anyone must speak their own language Ethnic language is the most effective means of preserving ethnic culture At the same time, teaching ethnic languages to officials working in the locality to eliminate the language gap, a major obstacle in accessing and preserving the gongs of the people To adopt policies to support cultural conservation and development, fostering and training cultural staff and artists of ethnic groups in the province; integrate investment programs in remote areas with special difficulties in supporting material foundations and cultural equipment in order to raise the level of cultural enjoyment for ethnic minorities 4.2.6 Strengthening cooperation in the study of traditional cultural values of the Tay people, combined with the absorbtion and transformation of new cultural values Thai Nguyen province needs to urgently develop a plan and organize the implementation of a program to preserve and promote the unique traditional cultural values of the Tay people Strengthening cooperation in the study of traditional cultural values of the Tay people, combined with absorbing and transforming new cultural values means that it is necessary to continue to make statistics, inventory, and register for management of traditional cultural values, step up the work of collecting, researching and introducing folklore, improving the quality of scientific research on unique traditional cultural values Thai Nguyen province needs to step up propaganda and education to raise awareness and responsibility of officials, party members and people, and at the same time organize conferences and seminars on conservation and promotion of 22 unique cultural values of the ethnic groups in the province, emphasizing the unique cultural values of the Tay ethnic group in Dinh Hoa Every year, Thai Nguyen province should organize festivals, cultural exchanges - traditional arts of ethnic groups; organize contests for learning and singing folk songs, contests for beautiful ethnic costumes; organize typical festivals in each region and arrea, stage and perform unique and typical songs and dances of ethnic groups Thai Nguyen province should strengthen the application of science and technology in preserving and promoting the traditional cultural values of the Tay people Thai Nguyen province needs to focus and actively coordinate with the Institutes of Science, the Institute of Vietnamese Folklore, the Institute of Han Nom Studies, the Department of Science and Technology, the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism Thai Nguyen to build planning, organizing the collection, research, utilization and protection of typical folk cultural values such as Tay - Nung, Mong and Dao languages; oral literary works; folk songs and dances; costumes of ethnic minorities; exquisite culinary culture; typical traditional festivals; traditional villages Sub-conclusion of chapter In this chapter, the researcher analyzed the factors affecting the conservation and promotion of cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen in the context of many changes in the world and in the country The economic, social and psychological context of the Tay people themselves are also tending to both keep their traditional culture and want to reach out to receive exogenous cultural factors Therefore, activities of preserving and promoting the cultural values of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa need to focus on promoting the role of responsibility, raising the awareness of all levels of the Party committees, authorities, and relevant agencies in the implementation of the tasks of preserving and promoting the cultural values of the Tay ethnic group in Dinh Hoa district in the performance of cultural scientific tasks, preserving and promoting the unique cultural values of the province; organize the effective implementation of the national target program on culture, planning and projects on cultural development into local practice Enhancing education and propaganda to raise awareness of the authorities, mass organizations at all levels and the entire people about the role of traditional culture in socioeconomic development and new rural construction nowadays; considers the conservation and promotion of national cultural values as a basic element creating the development values of the locality Pay attention to, invest in and improve the quality of state management of cultural heritage conservation and promotion, especially in making statistics and records of cultural heritages; encouraging and creating conditions for organizations and individuals to research, preserve, teach and introduce intangible cultural heritage; apply 23 necessary measures of authorities at all levels to protect unique traditional cultural values, prevent the risk of being gradually lost, falsified or completely lost Associate the conservation and promotion of local Tay ethnic cultural values with the development of community tourism To adopt policies to create favorable conditions for the protection and development of languages and scripts of ethnic groups Encourage the collection, compilation, translation, statistics, classification and preservation of literary, artistic, scientific, oral literature, folk performances Encourage the maintenance of healthy customs and practices of ethnic groups; restore and develop traditional handicrafts of typical value; researching and applying knowledge about traditional medicine and pharmacy; restore and enhance traditional festivals, eliminate customs harmful to people's cultural life; combating negative manifestations and commercialization in the organization of festival activities; maintaining and promoting cultural and culinary values, national traditional costumes and other folk knowledge To promote the role of the patriarch, village elder, village head, especially folk artisans in restoring, transmitting and maintaining the activities of traditional cultural values of the Tay community; have specific incentive mechanisms and policies for them to stick with and promote the invaluable intellectual capital for today's generations Promoting the role of the community, which are cultural actors in formulating programs and policies, and participating in activities to preserve and promote the cultural values of the nation CONCLUSION Dinh Hoa is a district located in the northwest of Thai Nguyen province, having a very important strategic position in the development process of history This is an area with rich and diverse natural resources, creating favourable conditions for the formation of a self-sufficient economy for the people, stabilizing people's lives and being the rear for the revolutionary armed forces Dinh Hoa is a place of long-term livelihood for many ethnic groups, of which the Tay people are the majority and the oldest group Dinh Hoa is a place that has experienced a lot during the history of the glorious struggle for national defense of the whole Vietnamese nation, once the "red address" of the revolution Tay culture is one of the typical cultural elements of the former Viet Bac region in general and Dinh Hoa in particular Over a long period of development, the Tay people have built a rich culture in both material and spiritual aspects, which is expressed through food, clothing, housing, musical instruments, language, writing, customs and ritual practices in the family, community, folk festivals, folk games and folklore treasures including stories, folk songs, riddles These cultural treasures are the experiences drawn through the production and labor process, in which there is 24 people's desires to rise in life are directed towards truth, goodness, beauty, the whole world view and human outlook of the ethnic groups, which need to be preserved and promoted in today's life Since the country's Renewal 1986 up to now, under the influence of many factors, especially the socialist-oriented market economy mechanism and the process of globalization, integration and exchange, traditional culture of different ethnic minorities in Vietnam in general and the Tay culture in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province in particular, have changed rapidly in many aspects The present traditional culture of the Tay people has been lost in many aspects, but has also become more diverse due to acculturation with a number of cultural elements of many ethnic groups, including foreign cultures, and continue to develop in the new context It can be said that the current context and the future are posing problems for the traditional cultural transformation of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province such as: Continue to maintain and promote the traditional cultural elements of the Tay in the context of increasing globalization and integration; strengthen and bring into play the role of folk intellectuals, artisans and reputable people in the community and local authorities in preserving traditional cultural values of the people in the area; ensure the close connection between the preservation and promotion of traditional cultural values of the ethnic groups with programs, projects and policies for socio-economic development and environmental protection in the locality; etc In order to effectively solve the problems of changing traditional culture of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa and Thai Nguyen, in the coming time, it is necessary to overcome the existing shortcomings in the current period, continue to innovate from policy content, guidelines, plans, resources, implementation, and maintenance of achieved results Therefore, it is necessary to have a policy of mass mobilization and extensive propaganda so that the majority of people of all generations of the Tay ethnic group can see the significance of the present and future roles and values of traditional cultural elements, from which they can develop a sense of respect and self-preservation of traditional cultural values Preserving and promoting the traditional cultural values of the Tay ethnic group is contributing to "Comprehensive human development and building an advanced Vietnamese culture imbued with national identity so that the culture can truly become endogenous strength, driving force for national development and national defense Increase investment in cultural development To build, develop and create the most favorable environment and social conditions to arouse patriotic tradition, national pride, belief and aspiration to develop a prosperous and happy country; Talents, intelligence and qualities of Vietnamese people are the most important focus, goal and driving force of the country's development” LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS BY THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS TOPIC Nguyen Thanh Thuy (2020), "Changes in the material culture of the Tay people in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province nowadays", Journal of Culture and Arts, (430), pp.33-36, 39 Nguyen Thanh Thuy (2021), “Preserving and promoting the cultural values of Tay ethnic group in the current context”, Journal of Culture and Arts, (449), pp.17-19