TÓM TẮT NỘI DUNG CHÍNH LUẬN ÁN 1.1. Nghiên cứu đánh giá đặc điểm nông sinh học của giống mai vàng Yên Tử so với một số giống mai khác đang được trồng tại Hà Nội. 1.2.Nghiên cứu xác định được thời điểm phân hóa mầm hoa và tác động một số biện pháp kỹ thuật, điều chỉnh sinh trưởng, ra hoa của mai vàng Yên Tử tại Hà Nội. 1.3. Đánh giá ảnh hưởng của việc áp dụng các biện pháp kỹ thuật tổng hợp vào sản xuất của mai vàng Yên Tử tại các địa phương ở Hà Nội 2. NHỮNG KẾT LUẬN MỚI CỦA LUẬN ÁN 2.1. Xác định được giống mai vàng Yên Tử sinh trưởng phát triển tốt, cho năng suất, chất lượng cao, làm cơ sở để mở rộng sản xuất trên địa bàn Hà Nội và các vùng có khí hậu tương tự. 2.2. Xác định được thời điểm phân hóa mầm hoa của cây mai vàng Yên Tử là sau 85 ngày bật chồi, cây mới xuất hiện mầm hoa dạng khối tròn với chiều dài 30,5 µm, chiều rộng 24 µm, làm căn cứ để đưa ra các biện pháp kỹ thuật phù hợp tác động đến sinh trưởng cho cây ra hoa vào dịp lễ tết. 2.3. Xác định được một số biện pháp kỹ thuật phù hợp (giá thể: đất phù sa + vỏ trấu + xơ dừa + phân chuồng hoai mục (tỷ lệ 6:2:1:1), biện pháp cắt tỉa 1 tháng 1 lần liên tục trong 5 tháng, bón phân NPK 30-10-10+TE vào giai đoạn sinh trưởng thân lá, phun Paclobutrazol nồng độ 800 ppm, phân NPK 10-60-10+TE ở giai đoạn phát triển nụ hoa, phun Thiorea nồng độ 1,5 % (trước tết 50 ngày), xử lý nhiệt độ ở mức 28 ± 10C và phun GA3 nồng độ 40 ppm), cho cây sinh trưởng phát triển tốt và ra hoa vào dịp tết Nguyên đán. 2.4. Áp dụng các biện pháp kỹ thuật tổng hợp của đề tài đến sinh trưởng và phát triển của mai vàng Yên Tử tại Sóc Sơn, Ba Vì, Gia Lâm - Hà Nội đã cho cây sinh trưởng phát triển tốt, ra hoa đúng vào dịp tết Nguyên đán cho hiệu quả cao gấp 1,5 - 1,6 lần so với áp dụng các biện pháp kỹ thuật truyền thống, làm cơ sở để mở rộng diện tích trồng mai vàng Yên Tử tại Hà Nội.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ BUI HUU CHUNG STUDY ON AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL OCHNA VARIETIES AND THE IMPACTS OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS ON DEVELOPMENT AND FLOWERING OF THE YEN TU OCHNA IN HANOI Research major: Crop Science Code: 62 01 10 THE ABSTRACT AGRICULTURE DOCTORAL THESIS HA NOI, 2022 The study was completed at: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Instructors: Assoc Prof PhD Dang Van Dong Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Thi Kim Ly Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: The thesis will be defended at The Institute's Thesis Evaluation Council in Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences Time: ./ ., 2022 The thesis can be found at the library: - National library of Vietnam - Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences INTRODUCTION URGENTITY OF THE THESIS Ochna blossom are popular during the Lunar New Year in the central and southern provinces In recent years, Ochna blossom have received attention of flower lovers in the Northern in the New Year time, besides the traditional ornamental flowers, which are kumquats and peach blossom However, the development of Ochna blossom production in Hanoi particularly and the Northern generally is still limited because most flowers bloom after the Lunar New Year due to the low temperatures in cold winter Therefore, the thesis: "Study on Agronomical characteristics of several Ochna varieties and the impacts of technical solutions on development and flowering of the Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi" was carried out to evaluate the growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna compared to other varieties These scientific results were basis to come up with more appropriate technical measures to adjust for Yen Tu Ochna to flowering on time Lunar New Year in order to improve economic efficiency and meet production and consumption demands RESEARCH TARGETS The thesis evaluates agro-biological characteristics, growth, development ability and some technical measures affect to the flowering of Yen Tu Ochna on the Lunar New Year Then, it’s contributed to improve yield and quality of flowers, which expands production and develops Ochna farming in Hanoi RESEARCH SCOPE - Agro-biological characteristics of Yen Tu Ochna variety compared with other Ochna varieties which being grown in Hanoi - Determine the flower sprout differentiation and the impact of some technical measures on adjust the growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS - Identified the Yen Tu Ochna variety with strongly growth, high yield and quality This one is the basis to expand production in Hanoi and other regions with similar climate conditions Other acceptation and correction: - Flower sprout differentiation of Yen Tu Ochna tree is after 85 days of budding, new flower buds appear in the form of a round block with 30.5 µm length and 24 µm width These are basis to innovate technical measures to blossom in the Tet holiday, specific such as: + Substrate fomula: alluvial soil, rice husk, coir and rotting manure (ratio 6:2:1:1) + Monthly pruning in months + Apply NPK 30-10-10 + TE in the stem growth stage + Use Paclobutrazol 800 ppm, NPK 10-60-10+TE in flower bud development stage + Use Thiorea 1.5%, GA3 40 ppm (50 days before Tet) and temperature treatment at 28 ± 100C SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEANINGS OF THE THESIS 5.1 Scientific significance - The topic has provided scientific data on agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Hanoi climate conditions, determining the flower sprout differentiation time and the influence of technical measures on growth regulation and flowering ability of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi - The research results become reference materials for researching, teaching and producting of Ochna blossom in Vietnam 5.2 The practical significance - Research results on agro-biological characteristics of some Ochna varieties and the flower sprout differentiation time of Yen Tu Ochna which are basis for technical measure innovations to controll growth and flowering in Ochna blossom production in Hanoi - The Yen Tu Ochna that has strongly ability growth in Hanoi with high yield and good quality, meets the tough requirement of consumers has been identified -Technical measure innovations help Ochna blossom in the Lunar Tet holiday that have been applied and brought significant results in Hanoi such as: increasing the value of varieties, contributing to expanding production and rising flower grower’s income DISCUSSION OF THESIS The thesis is presented in 168 pages (excluding illustrations and appendices) including Introduction (4 pages) ; Chapter Document overview (33 pages); Chapter Materials, contents and research methods (13 pages); Chapter Research results and discussion (69 pages) ; Conclusion and recommendations (2 pages) ; List of published works related to the thesis (1 page); References (9 pages) Used 99 documents, including 64 Vietnamese documents, 32 English documents and Web pages The thesis has 37 data tables, 20 figures, appendices and 02 published works CHAPTER I DOCUMENTARY OVERVIEW 1.1 ORIGINAL AND DISTRIBUTION OF OCHNA 1.1.1 Original The Ochna belongs to family plant name Ochnaceae which plants derived from wild trees, mainly trees and shrubs, including 27 genus and about 495 species depending on the taxonomy The largest genus is Ouratea (including Gomphia) with about 200 species The Ochna genus which living in the tropical forests in Africa and Asia have been found approximately to 90 species with rich and diverse in morphology (Burondka and Takayama, 2016) The Ochanaceae family, including the genus Ochna, is a woody, shrub and semishrub tree, distributed in Africa, south of the Sahara, Madagascar, temperate Asian climates such as Hainan Island; tropical Asian climates such as Southeast Asia, India, the Nicobar Islands, and the northern peninsula of Malaysia (Leyden, 2012) Ochna blossom in Vietnam grow popularly in the central and southern regions, most of which are natural forest Ochna s Flowers usually have petals with sepals, colorful colors, many and thick pistils, flowers grow in clusters, and fruits are jet-black, but there are species with a very high number of petals (12 - 18 - 150 petals) Flowers have a very fragrant natural scent (Huynh Van Thoi, 2004) 1.2.2 Distribution In the 15th century, Chinese botanists discovered and brought back Ochna varieties for ornamental target The basic feature of this Ochna variety is bright yellow flowers, many blooms, very suitable for indoor, landscape decoration and holiday play In addition to the meaning of welcoming the spring, the Ochna flower also has the meaning of health and luck, so it is very popular with the Chinese (Ha Van Sinh, Temple of Thuong Ho, 2000) According to research by Vuong Trung Hieu (2006) in Cambodia, Ochna tree has the scientific name of Ochna integerrima (lour.) Merr The flower has petals, when fully open, the petals are turned upside down to the stem, bright yellow color, this is also a wild Ochna species distributed from the South to the Central of Cambodia Cambodian Ochna is in the form of a woody plant, with thin and long branches The leaves are simple, light green and glossy, growing sparsely on the branches, the edges of the leaves have small serrations Flowers grow in clusters in the leaf axils, short flower stalks, glossy green sepals not cover the buds In Vietnam, Ochna integerrima is grown as an ornamental because of its beautiful flowers Yellow flowers are often used on special occasions such as holidays The size of the tree depends on the age and ecological region The average height is over 1m for trees about years old Bright yellow flowers and symbols of happiness, health and success The leaves of the plant have long been used in medicines to treat diseases such as asthma, dysentery, epilepsy, stomach disorders, and low back pain The bark and roots are commonly used in traditional medicine as a digestive aid and a medicine for lymphatic disorders (Tran Hop, 2000) 1.2 OCHNA BLOSSOM MANUFACTURING AND CONSUMPTION SITUATION IN THE WORLD AND VIETNAM 1.2.1 In the world 1.2.1.1 The situation of Ochna production and consumption in the world Ochna trees are produced and consumed in many countries around the world such as the US, Brazil, South Africa and some Asian countries (China, Thailand, Japan, Vietnam) In addition to producing Ochna s to decorate during holidays, New Year and decorate the street, some countries also grow Ochna s as a valuable source of medicinal herbs 1.2.2.2 In Vietnam In the structure of ornamental plants, Ochna is a popular plant from the Central region onwards due to favorable conditions and suitable climate, so it is widely planted in home gardens, as potted plants and bonsai But the most used is still on the occasion of Lunar New Year The Ochna tree on New Year's Day is considered a lucky charm for the new year, lots of fortune and prosperity, so it is very popular In addition to serving the needs of entertainment and enjoyment, tomorrow also brings high economic benefits, with prices ranging from 300-800 thousand/pot, with trees up to tens of millions of dong, the market consumes millions of trees every year Ochna s of all kinds 1.3 OCHNA RESEARCH SITUATION IN THE WORLD AND VIETNAM 1.3.1 Research situation of Ochna s in the world 1.3.1.1 Research on agro-biological characteristics of Ochna There are many scientists in the world studying the agro-biological characteristics of Ochna trees Research results show that: Plum is a shrub, low and small, leaves have short stalks, veins are curved upwards, leaf margins are serrated Inflorescences; fibrous stalk, with nodes Flowers have bases, fruits, seeds are red The calyx is green, develops with the fruit, and gradually becomes red 1.3.1.2 Research on substrates and fertilizers on growth and flowering of Ochna trees Around the world, the substrates used for Ochna trees include many types such as coir, sawdust, water hyacinth roots, charred rice husks, hilly soil, alluvial soil, coal slag, etc ratios to take advantage of the advantages of each type, to suit each variety and age of the tree For Ochna trees, especially potted Ochna s, the medium plays an important role during the growth and development of the tree Besides studying the substrate, the researchers also studied the effects of some growth regulators on Ochna trees such as: Paclobutrazol; Thiourea; gibberellin (GA3) 1.3.2 Research situation of Ochna trees in the country In Vietnam, Ochna trees have only been studied in recent years Researches mainly in the country focus on surveying flower bud differentiation and studying technical measures affecting growth, development and flowering control of Ochna trees CHAPTER II RESEARCH MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 RESEARCH MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS 2.1.1 Research Materials - 10 varieties of Ochna species of the Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr species were collected in different Ochna growing regions of Vietnam - Fertilizers and stimulants: + NPK 30 -10-10 +TE fertilizer which produced by Binh Dien Company, including NPK and micro-elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 80 ppm; Bo (B): 60 ppm; Copper (Cu): 60 ppm These elements help the buds and leaves grow strongly + NPK 20-20-15 + TE fertilizer which produced by Binh Dien Company, including NPK and trace elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 50 ppm; Bo (B): 50 ppm These elements help the buds and leaves grow strongly + NPK 16-12-8 + TE fertilizer produced by Viet Nhat Company, including NPK and trace elements such as: Bo (B): 217 ppm; Zinc (Zn): 400 ppm These elements help the buds and leaves grow strongly + DAP fertilizer (18 % N - 46 % P2O5) produced by Phu My Company, only contains NP ingredients, no intermediate and trace ingredients This fertilizer promote the differentiation of flower buds and buds + NPK 10-60-10 + TE fertilizer produced by Swiss Company, including NPK and micro-elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 65 ppm; Boron (B): 40 ppm, Copper (Cu): 40 ppm These elements promote the differentiation of flower sprouts and push the bud formation + NPK 9-25-17 + TE fertilizer produced by Viet Nhat Company, including NPK and trace elements such as: Zinc (Zn): 80 ppm; Bo (B): 40 ppm; Copper (Cu): 40 ppm These elements promote the differentiation of flower sprouts and push the bud formation + Thiourea (99%) produced by Ho Chi Minh City Agricultural Service Company This chemical stimulate deciduous and flowering + Paclobutrazol (15WP) produced by Saigon Pesticide Company This chemical accelerates the differentiation of flower buds and stimulates flowering + Giberellin acid (100% GA3), made in the US by VMCGROUP Vietnam Joint Stock Company This chemical increases flower quality and concentrated flowering - Substrate: Alluvial soil, coir, rice husk, rotting manure, treated with Aliette 800WG mixed with 10g/10 liters of water, sprayed evenly, incubated for days before use 2.1.2 Research equipment and tools - Leica EZ4 electron microscope made in Germany (magnification from 80 to 450 for high resolution images with the smallest details) - The heat treatment house, on the roof and around is covered by nylon, automatic 2-way air conditioner made in China, to increase or decrease the temperature during the treatment time - Other tools: pruning shears, thermometer, humidity meter, palme ruler 2.2 RESEARCH CONTENT - Agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Hanoi - Effects of some technical measures on growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi - The effection of synthetic technical measures to the growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in localities in Hanoi 2.3 RESEARCH METHODS 2.3.1 Evaluation of agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Hanoi 2.3.1.1 Agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Hanoi - The experiment consisted of 10 varieties of 5-year-old Ochna, grown from seed, 93 - 97 cm height, 3.3 - 3.5 cm stem diameter (symbols from MV1 - MV10), good growth and development, without any pests and other physical injuries The experiment was arranged according to the method of one time sequentially without repeating, the number of 15 plants/variety/CTTN Planting density is tree/pot/2 m2, pot size 40 x 50 cm (pot made of brown plastic) - Planting time: February 15, 2016 - Researched varieties were grown on the substrate of alluvium soil + rice husk + manure (7:2:1), not pruned for natural growth and development, NPK 16-12-8 +TE fertilizer applied dosage 20g/pot/time weeks after planting, and once a month until the plant has 10% buds, then switch to NPK 9-25-17 at a dose of 20g/pot/time, once a month until the plant has a 50% bud Conduct regular watering, moisturizing, weed picking and pest control - The morphology be described to distinguish Ochna varieties according to the classification system of Pham Hoang Ho (1999) and Tran Hop (2000) Evaluation of the morphological traits of stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds according to the guidelines of the International Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (1998) and according to the descriptive form of the Center for Plant Genetic Resources 2000), each trait observed samples Descriptive qualitative criteria, visual assessment Quantitative indicators monitor and measure 2.3.1.2 Research on the timing of flower spout differentiation of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi - Research period: From March, 2017 to November, 2018 - Process method The experiment was arranged sequentially once without repeating, including twenty 5-year-old plants, grown from seeds, with 93 - 97 cm height, 3.3 - 3.5 cm stem diameter, growth and development normally without any pests, diseases and other mechanical damage The trees are pruned except the first level branches, observing and monitoring the appearance of sprouts, hanging labels, marking the sprouts which appear together within days (from the appearance of the first shoots after pruning) - Data collection method After one month of pruning, samples were collected every 15 days with 10 samples each time A thin blade was used to cut axils of leaves which are already dark green on the branches of the same age Then, leaf axils were put in a special box and brought to the laboratory, soak in Javel water (in minutes) to remove the pus After that, samples were cut by a microsample slicer machine and put on a stereo microscope to observe, record until flower sprouts appear and emerge from the stem 2.3.2 Research methods about the effection of technical measures to the growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi The 5-year-old tree, plants are sown from seed, height 95-100 cm, stem diameter 3-3.5 cm was planted in plastic pots size 40 x 50 cm, a tree per pot Experiment 1: The effect of growing medium to grow, develop, flowering and the quality of Yen Tu Ochna The experiment consisted of four formulas: F1: Alluvial soil (control) F2: Alluvial soil + rice husk (ratio 7:3) F3: Alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1) F4: Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure (ratio 6:2:1:1) The formulas are pruned times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly Experiment time: February 2018 - The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated times, trees each time Density tree/2 m2 Experiment 2: The effect of pruning regime to grow, develop, flowering and the quality of Yen Tu Ochna The experiment consisted of four formulas: F1: No pruning (control) F2: Pruning once a month, continuously for months F3: Prune once time after planting 1.5 months F4: Cut down pain, leaving only the first level branches Experiment time: March 2018 The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly Pruning method: The specialized, clean, rust-free pruning shears with curved blades, handles, and springs that was used to cut away old branches and leaves which cover young branches, diseased branches and branches that are unable to flowering - The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated times, trees each time Density tree/2 m2 Experiment 3: The effect of fertilizers on stem and leaf development stage of Yen Tu Ochna The experiment consisted of four formulas: F1: No fertilizer application (control) F2: NPK 30 -10-10+TE F3: NPK 20-20-15+TE F4: NPK 16-12-8+TE The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); the tree is pruned times; sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly Experiment period from March 2018 to August 2018 was the growth and development of stems, leaves, buds, flower sprout differentiation and bud formation period of the plant - The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated times, trees each time Density tree/2 m2 Experiment 4: The effect of fertilizers on the bud development and flowering stage of Yen Tu Ochna The experiment was conducted with formulas: F1: No fertilizer application (control) F2: DAP (18 % N - 46 % P2O5) F3: NPK 10-60-10 + TE F4: NPK 9-25-17 + TE The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); pruned times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each days apart; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly - Experiment period from September 2018 to December 2018 was the period when the plants bud from 10% - 50% - The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated times, trees each time Density tree/2 m2 Experiment 5: The effect of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) on growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna The experiment consisted of four formulas: F1: spray PBZ concentration 400 ppm F2: spray PBZ concentration 800 ppm F3: spray PBZ concentration 1,200 ppm F4: spray water (control) The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); pruned times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C and spray GA3 20 ppm Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly - The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated times, trees each time Density tree/2 m2 -Spray date: June 15, 2018 and June 17, 2018 -Spray method: Sprayed both sides of Ochna leaves with equal amount of solution in the late afternoon, twice times two days apart Experiment 6: The effect of Thiourea on leaf drop and flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna The experiment consisted of four formulas: F1: Spray Thiourea concentration 1.0% F2: Spray Thiourea concentration 1.5% F3: Spray Thiourea concentration 1.75% F4: Spray Thiourea concentration 2.0 % The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); pruned times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed GA3 20 ppm and heat treatment at 240C ± 10C Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly - Spray method: Sprayed both sides of Ochna leaves with equal amount of solution in the late afternoon, - Spray date: December 16, 2018 - 50 days before Tet holiday - The formulas are arranged in complete random block, repeated times, trees each time Density tree/2 m2 Experiment 7: The effect of temperature on flowering time and flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna on the occasion of Lunar New Year The experiment consisted of four formulas: F1: Don't use any heat treament F2: Heat treatment at 240C ± 10C F3: Heat treatment at 280C ± 10C F4: Heat treatment at 320C ± 10C The experiment was arranged according to the sequential method, without repeating on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); the tree are pruned times; watered NPK 20-20-15+TE fertilizer with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once time per month until the plant have 10 % buds; then sprayed Paclobutrazol 400 ppm twice times each days apart; watered DAP 18:46 with a dose of 20 g/pot/time once a month until the plant have 50% buds; sprayed Thiorea 1.0%, only one time; sprayed GA3 20 ppm Watering to keep moisture, picking up weeds and preventing pests and diseases regularly The experiment was arranged with 15 plants/formula Planting density is tree/pot/2 m2, pot size 40 x 50 cm (pot made of brown plastic) The heat treatment house is covered with nylon both around and the roof There are an automatic 2-way air conditioner, made in China, to increase or decrease the heat during the treatment time During the heating phase, the temperature is set at: 24 0C ± + Durability of flower pots (days): calculated from when 10% of flowers on the branch bloom until 80% of flowers fade - Indicators of color, fragrance + The colors of flowers, pistils, and stamens were observed and compared with the ROHS standard palette of 920 plant colors made in China + Scent: perceive and evaluate scent by smell - Indicators for monitoring the level of pests and diseases The composition of pests and diseases was investigated and evaluated according to the National technical regulation on methods of investigation and detection of plant pests QCVN 01-38:2010/BNNPTNT Pests and diseases were monitored on all experimental plants + For pests: (Level 1-3) Level 1: Mild (scattered appearance) Level 2: Moderate (distributed 1/3 plants) + For diseases: (Level 1-9) Level 1: < 1% of leaf area damaged Level 3: from 1-5% of leaf area damaged Level 5: > - 25% of leaf area damaged Level 7: > 25 - 50% of leaf area damaged Level 9: > 50% of leaf area damaged + Rate of diseased plants (%) = (Total diseased plants / total number of trees monitored) x100 - Indicators of productivity and economic efficiency: + Ratio of harvested trees (%) = Total number of harvested trees ×100 Total number of crops + Net profit (VND) = Total revenue - total expenses - Technical measures applied Non-experimental factors were equally performed in experimental formulas The formulas are planted, cared for, fertilized, and prevented from pests using the Ochna blossom growing and care process of the Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetables - Data processing methods Research data was analyzed and processed based on Excel 2016 and Irristat 5.0 software 2.4 LOCATION AND TIME OF RESEARCH Research on agro-biological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam, Hanoi, 2016-2017 Research on the time of flower differentiation of Yen Tu Ochna variety at Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, 2017 - 2018 Research on technical measures for planting, caring and regulating growth and flowering in Gia Lam, Hanoi, 2018 - 2019 Applying synthetic techniques to the production of Yen Tu Ochna in Soc Son, Ba Vi and Gia Lam districts of Hanoi city, 2019-2020 11 CHAPTER III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 AGRO-BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OCHNA VARIETIES IN HANOI 3.1.1 Morphological characteristics of Ochna varieties in the study The results of the study on morphological characteristics of the stems and branches of Ochna varieties are presented in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 Morphological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016-2017 Variety Symbol Characteristics Stem color Branching ability name MV1 MV2 MV3 MV4 MV5 MV6 MV7 MV8 MV9 MV10 Yen Tu Ochna Woody, soft branches Light brown Branching early, long branches Hue Ochna Woody, soft Light brown Branching early, long branches Cam Ochna branches Woody, hard Gray-brown branches Medium branching, short branches Se Ochna Woody, soft branches Light brown Branching early, long branches Five-petaled Ochna Woody, soft branches Gray-brown Medium branching, short branches Giao Ochna Woody, hard branches Gray-brown Medium branching, short branches Vinh Hao Ochna Woody, hard branches Gray-brown Late branching, long branches Quan Ochna Woody, hard branches Light brown Late branching, short branches Kem Ochna Woody, hard branches Light brown Medium branching, short branches Trau Ochna Woody, hard branches Gray-brown Medium branching, long branches The results of Table 3.1 show that all varieties of Ochna is woody, depending on the variety, they have hard or soft branches, the stems are quite diverse in shape, usually the varieties have soft branches (MV1, MV2, MV4, MV5) are more malleable and dominant than Ochna varieties with hard branches (MV3, MV6, MV7, MV8, MV9, MV10) The branching ability of Ochna varieties which will help growers have technical measures to make Ochna grow and develop as desired 12 Table 3.3 Leaf growth characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016-2017 Blade Blade Length/ Growing Symbol Variety name length width width direction (cm) (cm) Ratio MV1 Yen Tu Ochna 15,8±0,4 5,7±0,2 2,8 Oblique MV2 Hue Ochna 14,6±0,4 5,2±0,1 2,8 Oblique MV3 Cam Ochna 15,5±0,3 5,4±0,1 2,9 Oblique MV4 Se Ochna 15,1±0,3 5,6±0,2 2,7 Oblique MV5 Five-petaled Ochna 15,1±0,4 5,8±0,1 2,6 Horizontal MV6 Giao Ochna 14,8±0,3 4,8±0,2 3,1 Oblique MV7 Vinh Hao Ochna 15,5±0,4 5,5±0,1 2,8 Oblique MV8 Quan Ochna 15,4±0,3 5,2±0,1 3,0 Oblique MV9 Kem Ochna 14,5±0,4 5,1±0,2 2,8 Oblique MV10 Trau Ochna 15,7±0,4 5,6±0,1 2,8 Horizontal The results of Table 3.3 when monitoring the leaf blade length, show that the differ so much between all of varieties, Ochna leaves have a length ranging from 14.5 - 15.8 cm, the varieties have a leaf blade length longger than 15cm are MV1, MV3, MV4, MV5, MV7, MV8 and MV10, the remain varieties with leaf blade length less than 15cm are MV2, MV6 and MV9 Table 3.4 Bud characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016-2017 Bud Bud Symbol Variety name Bud shape Bud color length diameter (cm) (cm) Yen Tu Ochna Oval Green 1,23±0,01 0,78±0,01 MV1 brown Hue Ochna Elip Green 1,20±0,01 0,75±0,01 MV2 brown Cam Ochna Elip Light 1,17±0,01 0,73±0,02 MV3 brown Se Ochna Oval Light 1,15±0,01 0,70±0,01 MV4 brown Five-petaled Green MV5 Elip 1,19±0,01 0,73±0,01 Ochna brown Giao Ochna Elip Green 1,19±0,01 0,74±0,01 MV6 brown Vinh Hao Ochna Elip Light 1,17±0,01 0,73±0,01 MV7 brown Quan Ochna Oval Light 1,18±0,02 0,74±0,02 MV8 brown Kem Ochna Elip Light 1,17±0,01 0,74±0,02 MV9 brown Trau Ochna Elip Green 1,20±0,01 0,75±0,01 MV10 brown 13 The results in Table 3.4 show that the bud has oval shape of Ochna such as MV1, MV4 or ellip shape is MV9, MV10 with pointed at the top are characteristic of each breed In addition, the color of buds is also different with two colors: light brown MV3, MV4 and green-brown MV1, MV2 representing each variety The data on flower morphological characteristics of the studied Ochna varieties are presented in Table 3.5 Table 3.5 Flower morphological characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam Hanoi, 2016-2017 Number Number Sepal and Symbol Variety name Fragrance of sepal of petal petal shape MV1 Yen Tu Ochna 5 Round Yes MV2 Hue Ochna 5 Round Yes MV3 Cam Ochna 5 Round No MV4 Se Ochna 5 Oval No MV5 Five-petaled Ochna 5 Round No MV6 Giao Ochna Oval No MV7 Vinh Hao Ochna 5 Round Yes MV8 Quan Ochna 5 Oval No MV9 Kem Ochna Round No MV10 Trau Ochna 5 Round No The results in Table 3.5 show that the flower morphological characteristics are different in shape of sepals, petals and fragrance Specifically in the study, the oval shape of the sepal and petal is only found in MV4, MV6 and MV8, the rest are round shape (MV1, MV2, MV3, MV5, MV7, MV9, MV10) The fragrance of flowers is available in varieties: MV1, MV2 and MV7, the rest are not fragrant (MV3, MV4, MV5, MV6, MV8, MV9, MV10) The number of sepals of all varieties is the same with sepals, but the number of petals is different, like Kem Ochna (MV9) has petals and Giao Ochna (MV6) has petals, the rest are all petals Stamens and pistil are the two main components in the structure of flowers which create Ochna fruits, the results of Table 3.8 show that the length of the stamens and pistils as well as the color of the stamens and pistil are different between varieties Table 3.8 Stamens and pistil characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016-2017 Stamens Pistil Stamens Symbol Variety name length length Pistil color color (cm) (cm) Lemon Orange MV1 Yen Tu Ochna 0,92±0,01 1,70±0,01 yellow yellow Lemon Orange MV2 Hue Ochna 0,81±0,02 1,64±0,02 yellow yellow Orange MV3 Cam Ochna 0,81±0,01 1,66±0,01 Dark yellow yellow 14 Symbol Variety name Stamens length (cm) Pistil length (cm) Stamens color Pistil color Orange Dark yellow yellow Orange MV5 Five-petaled Ochna 1,00±0,01 2,00±0,01 Dark yellow yellow Orange MV6 Giao Ochna 0,81±0,01 1,59±0,01 Dark yellow yellow Lemon Orange MV7 Vinh Hao Ochna 0,78±0,01 1,62±0,01 yellow yellow Orange MV8 Quan Ochna 1,00±0,02 1,68±0,01 Dark yellow yellow Light MV9 Kem Ochna 1,00±0,01 1,70±0,01 Light yellow yellow Orange MV10 Trau Ochna 1,15±0,01 2,02±0,01 Dark yellow yellow Almost all Ochna varieties have a longer pistil length than the stamens, and different varieties have different pistil lengths Monitoring 10 varieties showed that the stamens length ranged from 1.59 to 2.02 cm, the shortest was MV6 1.59 cm and the longest was MV10 2.02 cm The remain varieties have average length in range 1.70 2.02 cm, such as MV1 and MV10 are 2.02 cm 3.1.2 Growth and development characteristics of Ochna varieties Growth and development characteristics of the variety are closely related to the genetic characteristics of each variety (Hoang Minh Tan et al., 2006) In which, the indicators of number of branches, number of leaves, diameter of branches are important indicators which help evaluate the growth and development of Ochna varieties Table 3.9 Growth characteristics of Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2016 – 2017 Number of Growth Number of leaves/the ability the first level Branching Symbol Variety name length (cm) first level branches (1-7) branch MV1 Yen Tu Ochna 12,8±0,2 7,8±0,1 21,1±0,1 MV2 Hue Ochna 12,1±0,1 8.0±0,1 18,6±0,1 MV3 Cam Ochna 10,2±0,2 8,3±0,1 19,0±0,2 MV4 Se Ochna 11,3±0,1 8,2±0,2 19,8±0,1 MV5 Five-petaled Ochna 12,2±0,1 8,1±0,1 20,1±0,1 MV6 Giao Ochna 11,3±0,1 8,1±0,1 19,8±0,2 MV7 Vinh Hao Ochna 11,4±0,1 8,6±0,1 19,8±0,1 MV8 Quan Ochna 12,2±0,1 8,1±0,1 18,6±0,2 MV9 Kem Ochna 11,1±0,2 8,2±0,2 19,1±0,1 MV10 Trau Ochna 11,0±0,1 8,0±0,1 18,3±0,1 MV4 Se Ochna 0,82±0,01 1,68±0,02 15 Evaluation of 10 Ochna varieties in Gia Lam - Hanoi, the data in Table 3.9 show that the varieties in the study all grew well, none of which were weak or poorly adapted There were varieties like MV3, MV4, MV6, MV7, MV9, MV10 at level (normal growth and development, capable of adapting) and varieties at level (plant with strong growth and high adaptability) are MV1, MV2, MV5, MV8 The results of research on agro-biological characteristics of 10 Ochna varieties shows that all varieties are adaptable, capable of growing, developing and flowering in Hanoi However, the biggest disadvantage of them when is grown in natural conditions in Hanoi is bloomming after Tet holiday 3.1.5 Flower sprout differentiation characteristics of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi The results of research on flower sprout formation of Yen Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.15 Leaf axillary anatomy shows that when the buds reached 75 days of age (May 5), flower buds still not appeared until it reaches 85 days Table 3.15 Size and characteristics of flower buds of Yen Tu Ochna according to shoot age in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2017 – 2018 Flower bud size (µm) Shoot age Flower bud characteristics (day) Length Width 75(5/5) Not formed yet 85(15/5) 30,5±1,5 24,0±1,2 Formed with block shape Formed with slightly obtuse block 100(30/5) 37,1±2,0 28,9±1,5 shape 115(15/6) 46,2±2,0 37,5±1,5 Formed with round block shape The groomy little round inside the 130(1/7) 56,9±2,2 46,2±1,4 round block 145(15/7) 72,6±3,0 61,1±2,2 The little round inside the round block The clearly little round inside the round 160(4/8) 82,4±3,2 70,2±2,1 block The sprout emerge from leaf axil and 175(19/8) develop to flower bud Based on research results of the differentiation and formation of flower sprouts, technical measures should annual apply such as pruning at the beginning of the year (about a month after planting) and changing the suitable medium for the plant 3.2 EFFECT OF TECHNICAL MEASURES ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF YEN TU OCHNA IN HANOI 3.2.1 Effect of substrate on growth and development of Yen Tu Ochna After being uprooted, which the Ochna tree was planted in a pot or transferred to a replace pot with new substrate has greatly affected the survival rate of the tree According to this monitoring indicator, the results in Table 3.17 show that the survival rate ranges from 83.3 - 92.2% And Formula (Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure) gave the highest survival rate 92.2% and the lowest was Formula (Control) 83.3% The remaining Formula (Alluvial soil + rice husk) 85.5% and Formula (Alluvial soil + rice husk + manure) 89.8% 16 Table 3.17 Effect of substrate on survival rate and growth stage time of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Number of days from planting to… Survival Formula Blooming Green Budding Blooming rate (%) anise 50% 100% 30% F1 83,3 18 270 374 385 F2 85,5 15 269 368 380 F3 89,8 14 267 367 378 F4 92,2 13 260 360 371 CV% 11 11,2 10,5 LSD0,05 5,5 7,5 8,5 Note: F1: Alluvial soil (control); F2: Alluvial soil + rice husk (ratio 7:3) F3: Alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1) F4: Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure (ratio 6:2:1:1) The data presented in Table 3.18 shows that F4 (Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure) gives the highest results The monitoring indicators all increased compared to the control formula Table 3.18 Effect of growing medium to growth dynamic of Ochna branch length (cm) in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Unit: cm The final Formula Start day After 30 days After 60 days After 90 days branch F1 3,1 5,1 7,0 10,1 17,8 F2 3,1 5,3 7,5 12,5 19,3 F3 3,2 5,4 7,6 12,7 19,4 F4 3,1 5,9 8,8 14,2 23,1 CV% 11,3 10,6 LSD0,05 3,1 4,5 Note: F1: Alluvial soil (control); F2: Alluvial soil + rice husk (ratio 7:3) F3: Alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1) F4: Alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + manure (ratio 6:2:1:1) 3.2.2 Effect of pruning measures on growth and development of Yen Tu Ochna Research results on the effect of pruning measures on height growth of Yen Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.20 Table 3.20 Effects of pruning measures on height growth of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Research time Formula March, April, June, August, November, F1 96,7 98,9 102,1 104,5 112,8 F2 95,8 99,3 104,2 108,8 115,8 F3 96,7 99,1 102,3 106,7 113,9 F4 96,6 99,1 102,5 106,8 113,8 Note: F1: No pruning (control); F2: Pruning once a month, continuously for months F3: Prune once time after planting 1.5 months; F4: Cut down pain, leaving only the first level branches 17 The study results of the pruning regime effect on the growth dynamics of stem diameter in the experimental formulas are presented in Table 3.21 Table 3.21 Effect of pruning measures on stem diameter growth of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Unit: cm Research time Formula March, April, June, August, November, F1 3,50 3,61 3,74 3,93 4,22 F2 3,47 3,62 3,95 4,37 5,21 F3 3,49 3,60 3,75 3,97 4,41 F4 3,48 3,61 3,76 3,98 4,43 CV% 10,5 11 LSD0,05 0,04 0,09 Note: F1: No pruning (control); F2: Pruning once a month, continuously for months F3: Prune once time after planting 1.5 months; F4: Cut down pain, leaving only the first level branches On November, the highest stem diameter was formula plants at 5.21 cm, followed by formula at 4.43 cm, formula was 4.41 cm and finally formula was 4.22 cm Thus, different pruning measures made different parameters of stem diameter 3.2.3 Effect of fertilizers on the leaves and flower buds growth stage of Yen Tu Ochna Evaluation of fertilizer effects on growth of stem, leaves and flower sprouts of Yen Tu Ochna is presented in Table 3.24 Table 3.24 Fertilizer effects on growth parameters of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Stem diameter Plant Number of Number of Formula (cm) height(cm) leaves/branch buds/plant F1 4,40 115,5 33,6 15,3 F2 5,31 117,7 36,2 18,0 F3 4,42 115,9 33,8 16,0 F4 4,43 116,1 33,9 15,7 CV% 8,8 9,5 7,9 LSD0,05 0,9 2,0 2,63 Note: F1: No fertilizer (Control); F2: NPK:30 -10-10+TE F3: NPK:20-20-15+TE; F4: NPK:16-12-8+TE Experiment period: From March to August 2018 In leaf growth and flower sprout formation stage, the usage of fertilizer (NPK: 3010-10+TE) with dose of 20g/pot/plant is applied once a month from March (after the first pruning) until August when 10% buds appeared are best formula for Yen Tu Ochna The tree reach height 117.7cm, stem diameter 5.31cm and 36.2 leaves and 18 buds/ tree 3.2.4 Effect of fertilizers on the bud development and flowering stage of Yen Tu Ochna The data in table 3.25 shows that the number of buds/plant ranges from 91.7 - 94.3 buds, F2 (NPK:10-60-10+TE) gives the highest number of buds/plant at 94.3 buds, 18 followed by 94.3 buds/plant F3 (DAP 18% N - 46% P2O5) 91.9 buds, F4 (NPK: 9-2517 +TE) was 92.0 buds and the control treatment was the lowest 90.0 buds/plant The experimental treatments that showed a significant difference at the 95% confidence level in the number of buds/plant of F2 compared with other treatments Conclusions, in the vegetative growth period (bud development and flowering stage of Yen Tu Ochna), NPK:10-60-10+TE fertilizer was used at a dosage of 20g/pot/month is the most appropriate for Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi Table 3.25 Effects of fertilizers on quantity, quality of buds and flowering rate of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Number of Bud length Bud diameter Flowering rate Formula buds/plant (cm) (cm) (%) F1 91,0 1,20 0,76 88,0 F2 94,3 1,27 0,90 92,5 F3 91,9 1,23 0,79 89,1 F4 92,0 1,23 0,80 89,2 CV% 9,0 8,8 LSD0,05 2,0 2,5 Note: F1: No fertilizer (Control); F2: NPK:10-60-10+TE F3: DAP: 18%N - 46% P2O5; F4: NPK:9-25-17 +TE The experimental was crarried on September to December 2018 3.2.5 Effect of Paclobutrazol on growth, flowering and flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna The results of this study are presented in Table 3.27 In terms of stem diameter, it showed that: F2 (concentration 800 ppm) had the widest stem diameter 5.40 cm, F4 (control without spraying) was 4.43 cm, F1 (concentration of 400 ppm) was 4.47 cm and F3 (concentration 1.200 ppm) 4.46 cm The difference between F2 (concentration 800 ppm) and F4 (control) is significant at the 95% statistical level Table 3.27 Effect of Paclobutrazol concentration (PBZ) on growth parameters and number of buds of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Number of Formula Stem diameter (cm) Plant height (cm) bud/plant F1 4,47 118,0 91,9 F2 5,40 119.7 94,0 F3 4,47 117,9 91,7 F4 4,43 117,7 88,2 CV% 10,2 11 10,4 LSD0,05 0,84 2,0 5,2 Note: F1: spray PBZ 400 ppm; CT 2: spray PBZ 800 ppm CT 3: spray PBZ 1.200 ppm; CT 4: Control - no spray Spraying date: June 15, 2018 and June 17, 2018 The study results on the effect of Paclobutrazol treatment concentration on the flowering ability and flowering rate of Yen Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.28 19 Table 3.28 Effect of Paclobutrazol concentration on flowering ability of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Indicators Number of days from the spraying day to… Number Flowering of day to Budding Budding Flowering 10% date Tet 10% 90% 10% Formula holiday F1 60 226 237 11/2/2019 -7 F2 55 223 232 6/2/2019 -2 F3 62 229 241 15/2/2019 -11 F4 (C) 68 235 250 24/0/2019 -20 CV% 9,5 10,5 LSD0,05 12 17 Notes: F1: spray PBZ 400 ppm; F2: spray PBZ 800 ppm F3: spray PBZ 1.200 ppm; F4: Control - no spray Spraying date: June 15, 2018 and June 17, 2018 Conclusions, F2 which treated with Paclobutrazol 800 ppm was the most suitable for flowering because it is blooming days after Tet The results were statistically significant at 95% compared to the control This result also serves as a basis for the topic of further studies that Yen Tu Ochna can flowering on the right occasion of the Lunar New Year 3.2.6 Effect of Thiourea concentration on deciduous and flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna Research results on the effect of Thiourea concentration on the ability to deciduous of Yen Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.30 After Thiourea treatment, it was shown that the number of leaves falling reached 50% at F4 (concentration 2.0 %) at the earliest 4.7 days, followed by F3 (concentration 1.75%) 5.2 days, and F2 (concentration concentration) 1.5%) 6.7 days and F1 (concentration 1.0%) 8.3 days at the latest, showed that Thiorea concentration had a very clear influence on the time of deciduous on Ochna Table 3.30 Effect of Thiourea concentration on deciduousness of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Number of days after Burned Indicators Morphological spaying Thiourea bud characteristics of buds after rate Shedding Shedding spraying Formula (%) 50% 100% The buds are round with 8,3 14,2 F1 natural brown The buds are round with 6,7 10,2 F2 natural brown The bud is slightly flattened, 25 5,2 8,1 F3 the bud tip is slightly burned The bud is flattened, the bud 50 4,7 7,8 F4 tip is burned CV% 9,3 LSD0,05 2,0 Note: F1: Spray Thiourea 1.0%; F2: Spray Thiourea 1.5% F3: Spray Thiourea 1.75%; F4: Spray Thiourea 2.0 % Spraying date: December 16, 2018 20 Conclusions, treamnent with Thiorea 1.50% is most suitable formula for Yen Tu Ochna trees in deciduousness as well as the best quality of buds 3.2.7 Effect of temperature on the flowering of Yen Tu Ochna on the occasion of Lunar New Year The results of the study on the effect of temperature on the budding ability of Yen Tu Ochna are presented in Table 3.32 It shows that F3 (temperature 28 0C ± 0C) gave the highest number of buds with 95.2 buds/tree., followed by F4 (temperature 32 0C ± 0C) 90.0 buds/plant, F2 (temperature 24 0C ± 0C) 92.0 buds/plant and F1 (Control) to naturally at least 88 buds /tree Table 3.32 Effect of temperature on the number and time of budding and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Number of Number of days from days from Flowering Number of heat treatment heat Flowering Formula 10% date to buds/plant to maximum treatment to 10% date Tet holiday budding flowering (90%) 10% F1 88,0 52 62 26/2 /2019 -22 F2 92,0 41 52 16/2 /2019 -12 F3 95,2 30 38 02/2 /2019 +2 F4 90,0 25 30 25/1 /2019 -21 CV% 11,2 LSD0,05 1,8 Notes: F1: to be natural, not processed; F2: Temperature 240C ±10C CT3: Temperature 280C ±10C; CT4: Temperature 320C ±10C Processing time December 25, 2018 – January 24, 2019 3.2.8 Effect of GA3 on flowering and quality of Yen Tu Ochna flowers Research results in Table 3.34 shows that all GA3 concentration which were sprayed are effective and faster than the control formula Table 3.34 Effect of GA3 concentration on concentrated flowering ability of Yen Tu Ochna tree in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Indicators Number of day from the Flowering 80% Flowering spraying day to… date to Tet 80% date holiday Flowering 50% Flowering 80% Formula 12/02/2019 -8 13 16 F1 09/02/2019 -5 10 13 F2 11/02/2019 -7 12 15 F3 15/02/2019 -10 15 19 F4 (C) CV% 10 LSD0,05 2,0 Note: F1: Spray GA3 20ppm; F2: Spray GA3 40ppm F3: Spray GA3 60ppm; F4: Control - no spray Spraying time: January 27, 2019 and January 29, 2019 21 Conclusions, GA3 40 ppm allowed flowers to bloom 80% during days after Tet holiday that meet consumer demand and bring high economic efficiency to producers The data in Table 3.35 shows that the GA3 spraying process did not affect to color and aroma of Ochna flowers compared with the control formula (no spray) Spray and non-spray formulas still keep Ochna blossoms with their lemon yellow color and slidely fragrance Table 3.35 Effect of GA3 concentration on flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna in Gia Lam - Hanoi, 2018 – 2019 Durability Indicators Flower Bud Bud of the petals Flower Flower diameter length diameter (Number of color fragrance (cm) (cm) (cm) Formula days) Lemon Slidely 0,96 1,34 F1 3,84 4,5 yellow fragrance Lemon Slidely 0,99 1,43 F2 3,96 5,8 yellow fragrance Lemon Slidely 0,96 1,33 F3 3,83 4,3 yellow fragrance Lemon Slidely 0,95 1,32 F4 (C) 3,82 4,0 yellow fragrance CV% 8,4 9,2 9,5 LSD0,05 0,08 0,11 1,2 Note: F1: Spray GA3 20ppm; F2: Spray GA3 40ppm F3: Spray GA3 60ppm; F4: Control - no spray Spraying time: January 27, 2019 and January 29, 2019 Conclusions, the treatment of GA3 40 ppm stimulated bud development and flowering more concentratedly than other concentrations and compared with the control formula (without spraying) Spraying GA3 also did not affect flower quality in terms of color and fragrance compare with the untreated formulas 3.3 APPLICATION OF GENERAL TECHNICAL MEASURES IN MANUFACTURER YEN TU OCHNA IN HANOI 3.3.1 Effect of technical measures on the growth and flowering of Yen Tu Ochna in localities The evaluation results of general technical measures application for the Yen Tu Ochna in the localities in Hanoi are presented in Table 3.36 Table 3.36 Growth characteristics, flowering ability and flower quality of Yen Tu Ochna in different localities (year 2019 - 2020) Gia Soc Morphological No Evaluation Indicators Ba Vi Lam Son characteristics Survival rate (%) 98,5 93,2 94,5 Strong stems, many well2 Plant heigh (cm) 120 117 118 Number of the first level branch 13,8 12,5 12,7 balanced side branches, with Flower bud differentiation rate (%) 100 100 100 green leaves, Number of buds/plant 95,2 92,3 93,5 22 No Gia Lam 97,2 3,9 25 Evaluation Indicators Soc Morphological Ba Vi Son characteristics large buds, 95,2 95,7 beautiful 3,7 3,8 yellow flowers, 22 23 against pests and diseases, popular in the +4 +3 market 91 90 Flowering rate (%) Flower diameter (cm) Durability of flower (Number of days) Flowering 10% date to Lunar New +2 Year (Number of days) 10 Flowering rate on Lunar New Year 93 (%) Note: +: Flowering 10% before Lunar New Year The evaluation results in Table 4.36 show that Gia Lam, Soc Son and Ba Vi all have good growth and development indicators such as survival rate 93.2 - 98.5%, tree height 117 -120 cm, the number of the first level branches from 12.5-13.8, the number of buds/plant from 92.3 to 95.2 buds 3.3.2 Economic efficiency evaluation when general technical measures be applied to the project for Yen Tu Ochna in localities in Hanoi Economic efficiency evaluation when general technical measures and planting and controlling flowering be applied to production practice is to determine the technical measures that can be transferred to production and bring economic efficiency for Ochna growers The conclusions of this study are presented in Table 3.37 Table 3.37 Economic efficiency of Yen Tu Ochna in localities where apply research techniques (Calculated on an area of 500m2 with the quantity of 250 pots with 5-year-old trees) Floweri Price/ ng pot Number plant Revenue Expense Revenues Technical Economic in right of Location measures efficiency Tet selling (Thousa (Million (Million (Million (TM) (times) holiday pot nd VND) VND) VND) VND) rate (%) Apply 93 232 1.100 255.750 137.950 117.800 1,6 TM Gia Lam Traditiona 85 212 1.000 212.500 140.050 72.450 1,0 l Apply 90 225 1.100 247.500 137.950 109.550 1,5 TM Ba Vi Traditiona 85 212 1.000 212.500 140.050 72.450 1,0 l Apply 91 227 1.100 250.250 137.950 112.300 1,6 TM Soc Son Traditiona 84 210 1.000 210.000 140.050 69.950 1,0 l 23 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION Ten Ochna varieties which were grown in Hanoi are adapted, capable of strong growth, development and had normal flowering There was Yen Tu Ochna variety has which was planted in Hanoi climate conditions had good growth ability with height 113.7 cm, stem diameter 4.2 cm and survival rate 85.3%, against to pests and diseases The flower bud differentiation process study of Yen Tu Ochna, it was determined that after 85 days of budding, new flower buds appeared in the form of a round block with length 30.5 µm and width 24 µm In the next 100 days, it will develop into a mature flower bud with length 8.7 mm and width 6.7 mm Technical measures effect research on the growth and development of Yen Tu Ochna in Hanoi has determined that: the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + coir + rotting manure (ratio 6:2:1:1); pruning measure once a month in months continuously; applying NPK 30-10-10+TE fertilizer at the leaf growth stage; spraying Paclobutrazol 800 ppm; NPK 10 -60-10+TE fertilizer in the flower bud development stage; spray Thiorea 1.5% (50 days before Tet holiday); temperature treatment at 28 ± 10C and spray GA3 40 ppm are technical measures which bring the most effective on growth and development plant with tree height 117.7cm, number of buds/plant is 18, flowering rate is 95%, pot flower durability is 24 days and petal durability is 5.8 days The plant was blooming on the Lunar New Year with high quality and durability flowers Applying the general technical measures of the topic to the growth and development of Yen Tu Ochna in Soc Son, Ba Vi, Gia Lam - Hanoi, the plant has grown well and bloomed on the right time of the Lunar New Year, it’s efficiency than traditional technical measures 1.5 - 1.6 times and serving as a basis for expanding the Yen Tu Ochna growing area in Hanoi RECOMMENDATIONS Applying the general technical measures of the topic to make Yen Tu Ochna to blooming on the Lunar New Year that push production expandation of Yen Tu Ochna in the Northern provinces generally and Hanoi privately 24 THE PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS Bui Huu Chung, Dang Van Dong, Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2021), “Effects of some technical measures on growth, development and flowering of Yen Tu yellow apricot in Hanoi”, Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, No 411, pp 30-35 Bui Huu Chung, Dang Van Dong, Nguyen Thi Kim Ly (2021), “Effects of some growth secretions on flowering and flower quality of Yen Tu yellow apricot in Hanoi”, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology Vietnam, No 4, pp 25-30 ... N - 46 % P2O5) F3: NPK 1 0-6 0-1 0 + TE F4: NPK 9-2 5-1 7 + TE The formulas were arranged on the substrate with alluvial soil + rice husk + manure (ratio 7:2:1); pruned times; watered NPK 2 0-2 0-1 5+TE... NPK:30 -1 0-1 0+TE F3: NPK:2 0-2 0-1 5+TE; F4: NPK:1 6-1 2-8 +TE Experiment period: From March to August 2018 In leaf growth and flower sprout formation stage, the usage of fertilizer (NPK: 301 0-1 0+TE)... Hanoi - Location: Soc Son, Ba Vi, Gia Lam - Hanoi - Time: February 14, 2019 - January 14, 2020 - Technical measures: Technical Thesis’s method Traditional method measures Age of tree year-old