0Chu tich CO nhimg net rat doc dao: noi dung khang khdi, tham thia di sau vao tinh
^irtt cua con nguoi, chinh phuc ca trai tim va khoi oe con ngu&i ta: hinh thiec sinh
dong, g^^^ ^'"'^ ^^'^ ^^^^
. Ban "Tuyen ngon DQC lap" la kei qua cua bao nhieu mdu da do, bao nhien tinh
da hi sinh ciia nhiing nguoi con anh diing ciia Viet Nam trong nha tii, trong trai
tap trung, trong nhimg hai dao xa xdi, tren may chem, tren chien tru&ng. Ban "Tuyen
ngon DQC lap" la kit qua ciia bao nhieu hy vong, gang siec va tin tuong cua hon hai
mm trieu nhan dan Viet Nam" (Tran Dan Tien)
m 1: Ket thiic bin "Tuyen ngon DQC lap", Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da
trjnh trpng tuyen bo ring:
"Nuac Viet Nam c6 quyen hucmg tu do va doc lap, va su that da thanh mot ttuoc tu do, doc lap. Todn the dan tQc Vi?t Nam quyet dem tat ca tinh than vd luc luong, tinh mang vd cua cai de'giH vOng quyen tu do, dQc lap ay".
Dva vao nhung hieu biet ve tac pham 'Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" anh (chi) hay phan tich doan van tren de lam sang t6 nhimg tu tirong Ion cua Nguoi.
H I/ 6N G D A N C H I T I E T I . M6B A I I . M6B A I
"Tuyen ngon doc lap" cua Chu tich Ho Chi Minh la ang van chinh luan mau "Hrc, la ban khai sinh nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa, mo ra mpt ki nguyen
^ l?p, tu do cua dan tpc. Ket thiic ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap", Chu tich Ho Chi nh da trinh trpng tuyen bo': "Nude Viet Nam c6 quyen huong tu do va doc lap, va su
^ thank mot nuoc tu do, doc lap. Toan the dan toe Viet Nam quyei dem toi ca tinh than lugng, tinh mang vd ciia cai de giii vimg quyen tu do, doc lap ay". Day la mpt loi
bo danh thep va himg hon, da ket tinh mpt each sang ngoi nhimg tu ^ 8 nhan van va khat vpng dpc lap tv do cita dan tpc.
T H A N B A I
(jjij"^* quat: "Tuyen ngon doc lap" la mpt van ki^n lieh sir c6 y nghia trpng
' ' ^ ban khai sinh nuoc Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa. La ket tinh cua chu
nghla yeu nude ciia khat vong t u do, hoa binh va t u chu. Ngay 2.9.1945, h{^:
Chi M i n h da dpc ban tuyen ngon nay truac hang van dong bao T h u do, m6 ky nguyen m o i cho dan toe.
2. N o i d u n g p h a n t i c h : #
a. Truoc het. Ho Chii tich khang dinh: "Nude Viet Nam eo quyen huang tu
va doe lap". Khang d i .h n h u vay v i do la dieu phu hop v 6 i dao l i va phap i,
Boi v i dat nuoc va con n g u o i Viet N a m ciing n h u tat ca m o i quo'c gia, m o i dati toe va moi n g u o i "deu sinh ra c6 quyen binh dang, tao hoa da cho ho nhurig
quyen khong ai c6 the xam pham dugc, trong do c6 quyen dugc song, quyen
t u do va quyen m u u cau hanh phiic" ("Tuyen ngon Dpc l a p " nam 1776 cua
nuoc M y ) . M a t khac "Nuoc Vi#t N a m c6 quyen h u a n g t u do va doc lap" boi Ig
"nguoi ta sinh ra t u do va binh dang ve quyen Igi, va phai luon luon dugc tu
do va binh dang ve quyen Igi" (Tuyen ngon N h a n quyen va Dan quyen cua
Cach mang Phap nam 1791). Cach lap luan m o dau cua Bac bang each lay hai
ban tuyen ngon cua Phap va M y da tao ra tien de de khang dinh doe lap t u do
cua Viet N a m la hoan toan phu hgp voi quyen binh dang quoc te.
N h u n g cai hay ciia N g u o i la t u nhan quyen dugc dat ra trong ban tuyen ngon ciia Phap va M y , H o Chii tjch da "suy rgng ra", noi den quyen t u quyet m g i dan tgc- "Tat ca cac dan toe Iren the gioi deu sinh ra b i n h dang, dan toe
nao cijng c6 quyen song, quyen sung suong va quyen t u do". Le phai ay
" k h o n g ai ehoi cai dugc", va v6 cung thieng lieng. Co the noi, sau hon 80 nam
bi thuc dan Phap thong t r i , lai tuyen bo "Nuoc Viet N a m c6 quyen huang tu
do va dge lap" bieu 16 niem t u hao dan toe va khat vong doc lap, t u do cua dat
nuoc va eon n g u o i Viet N a m .
b. Cach mang thing Tam thanh cong, nuoc V i f t Nam Dan chii Cpng hoa ra
doi "vd su that dd thdnh mot nuoc tu do, doc lap". Do la mpt su that lich sii
khong ai choi cai dugc. Truac khi noi ve thang Igi cua Cach mang thang Tam,
N g u o i da noi len nhi>ng kho dau mat mat cua dan toe ta bang dan chung danh thep, l i le sac ben, hung hon. H o Chii tich da vaeh tran nhiing tgi ac da man \'e chinh trj, ve kinh te'ciia thuc dan Phap doi voi dan toe ta trong suot 80 nam troi. Chung ap bue, boc lot dan ta den tan xuong hjy, "khien cho dan ta ngheo nan,
thie'u then, nuoc ta xo xae, tieu dieu". Thuc dan Phap da tuoe doat Ur do, dim
r\han dan ta vao mau va nuoc mat trong dem truong no le: "Chiing lap ra nha tii
nhieu hon truong hoc. Chiing thang tay chem giet nhung nguoi yeu nuae thuong noi aia ta. Chiing tam cae cuge khai nghla ciia ta trong nhiing be mau"... Chiing thii tieu moi quyen Igi kinh te'eiia dan tgc "cuop khong ham mo, nguyen lieu; dp^' quyen in giay bac; boc lot cong nhan ta tan nhan". Mang tieng la bao hg ta nhung thye te "trong vong 5 nam (1940 -1945), chiing da ban nuoc ta hai Ian cho Nhat"
19R
phap va Nhat da gay ra nan doi nam A t Dau (1945) lam cho " h o n hai tri^u dong bao ta bi chet d o i " . K h i Nhat dao chinh Phap, truoc khi thua chay, bgn thuc dan phap "con nhan tam giet not so dong tii chinh tri d Yen Bai va Cao Bang".
Tie'p do, N g u o i noi len niem ty hao manh li^t ve su thang Igi ciia cugc Cach m^ing thang Tam long troi 16 dat da lam nen lich sii nuoc nha. Cach mang thang
Xam bung no va thang Igi, "dan ta da lay lai nuoc Vi^t N a m t u tay Nhat, ehii Idiong phai t u tay Phap". Nuoc Viet N a m Dan chii Cong hoa ra d o i khi ba ke thu b} l?t do, bi that bai: "Phap chay, Nhat hang, vua Bao Dai thoai vi". Chi mgt cau
thoi ma N g u o i da tong ke't dugc ca mgt qua trinh v u a n len ky vT ciia dan tgc Vi^t
fjam: Ta da danh bai chii nghla thuc dan "Phap chay". Ta da dap tan xieng xich
ciia Nhat "Nhat hang". Ta da lam sup do che do Phong kien ton tai hang ngan doi nay "Vua Bao Dai thoai v i " . Do la le phai, la su that lich su khong ai ch6i cai dugc. Nhu vay, Dge Lap va T u Do la thanh qua dau tranh each mang ben bi, gan goc,
lau dai eiia dan toe ta: "Mot dan toe da gan goc chong ach no 1? ciia Phap hon 80 nam nay, mgt dan tgc da gan goc dung ve phe Dong m i n h chong phat xit may
nam nay, dan toe d6 phai dugc t u do! Dan tgc do phai dugc dge lap!". Cach lap
luan ay da lam "dep mat, dep long" voi cac nuoc Dong m i n h dong thoi each lap lu^n do da cho thay thai do nhuc nha ciia thuc dan Phap khi "phan bgi lai Dong minh" ban nuoc ta hai Ian cho Nhat.
Nuoc Viet N a m Dan chii Cgng hoa ra doi la mgt su that Hch su, nen H o
Chii tich m o i tuyen bo mot each danh thep, hung hon: "Tuyen bo thoat l i han quan he thuc dan v o i Phap, xoa b6 het n h i i n g hiep uoc ma Phap da k i ve nu6e V i f t N a m , xoa bo tat ca m g i dae quyen ciia Phap tren dat nuoc Vi^t Nam". Cach noi "x6a b6 het", "xoa bo tat ca" la each noi the hien su d i i t khoat ehoi bo
sy CO mat ciia n g u o i Phap tren dat nuoc ta. T u nay, nuoc ta la nuoc dge lap. d. D Q C lap tu do la khat vgng, la y chi ciia dat nuoc va con nguoi Vi?t am, cua dan tgc V i ? t Nam. Loi tuyen bo vang len n h u mpt loi the thieng
ieng lam chan dpng long nguoi: "Toan the dan toe Viet Nam quyei dem tat ed
inh than va luc luang, tinh mang va eiia cai de giit vitng quyen tu do, doc lap ay".
i tuyen bo hiing hon, chae njch n h u mgt loi the vang vgng khap niii s6ng.
ym t u "Toan the dan toe Viet N a m " da noi len sue manh dai doan ket, trieu
con n g u o i Viet N a m ket thanh mgt kho'i ma khong mgt ke thii tan bao
nao CO the khuat phue dugc. Cac yeu to n h u " t i n h than", "luc l u g n g " , "tinh
'n^ng", "ciia cai" da dugc tap trung trong mgt cau ket xiet bao niem t u hao lam n g u o i dge r u n g r u n g xiic dong.
L o i tuyen bo ay ciia H o Chii tjch cung la l o i canh cao nghiem khac d6i
Voi thuc dan Phap dang am m u u tai chiem Viet N a m mgt Ian r\\xa, dong thoi
keu ggi toan the dan tgc Viet N a m s i n sang chien dau h i sinh cho dge lap, t u 129
do cua To quo'c. Ba muai n5m khang chien chohg Phap va chong My cua nhan dan ta da the hi#n mpt each hung hon 16i tuyen bo' m^nh me ay. Do la khat vQng, la y chi sat da ve dpc lap t\ do cua dan tpc ta, cua nhan dan ta. Mpt Ian
nua, Nguai lai Tuyen bo': "Chiing ta tha hi sinh tat ca, chu nha't dinh khong
chiu mat nuoc, nha't djnh khong chiu lam no 1§!" ("Ldi keu gpi Toan quo'c
khang chien" -19.12.1946).
Han nua the ki da troi qua, ke tu ngay Chu tich Ho Chi Minh dpc "Tuyen ngon Doc lap". Nhiing chang duong lich su ve vang cua dan tpc ta da trai qua
rat dang t u hao: Cach mang thang Tam - chien thang Di#n Bien oai hung -
Chien dich Ho Chi Minh toan thang - Non song lien mpt dai, Bac Nam sum
hpp mpt nha... Do la chien thang tat yeu cua cupc chien tranh v^ quo'c vi dai cua mpt dan tpc Viet Nam be nho nhung c6 sue vuon len ky vi:
Ta nhu thuo xua than Phu Dong Vut Ian len danh duoi giac An Sue nhan dan khoe nhu ngua sat
Chi cam hon ta ren thep thanh roi Lua chien dau ta phun vao mat Lii sat nhan cuop nuoc hai noi
3. Nghe thuat: "Tuyen ngon Dpc lap" eo nghe thuat lap luan chat che, l i le danh thep, bang chiing xae thuc, giau sue thuyet phuc. Ngon ngu vita chinh danh thep, bang chiing xae thuc, giau sue thuyet phuc. Ngon ngu vita chinh
xac vua gai cam. Gipng van linh boat. "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" ciia Bac da tro
thanh mpt ang van chfnh luan mau muc noi tieng. Dang sau do la mpt tam tu
tuong van hoa eiia Ho Chi Minh, Nguoi da tong ket dupe mpt each gian d\a
Stic tich nhirng kinh nghi?m dau tranh ciia nhieu the ky gianh dpc lap dan tpc,
dan quyen, nhan quyen ciia dan tpc ta va nhan loai.
I I I . K E T B A I
"Tuyen ngon Doc lap" xxing dang la mpt ang "thien c6 hiing van". No da ke
tue truyen thong vinh quang ciia "Nam quoc son ha" va "Binh Ngo dai cdo". No la
lai nuoc non cao ca va thieng lieng, the hi^n sau sac t u tuong vT dai: "Khong c6
gi quy hon dpc lap, t u do". Dpc doan van euoi ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap", chiing ta cang tham thia tu hao ve dpc lap, t\f do ma dan tpc ta da gianh dupe bang
xuang mau ciia bao the he, ciia bao anh hung lift sT da nga xuong cho chiing ta dupe tu do nhu ngay hom nay.
2: Phan tich ngh# thuat lap Iu|n tai tinh ciia Ho Chi Minh trong tac
H I/ 6N G D A N C H I T I E T
L M ^ B A I
lio Chi Minh khong chi bie't den la mpt vj lanh tu tai ba, kift xuat ciia dan tpc Viet Nam ma con dupe bie't den vai tu each la mpt nha van, nha tho Ion ciia the ky XX. Nguoi de lai nhieu tac pham Ian 6 nhieu the loai nhu truyf n, ky,
tha ca, van chinh luan. Trong do "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la mpt ang van chinh
luan mau muc, mpt nghf thuat lap luan tai tinh eo mpt khong hai trong lich su van hpc dan tpc.
II. THAN B A I
1. K h a i quat: "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la mpt van ki|n lich sit c6 y nghia
trpng dai, la ban khai sinh nuoc Viet Nam Dan chii Dong hoa. La ket tinh ciia chii nghia yeu nuac ciia khat vpng tu do, hoa binh va t u chii. Ngay 2.9.1945, Ho Chi Minh da dpc ban tuyen ngon nay truac hang van dong bao Thii do, ma
ra ky nguyen moi cho dan tpc. Ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la ket qua ciia bao
nhieu mau da do, bao nhieu tinh mfnh da hi sinh ciia nhiing nguoi con anh dung ciia Vi?t Nam trong nha tu, trong trai tap trung, trong nhirng hai dao xa
xoi, tren may chem, tren chien truong. Ban "Tuyen ngon Doc lap" la ket qua aia
bao nhieu hy vpng, gang sue va tin tuong ciia hon hai muai trifu nhan dan
Vi?t Nam" (Iran Dan Tien)
2. Noi dung c h i n h
a. Mo dau, Nguoi neu len co sd phap li va chinh nghia ciia ban Tuyen ngon: Nguoi trich dan hai ban tuyen ngon dpc lap ciia Phap va My: Tuyen ngon ngon: Nguoi trich dan hai ban tuyen ngon dpc lap ciia Phap va My: Tuyen ngon Doc lap ciia My (1776): "Tat ca moi nguoi deu sinh ra co quyen binh d^ng. Too hoa cho ho nhimg quyen khong ai co the xam pham duac; trong nhieng quyen ay, co quyen iugc song, quyen sung sit&ng va quyen mini cau hanh phuc". Tuyen ngon Nhan
quyen va Dan quyen ciia Phap (1791) cCing da noi: "Nguoi ta sinh ra tu do va ^wh dang ve quyen lai; va phdi luon ludn dugc tu do va binh dang ve quyen lai". Do 'a nhi>ng le phai khong ai co the choi cai dupe.
Vife trich dan nhu the mang lai mpt each lap luan co tinh chien thu^t sac ''^n, kheo leo, khoa mifng do'i phuong. Do chinh la thanh cong ciia nghf thuat Gay 6ng dap lung ong" dimg chinh lai le ciia ke thu de danh lai chiing. Cai hay o cho la: Bac mpt mat nhu ngpi khen, mpt mat lai ha b§ chiing. Ngoi ca '^hirng "16i bat hii ay" lam cho Phap va My eung phai mimg ro khi nghe tuyen
%on ciia nuac minh lai ma dau cho mpt quoc gia khac. Nhung Bac da nhanh
^•^ong lam chiing be mat boi hai chu "the ma". Chi vai hai chii ay, Bac da ha be
c h i i n g k h o n g t h u a n g tiec. Bac da chi ro thuc d a n Phap va de quoc M y xarn lug-c V i # t N a m la c h i n h c h u n g da d a m da p len nhOng 16i bat h u ciia cha ong c h i i n g , l a m v a y b a n la c6 n h a n dao va chfnh nghla m a cha o n g c h i i n g da dvmg nen. M a t khac n g u a i dpc c6 the thay Bac da dat ba cupc Cach m ^ n g , ba nen doc lap, ba b a n T u y e n n g o n ngang hang nhau. KhSng d i n h t u the day t u hao ciia m p t d a n tpc dpc lap va c6 q u y e n de h u o n g t u do v a dpc lap. D a y c h i n h la s u kr t h u a v a p h a t b u y b a n T u y e n n g o n t h u hai ciia V i e t N a m la " B i n h N g o Da, Cao" ciia N g u y e n T r a i . T r u o c do, N g u y e n T r a i da t u n g v i e t " T u T r i f u D i n h Ly T r a n bao d o i xay n e n dpc l a p / C i i n g H a n D u o n g T o n g N g u y e n m o i ben x u n g de m p t p h u o n g " . T u y nhien, each lap l u a n ciia N g u y e n T r a i la d a n g d o i can x u n g h a i ve m p t each ro rang, cu the, con H o C h i M i n h lai tao nen s u d a n g doi n g a m n h u n g m a n g t i n h hieu qua cao.
T u vi^c trich dan tren Bac da di den mpt lap luan sang tao: Suy r p n g ra
d i e u do CO nghla la: "Tat ca cac d a n tpc tren the g i d i d e u s i n h ra b i n h d i n g , dan
tpc nao c i i n g c6 q u y e n song, q u y e n sung s u o n g va q u y e n t u d o " . N h u vay, d u a tren hai ban t u y e n n g o n n o i ve q u y e n I p i ciia con n g u o i Bac da n a n g len t h a n h q u y e n I p i ciia dan tpc. N g h l a la ban T u y e n n g o n ciia Viet N a m con cao h o n ca hai b a n T u y e n n g o n ciia Phap va M y .
T o m lai, v o i l o i le sac ben, d a n h thep, N g u o i da xac lap co so p h a p l y ciia
ban T u y e n n g o n , neu cao c h i n h nghla ciia ta. D a t ra v a n de cot y e u la dpc ISp d a n tpc. D a y c u n g la co so de N g u o i vach t p i c h i i n g t r o n g p h a n tiep theo. D i i n g n h u C h e ' L a n V i e n n h a n d j n h "Cach lap l u a n ciia H o C h i M i n h ve p h i a ta