: Lam mSu c6 tac dung tich cue giiip hpc sinh tie'n bp khi hoe viet (Taylor va tg khac, 2003).
khuyen khich cac em.
• Khong phdn hiet sac tgc. Doi xir cong bang voi moi hoc sinh la m6t dieu
bat bu6c. Bgn canh do, cac boat dOng or truomg phai da dang, phii hop v6 nhi6u n^n van boa.
Cac thanh tfch hoc tap cua nhom hoc sinh yeu kem dugc nang cao neu c6 si; giao thiep ca nhan the hien sir quan tarn va ton trong giua hoc sinh va giao vien Viec d6 ra cac yeu cau cao va kha nang eiia nguM giao vien de giiip nhiJng hoc sinh dap ung duoc cac tieu chuan la nhimg ye'u t6' quan trong cho nhan thiic tfcl.
cue cua su hieu qua cua giao vien trong cong d6ng ngucri My go'c Phi.
Pressley, M., Raphael, L., Gallagher, J.D., & Dibella, J. (2004) Providence-St. Mel School: How a School That Works for Africar
American Students Works. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96 (2), 216-
235. [Journal article].
Tom tat: Ap dung cac phuong phap dinh lugfng, cac nha ngbiSn cuii d;
khao sat mot trucmg pho thong K - 12 (tir mam non de'n trung hoc pho thong) C(
nhiing hoc sinh thi^u s6' hoc ra't gioi song 6 cac thanh pho mac dii b trong khi:
vuc ngheo ciia Chicago. Nhung hoc sinh bi bat buoc di hoc, va cac bac p h i huynh cung phai tham gia cac buoi hop va quan tam den viec hoc tap ciia co; minh. Phuong phap thu thap dir lieu co ban la quan sat, ngucri dir gicj den cac lo'i hoc va bao cao viec sir dung cong nghe va cac boat dong trong gid hoc. M o !
bang cau hoi c6 lien quan den If do tai sao trucmg lai hieu qua nhu vay da 6m.
phat ra cho 362 hoc sinh va 22 giao vi6n. Cac tai lieu bao gom sach huong dSr.
cac quy dinh, cac thong tin tom tat vg cac bai kiem tra chuan boa va cac bai ba. duoc phan tich. Cac nha nghien cihi da trinh bay cac yeu to dugc coi la lien quai
mat thiet tdi van hoa ciia trucmg:
• Tinh than trdch nhiem cao. Giao vifin thudng xuyen kiem tra su tien bi
trong hoc tap cua hoc sinh va chi can thiep vdfi tu each ca nhan.
• Tong thai gian hoc tap. Giao vi6n don chao hoc sinh khi cac em dei
trucmg va danh thdi gian ki. ca trong cang-tin noi chuygn vdi cac em
Ho sSn sang giiip do hoc sinh tru6c va sau gi6 hoc.
• Trucmg hoc. Mac dii nam of khu vuc c6 di6u kien kinh i6 tha'p nhimg ngo^
trucmg rat sach va an loan, vdi khong gian danh cho phong may, m6t thi
vien, m6t phong thu am Ion va mot nha tap the thao.
• Nhifng con ngudi tai nang va tan tuy. Cac nha quan If va nhimg giao vier
c6'ng hie'n ban than minh cho sir thanh c6ng ciia hoc sinh. Hoc sinh v;; gia dinh cung dugc xem nhu la m6t yfi'u t6' quan trong tdi thanh c6ng cu:
truomg. Hoc sinh mieu ta giao vien la nhung ngudi biet quan tam de'n timg hoc sinh va biet sir dung thdi gian tren lop mot each tC'i da ph6'i hop vdi cac dong nghiep va giiJ lien lac vdi gia dinh hoc sinh.
• Bai giang hS tra thanh tich hoc tap cao va c6 y nghia. Nha trudng doi
hoi giao vien phai c6 nhiJng bai giang hoan hao va sSn long trg giiip hoc sinh. Giao vien thudng cho hoc sinh lam cac bai kidm tra d^ danh gia su tien bd ciia cac em va viet cac nhan xet. Hg de cao sir tha'u hieu can ke ciia hoc sinh chu" khong phai la cac thdng tin rdi rac, day hgc cd ddng luc va khuyen khfch hgc sinh tu chiu trach nhiem ve cong viec hgc tap cua minh.
Cac yeu to khac ve nha trudng bao gom tao ddng co thtic ddy hgc sinh, on tap cho hgc sinh trudc mdi gid kiem tra, giiip hgc sinh vao dai hgc, va to chuc cac sir kien co vQ cac thanh tfch hgc tap. Cac nha nghien ciiu ket luan rang ngdi trudng nay da the hien mdt vai yeu to' dugc khao sat trong nghien ciiu ve trudng hgc hieu qua; ben canh do cung the hien cac yeu to' khong dugc nhan manh trong tai lieu nghien cim ve su hieu qua ciia trudng hgc.
Rowan, B., Chiang, F.S., Miller, R.J. (1997). Using Research on Employees' Performance to Study the Effects of Teachers on Students'
Achievement. Sociology of Education, 70, 256-284. [Journal article].
Tom tat: Bai bao nay dt cap den nghien curu : anb hudng nhiJng nhan thiic
chung vS kl nang giang day cua giao vien dd'i vdi thanh tfch cua hgc sinh. Nghien ciiu nay da thie't lap mdt gia thuyd't rang anb hudng ciia giao vien dd'i vdi thanh tfch ciia hgc sinh cd the do su da dang ve kha nang giang day, each tao dong lire va hoan canh lam viec. Khong gidng cac nghien ciiu trudc, nghien cihi nay xem xet anb hudng ket hgp ciia cac ye'u td nay de'n thanh tfch cua hgc sinh.
Dd'i tugng nghien cvcu bao gom 5381 hgc sinh d 382 trudng cong va 28
trudng Thien Chiia giao, chi gidi ban nhiing hgc sinh da tham gia cac bai kiem tra toan Idp 8 va Idp 10 trong Nghien ciru giao due loan qud'c (National Education Longitudinal Study - NELS) nam 1988. Nghien cuu xem xet ra't nhieu yeu to, bao gom thanh tfch trudc day ciia hgc sinh va ca hdi cua hgc sinh dugc hgc nhiing ndi dung trong bai kiem tra toan NELS.
Cac ke't qua nghien ciiu cho tha'y mac dii he sd tac ddng ra't nho, cac tac gia cho rang cd "sir iing hd ban dau cho gia thuyet rang giang day la mdt chiJc nang" cua ba yeu td nay. Cac tac gia cho rang he sd tac ddng nho va ket qua khdng thdng nha't la do viec phan tfch dir lieu khdng dang tin.
Nghien cihi cho tha'y anh hucmg n S n g lire ciia ngucri giao vien d6'i vdi thanh tieh eiia hoe sinh thay d6i phu thuoe vao nang lire m6i ngucKi. Nhirng giao vien
CO tai nang noi bat va eo dong lire eo anh hirong Ion nha't den thanh tfeh hoe lap:
eiia hoe sinh. Tai nang dugc dinh nghla qua ba yeu to v^ kha nang ciia ngu6, giao vien: kien thiie ehuyen mon, duge dao tao dung nganh nghe, va each van dung eae phuong phap giang day. Dong lire cua giao vien dugc xem la nhirng yeu cau eao v6 minh va ve hoc sinh.
Shellard, E . , & Protheroe, N. (2000). Effective Teaching: How Do W t
Know It When We See It? The Informed Educator Series. Arlington, VA:
Educational Research Service. [Monograph].
Tom tat: Cac hoat d6ng dac trung ciia ngucri giao vien la nhung chia khon
de tao ra moi trucmg hgc tap hang say va tap trung nham dao tao ra nhung ho( sinh CO thanh tich t6't. Bai bao nay con the hien nhung hoat dOng c6 fch c6 the duge hinh thanh qua giao due, va di xae dinh chiing, b6n trudng hgp nghien cin da duge tien hanh. Cac hoat ddng quan trgng c6 tinh tich cue dugc tim tha\ trong m6i nghiSn eiiu nhir sau:
• Nghien cUtu 1: Sogn bai. Ngucri giao vien giang day tO't thi hien qua vice xay dung v^ td chiic giang day.
• Nghien CIOA 2: Ket hap cac phucmg phdp giang day. Trong chirong trin!, SAGE, dugc khSc hga boi cac 16p hgc pham vi nho, hgc tap nghiem t i i i . phat trien dgi ngu nhan vien phij hgp, giao luu voi cac do'i tac, nhiJnt: giao vien giang day tot biet ap dung bai giang ket hgp giua hgc sinh va giao vien, dieu chinh bai giang cho phii hgp v6i cac nhu ci\x cu the va su danh gia thirong xuyen.
• Nghien cAu 3: Su da dang ve bai giang. NhiJng giao vien gioi thudng dc cao cac k i nang tu duy phan bien, ca nhan hoa eac bai giang de dap xtni nhiJng nhu cau va van dung cac phuong phap, thii thuat giang day thicl; hgp cho cac do'i tugng hgc sinh khac nhau. Trong nghien cijru nay, nhune giao vien sii dung cac hoat d6ng thue tien tang diem NAEP ciia hgc sinh
vt cac m6n Toan va Khoa hgc. /,
• Nghien cvCu 4: Phong each giang day mang tinh tUceng tac. Nhung giac^ vien CO phirong phap giang day mang tinh tuong tac thuong c6 hgc sinh dat thanh tich tot hon nhiing giao vien khong quan tarn va danh ft thdi gian xem lai thong tin da qua cua hgc sinh. Sir phat trie'n m6t d6i ngu giao vien chat lugng eao la mot ye'u to' ehinh eiia nhung giao vien ap dung eae phucmg phap giang day mang tinh tuong tac.
184
Ban torn tat b6'n nghien ciru the' hien sau hoat d O n g dae trung eua nhirng giao vien hieu qua: danh nhieu thoi gian cho cac hoat d6ng hgc tap va quan If lop hoc, muc tieu hoc tap ro rang, hgc sinh nang dgng, dieu ehinh bai giang de dap ijng nhu eau nhieu ea nhan khac nhau, ke't hgp cac bai giang 6 trinh do cao, day theo k l nang va cuo'i eiing la khong khi lop hgc eo tfnh tuong tac va khieh le.
Mot yeu to' cin thie't cho vice giang day hieu qua la su phat trien dgi ngu giao vien bao g6m bai giang m l u eiia nhung giao vien gioi va cac eo hgi de quan sat, thuc hanh vdi tu each la ngucri giao vien luon mong muon nang eao k i nang giang day eiia minh.
VanTassel-Baska, J . , & Little, C . (Eds.). (2003). Content-Based Curriculum for High-Ability Learners. Waco, T X : Prufrock Press. [Book].
Tom tat: Muc tieu ehinh cua cuo'n sach nay la cung cap mot khung hudng
dan cho viee xay dung va tie'n hanh mot bai giang hieu qua cho nhung hgc sinh nang khie'u. Cuon sach duge dua tren nen cua mo hinh chuong trinh ke't hgp (Integrated Curriculum M o d e l - I C M ) bao gom ba mat ke't hgp chat che vdi nhau. Nhung mat do la cung cap ngi dung cao ca'p, lira chgn eae chii de va tap trung vao nhiJng qua trinh cap cao va cac ket qua, lua chgn eae chii de va cac van de can ehii trgng vao viec lien quan giiJa ngi dung vdfi nhung van de cua the gidi thuc tien. Mot trong nhiJng yeu td quan trgng de tie'n trinh giang day theo mo hinh dan den thanh cong la ngucri giao vien, dac biet la dao tao ngudi giao vien biet each giang day hgc sinh nang khieu. Phan I cua eudn sach khao sat anh hudng ciia su thiic d^y, cac k i nang tu duy bac cao, sir sang tao va phat trien khai niem de dat dugc cac muc tieu cua chuong trinh mSu. Phan 2 tap trung vao viec phat trien va thuc hien chuong trinh trong cac mon hgc chfnh nhu Toan, Khoa hgc, Ngir van va cac mon Khoa hgc xa hgi. PhSn cudi xem xet cac hoat dgng giang day trong viec ap dung I C M . Nhihig yeu td nay bao gdm khau thu thap tai lieu phii hgp, lira chgn phuong phap giang day phu hgp vdi tinh hudng, danh gia su tie'n bg ciia hgc sinh, va dieu chinh chuong trinh hgc cho nhung hgc sinh gioi voi cac tieu chuan ve ngi dung da cd d cac ca'p qude gia, bang va tiJng dia phuong. Tdm lai, cudn sach nay de cao iim quan trgng cua giao vien va nang lire ciia ngudi giao vien trong viec soan bai va tien hanh giang day cho nhiJng hgc sinh nang khie'u.
Walsh, J.A., & Sattes, B.D. (2005). Quality Questioning: Research- Based Practice to Engage Every Learner. Thousand Oaks, C A : Corwin
Tom t^t: Sir dung k l nang dat cftu hoi kheo leo la m 6 l phSn quan trpng trong su the hien eiia ngudi giao vien hieu qua. Tae gia ciia cuon sach nay khao sat nghien ciru ve viee dat cau hoi mot each hieu qua va dua ra nhung dae tinh cua cau hoi CO chat luong cung nhu each dat cau hoi de thiic ddy sir tham gia ciia hoc sinh. Trong mot ban tong quan ve cac tai liSu c6 lien quan, cac tac gia da torn tat nghien ciiu thong qua sau ket qua va dua ra cac de nghi thirc t i l n :
• Giao vien hoi that nhieu cSu hoi.
• D a so cac cau hoi tap trung vao kien thiic thvrc tien.
• Khong phai tat ca cac hoc sinh deu tham gia vao buoi thao luan tren 16p • Giao vien khong chu trong cho hoc sinh du then gian suy nghi.
• Giao vien khong khuyen khich hoc sinh k h i cac e m tra Icri sai cau hoi. • Giao vien la ngucfi hoi chii khong phai hoc sinh.
Cac tac gia dong khung cuon sach va khao sat k ! thuat dat cau hoi trong mo
qua trinh mSu de phat tri^n nghe nghiep duac g p i la H o i va Hieu de nang cv.
chat luong hoc tap va suy nghi cua hoc sinh ( Q U I L T ) . Qua trinh m l u nay duo. chia lam 5 giai doan: C h u i n hi cau hoi, trinh bay cau hoi, khuyen khich hoc sirn, tra Idi, xir If cau tra Icfi ciia hoc sinh va nhin lai each dat cau hoi ciia minh. Cac tac gia cho rang viec tuan theo 5 giai doan nay se giiip k i thuat dat cau hoi hieu qua hon va thay doi dugc cac ke't qua nghien cuu.
Wang, M.C., Haertel, G.D., & Walberg, H.J. (1993/1994 December/January). What Helps Students Learn? Educational Leadership
51 (4), 74-79. [Journal article].
Tom tat: Sieu phan tich nay tir 331 nguon dan den ket qua la 11000 thdng tin ve so lieu thong ke the hien cac chi so ve cac anh huong to lorn den hoc taj Cac yeu t6' anh huong true tiep, v i du thdi gian danh de day mot de tai cu the co anh huong nhieu den viec hoc cua hoc sinh hon so v6i cac yeu to anh hucmg gian tiep nhu cac quy dinh. Cac ket qua nghien cihi dugc chia thanh 28 nhom va dugc cac hgc gia xep hang. Trong cac muc do, viec quan l i Idtp hgc dugc xac dinh c6 anh huong Idfn nhat den viec hgc tap. T u y nhien, k h i cac nhom do lai dugc sSp xe'p lai thanh sau nhom anh huong, thl cac nhom the hien nang luc hgc sinh. khong k h i lop hgc, bai giang va cac hoan canh ngoai nha trudng deu anh huong nhu nhau den viec hgc tap cua hgc sinh.
Nang luc hgc sinh la yeu to c6 anh hucmg \dn nhat. N o bao g 6 m cac qua
tnnh t u duy va sieu t u duy, cac phdm chat xa h g i va hanh v i , cac pham chai
I S A
tnang tinh thiic d^y va anh huong; ngoai ra, d m6t mUc thap hcfn la anh huong cua dong lire tarn Ii va dieu kien dan cu ciia hgc sinh. Bai giang va khong k h i lop hoc bao g o m sir tuong tac ve mat xa hgi giiia giao vien va hgc sinh, chat lugng bai giang va m o i trudng hgc tap.
Cac hoan canh ngoai nha truofng bao g 6 m m o i trudng gia dinh, cac anh hucmg ciia c6ng dong va each hgc sinh sir dung thdi gian ranh r 6 i . Thiet ke chuong trinh giang day va to chiic cua trucmg anh hucmg de'n viec hgc tap d muc dg I t hon. Cac dac diem rieng cua timg bang hay tiing dia phuong it anh huong
den hgc sinh hon bdi chung khong gin chat che v6\i trucmg thuc tien lop
hoc. Bang each dieu chinh cac boat dong trong Idp vdi cac chinh sach ciia bang, dia phuong va cac anh huong ve cac mat khac, mot hinh thiic cai each hieu qua hon CO the' dugc hinh thanh.
Weiss, I.R. & Pasley, J.D. (2004). What is High-Quality Instruction?
Educational Leadership, 61 (5), 24-28. [Journal article].
Tom tat: Cac tac gia ciia bai bao nay bao cao ve nghien ciiu dugc thuc hien trong mot nam ruoi, trong do hon 350 bai giang Toan va Khoa hgc dugc d u gid, phan tich va phong van de' khao sat cac quyet dinh ciia giao vien theo tiing ngay, tham chi timg phut. Cac bai giang dugc quan sat dua tren cac ye'u to sau: chat lugng ngi dung, chat lugng giang day va van hoa Idp hgc. N h i n chung cac nha nghien ciiu nhan thay rang giao due Toan va Khoa hgc thieu su nghiem tuc va ca
nhiJng giao vien xuat sic. Tuy nhien, ngi dung dugc day chinh xac va xiing dang
voi cong siic. Cac bai giang dugc chia thanh hai loai: rat hieu qua va rat kem.
Cac bai giang rat hieu qua dap ling dugc cac nhu cSu sau: , ri
• Giao vien sir dung cac boat dong giang day da dang de thu hiit hgc sinh vao n6i dung quan trgng. ' ' ' . M U i q s i
• M o i trucmg hgc tap trong lap mang tinh nghiem tiic va ton trgng.
• Giao vien thu hiit ta't ca hgc sinh chu y vao bai hgc, chii khong chi nhirng em xung phong. ^- • - •
• Giao vien sir dung cac cau h o i de giiip hgc sinh hieu d l y d u cac khai niem m o i .
• Giao vien dua ra nhung 16i giai thich vao th6i didm thich hop trong bai