hgc sinh (Brophy & Good, 1986; Porter & Brophy, 1988).
I Cac tai lieu lien quan: Bain & Jacobs, 1990, Berliner & Rosenshine, 1977;
I Brookhart & Loadman, 1992; Brophy .& Good, 1986; Clare, 2000; Cotton, 1999,
I 2000; Covino & Iwanicki, 1996; Darling-Hammond, 2000, 2001; Bao cao dac biet
\6 giao due Hoa Ky; Emmer va tg. khac, 1980; Good & Brophy, 1997; Good &
McCaslin, 1992; Jackson & Davis, 2000; Johnson, 1997; Livingston & Borko,
I 1989; Marzano, Norford va tgrkhac, 2001; Marzano, Pickering, & McTighe, 1993; Porter & Brophy, 1988; Pressley va tg. khac, 1998; Rosenshine, 1986; Sabers va tg. Porter & Brophy, 1988; Pressley va tg. khac, 1998; Rosenshine, 1986; Sabers va tg. ' khac, 1991; Wharton-McDonald va tg. khac, 199^; Zahorik va tg. khac, 2003.
G i a o v i e n day n h i i n g hoc s i n h y e u k e m : S o a n b a i v a to chijfc giang day
Soan bai va to chiic giang day cho nhimg hoc sinh yeu kem cung the hien nhimg dac trung da dugc trinh bay. Tuy nhien, qua nhirng tai lieu da cong h6 cho thay cac khia canh cua viec soan bai la nhiJng y6u to cue ki quan trgng ddi vol nhiJng hoc sinh yeu kem. Nhimg yeu to do la:
• Len ke hoach sao cho dam bao thoi gian giang day; • Duy tri nhiJng ki vgng cao;
• Nghien cuu tai lieu va bai giang theo xu huong c6 the c6 trong bai hoc; • Sir dung cac boat d6ng giang day khac nhau d^ thiic d^y viec hoc cua
hoc sinh.
Chuan bi bai giang doi hoi the hien nhiJng ki vgng cao doi vdi hoc sinh (Bernard, 2003). Mot dau hieu ro rang ve nhung hoc sinh yeu kem khdng cham hgc hoac bo hgc la nhiJng ki vgng cua nguoi Ion xung quanh cac em (Wahlage & Rutter, 1986). Ben canh do, nhung giao vien hieu qua khong chi chii trgng vao cac ki nang co ban, mac dii sit that la cac em vSn yeu ve cac ki nang nay. Thay vao do, hg chuan bi di vira dam bao cac-ki'nang co ban viJa ket hgp kha nang tu duy trinh d6 cao trong bai hgc. Day la mot minh chung di tin rang "doi v6i da so nhiJng hgc sinh co hoan canh kho khan, cac em chua nha't thiet phai duong dau v6i cac mon Toan va NgiJ van cho den khi cac em co tam the sSn sang, tuc la cho den khi cac em da thuan thuc cac ki nang co ban" (Knapp va tg. khac, 1992, tr.i). Chi chu trgng vao cac k! nang co ban a miic thap hon, giao vien the hien cac ki vgng d miic do thap hon. V i vSy, nhiJng giao vien nay c^n soan bai va to chuc giang day gdn lien vdi n6i dung va cac ki nang can thiet ma hgc sinh cin dat dugc.
Giao vien hieu qua day nhiJng hgc sinh ye'u kem da lam nhiJng dieu dudi day: • Yeu cau hgc sinh hgc that sir va khong cha'p nhan nhirng Idi bien hg
(Bernard, 2003; Corbett & Wilson, 2002; Freel, 1998).
• Tap trung vao chuyen mon tiJng phut trong buoi hgc va dam bao hgc sinh CO thdi gian de hgc (Bennett va tg. khac, 2004; Pressley va tg. khac, 2004; Wenglinsky, 2004).
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• Kiem tra dugc ban chat cua bai hoc va nhimg dinh kie'n ve van hoa co the anh hucmg tieu cue den nhirng hgc sinh yeu kem (Pransky & Bailey, 2002). • Diing nhiJng hudng dan co dieu tiet thdi gian va thoi gian bidu de dieu
chinh chuong trinh hgc (Lewis, 2001). , „ -
Uk... • Len ke hoach cho nhieu boat dgng khac nhau, bao gom cac boat dgng ca
mfm nhan, boat dgng do hgc sinh dam nhiem, xuat phat tiJ yeu c^u ciia hgc sinh, sir iJng dung cua cong nghe neu co (Day, 2002; Taylor, Pearson, B Peterson, & Rodriquez, 2003).
• Cac tai lieu lien quan: Bennett va tg. khac, 2004; Bernard, 2003; Corbett & Wilson,
W 2002; Day, 2002; Knapp va tg. khac, 1992; Lewis, 2001; Pransky & Bailey, 2002; K Pressley va tg. khac, 2004; Taylor va tg. khac, 2003; Wahlage & Rutter, 1986; K Pressley va tg. khac, 2004; Taylor va tg. khac, 2003; Wahlage & Rutter, 1986;