lam mfiu minh hoa nhOng viec lam ho mong mudn d hoc sinh cua minh. V i du, m6t giao vien lich six minlj hoa ve phuong phap nghicn ciki lich sir bang each dua ra nhiJng mo ta doi nguac nhau v6 ciing mot su kien lich sir. Mot giao vien day doc khac lam m&u v6 phirong phap doc hieu qua bang each diem lai cac y chinh hay lien he cac tranh anh minh hoa v6i phan noi dung bai doc cho m6t lop hoc. V I the, khi hoc sinh tien hanh thirc hien nhung hanh dong nay, nhirng giao vien hieu qua c6 kha nang theo sat hudng dan cu th^ trong toan bp qua trinh.
B6n canh viec ap dung cac nguyen t k co ban trong day hoc vao bai giang, nhung giao vien hieu qua chii trong den tam quan trong ciia cac qua trinh tir duy cap cao nhu k i nang giai quyet van d6, tu duy phan tich va sang tao. Ho sir dung cac bai tap dai hon, phu-c tap hon de thii thach hoc sinh va loi cuon cac em vao viec hoc (Allington, 2002). Nhirng k l nang nay tao dieu kien cho hoc sinh lien he nhung kien thirc minh hoc dirge vdi cac tinh huong thirc ti6n va nhdf cac khai niem lau hon. Cac yeu to quan trong khac trong qua trinh day hoc anh hironi.' den thanh tich cua hoc sinh bao gom su dung y tuong cua hoc sinh va phan tici
cac nhan xet cua cac em.
Nhirng ket qua nghian cuu ve cac phirong phap giang day dirge trinh ba; nhu sau:
• Thuyet giang vdi tir each la m6t phirong phap giang day thong thirong 1;
each de nhanh chong truySn tai n6i dung, tuy nhien no thuong khien ho^
sinh cam tha'y qua tai boi lugng thong tin, khie'n cho cac em bi lung tuns: vdi khoi dii lieu dirge trinh bay (Palmer, 1990).
• Nhirng giao vien sir dung cac phuong phap day hgc xuat phat tir thirc ti6n thi hgc sinh ciia hg lam bai tot hon trong k i thi Ddnli gid tien ho giao din cap Quoc gia vemon Todri vd mon Khoa hgc (Wenglinsky, 2000). • Nhieu hgc sinh c6 ti le thanh cong cao hon khi bai hgc dugc nhan manh
vao khai niem c6 y nghia, dac biet khi lien he kien thirc thirc te cua cac em (Donovan, Bransford, & Pellegrino, 1999; Good & McCaslin, 1992. Hgi dong nghien cuu Quoc gia, 1999).
• Giao vien hieu qua y thii^c dirge rang khong mot phuong phap giang day don le nao c6 the ap dung dugc trong mgi tinh hu6'ng. V i the, hg da xay dung nhirng each tiep can thanh cong cho cac doi tugng hgc sinh c6 trinh do, nen tang gia dinh va sg thich khac nhau (Bain & Jacobs, 1990; Cotton, 2000; Darling-Hammond, 2001; Good & McCaslin, 1992; Molnar va tg. khac, 1999; Peart & Campbell, 1999; Pressley va tg. khac,
1998; Shulman, 1987).
o n
Cac tai lieu lien quan: Allington, 2002; Bain & Jacobs, 1990; Blair, 2000; Bloom, 1984; Brookhart & Loadman, 1992; Brophy & Good, 1986; Cawelti, 2004; Cotton, 1999, 2000; Covino & Iwanicki, 1996; Darling-Hammond, 2000, 2001; Donovan va tg. khac, 1999; Bao cao dac biet ve giao due Hoa Ky; Good & McCaslin, 1992; Hoff, 2003; Marzano va tg. khac, 1993; Mason, Schroeter, Combs, & Washington, 1992; Molnar va tg. khac, 1999; NASSP, 1997; Palmer, 1990; Peart & Campbell, 1999; Randall va tg. khac, 2003; Rosenshine & Stevens, 1986; Shellard & Protheroe, 2000;
t Shulman, 1987; Taylor va tg. khac, 1999; Tomlinson, 2000; Wang va tg. khac,
1993b; Wenglinsky, 2000; Zahorik va tg. khac, 2003.