d nhirng thi ky lich sir khac nhau, vai tr, tac ng cua timg tn giao
2.2.1. Phat trien kin h texa hoi, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat cua dong bao H'mong
bao H'mong
Chu nghla Mac-Le nin cho rang san xuat ra ciia cai vat cha't la yeu cau khach quan, la ca sd ciia six tdn tai, van ddng va phat trien cua xa hdi, Ph.Ang ghen viet: " Mac da tim ra qui luat phat trien cua lich sir loai ngudi: cai six that gian dan da bi nhieu tang tang Idp Idp tu tudng phii kin cho de'n ngay nay la : con ngudi thudc
het can phai an, udng, chd d va mac da rdi mdi cd the lam chinh tri, khoa hgc, nghe thuat, tdn giao va v.v. dugc" [49,499-500 ]
Tdn giao ndi chung, dao Tin lanh ndi rieng khdng phai ngau nhien ma cd, nd phat sinh, tdn tai nhu mdt tat yeu phan anh cac dieu kien khach quan ciia xa hdi va cung bie'n ddi theo nhixng bien ddi ciia xa hdi, Ph,Ang ghen neu rd : "do dd, khi nao con ngudi khdng chi muu six, ma cdn lam cho thanh six niia,- thi chi khi dd, cai siic manh xa la cudi ciing hien nay van cdn dang phan anh vao tdn giao
mdi se mat di, va cimg vdi nd ban than six phan anh c6 tinh chat tdn giao cung se
mat di, vi khi dd se khdng cdn gi de phan anh nira" [50.439 ]. Han nua, ngay tir dau dao Tin lanh da lgi dung hoan canh kinh te - xa bdi cdn nhieu khd khan de xam nhap vao ddng bao H'mdng, vi vay viec tao ra mdt ddi sdng kinh te-xa hdi phat trien cao chac chan se cd tac dung ngan can hiiu bieu six phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh va anh hudng tieu cue ciia nd.
Nen kinh te" tu cung, tu ca'p da tdn tai tuf lau trong ddng bao H'mdng hien nay da khdng cdn phii hgp. Bdi vi nd gidi ban kha nang phat trien kinh te, giao luu van boa, khdng tao ra dugc mdi quan he rdng rai giixa cac dan tdc, lam binh thanh nen mdt xa hdi khep kin, tri tre keo theo tinh trang ddi ngheo, lac hau ve kinh te, van boa va ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan. Nhieu viing cdn thieu ddi thudng xuyen, dich benh tran lan, cac phuang tien sinh boat tdi thieu vira thieu, vira khdng dam bao ve sinh, anh hudng true tie'p den siic khoe con ngudi, den san xuat. Khi thie'u ddi ddng bao phai pha rimg lam rSy, du canh du cu, quan quanh trong nhiing tap tuc lac hau. Khoang each ve ddi sdng vat cha't va tinh than chenh lech qua xa giiia cac viing, cac dan tdc lam xuat hien tam ly so sanh, tu ti, mac cam trong ddng bao la dieu khd tranh khdi.
Phuang hudng ca ban de phat trien kinh te' trong viing dan tdc H'mdng la chuyen tir nen kinh te tu nhien, tu cap tu tiic sang nen kinh te hang boa. Phat trien nen kinh te' hang boa cho phep giai phdng siic san xuat xa bdi, khai thac dugc tiem nang, the manh cua timg viing, timg dan tgc, da dang boa cac hinh thiic san xuat kinh doanh. Nd khai thac dugc tiem nang ciia dan tdc H'mdng ve cac mat
nhu lao ddng, chan nudi, trong trgt, khai thac rimg, phat trien giao thdng va ca sd ba tang, mang ludi dich vu, md rgng giao luu kinh te, dua nhanh tien bd khoa hgc cdng nghe vao san xuat, ddi sdng. Chi khi dd mdi cd the thiic day san xuat phat trien, tao dieu kien cho ddng bao tu dn dinh, timg budc cai thien ddi sdng ngay tren chinh manh dat ciia minh.
Viec tang cudng phat trien kinh te xa hdi d khu vixc nay phai bat dau tii viec quan triet va thuc hien td't cac nghi quyet ciia Dang va chinh phii ve phat trien kinh te - xa hdi trong viing, nhu nghi quyet 22 ciia Bd Chinh tri, quyet dinh 72 ciia chinh phii ve cac chuang trinh phat trien kinh te xa hdi d mien mii va viing dan tgc, dac biet ddi vdi viing sau, vimg xa. Tap trung chi dao lam tdt cac chuang trinh, du an, nhu du an 327, chuang trinh 5 trieu bee ta rimg, truang tnnb xoa ddi giam ngheo 133 va chuang trinh 135 ... Ngay 23-9-1994, Ban chap hanh Trung uang Dang cdng san Viet nam ra chi thi 45 / CT-TW "Ve mdt sd cdng tac d viing H'mdng". Xuat phat tir vi tri quan trgng va tinh binh dac thu ciia vimg dan tgc H'mdng, Bg Chinh tri da yeu cau cac ca'p uy dang, chinh quydn, cac ban nganh, doan the thuc hien td't mdt sd ndi dung mang tinh cap bach nham dn dinh tinh hinh chinh tri, nang cao ddi sdng mgi mat cua ngudi H'mdng, tao dieu kien giiip dd ddng bao phat trien san xuat, thuc bien td't chinh sach dan tdc va chinh sach tdn giao ciia Dang va nha nude.
Tranh thii the' manh cua timg viing, timg dia phuang, phat trien ndng-lam nghiep de timg budc thuc hien xoa ddi, giam ngheo. Bao dam an toan luang thuc tai chd, gan vdi phat trien nhiing cay, con cd the manh nhanh chdng dem lai hieu qua d timg dia phuang nhu : che (Lai Chau, Yen Bai ); man, dao, le, nho d Bac Ha (Lao Cai); ma, man hau, ca phe d San La ... Nhimg loai cay nay ngudi H'mdng trong ra't nhieu song khdng bie't ban d dau nen chi de an, Nhung neu nhiing san pham nay dugc luu thdng thi day se la mdt ngudn lgi kinh te' dang ke, dac biet la cay che.
De phat trien kinh te', phai budng dSn ba con chuyen ddi ca cau cay con, miia vu cho nang suat cao, nghien ciiu tim ra cay luang thuc mui nhgn cho vu
ddng. Hudng dan each sir dung phan bdn, thudc trii sau de tang nang suat cay trong. Chii trgng thay ddi mdt sd con gidng gia siic, gia cSm cd nang sua't cao ban de tang thu nhap cho ddng bao.
Thuc hien trong rimg theo qui hoach vdi nhiing loai cay phii hgp dat dai, khi bau. Trong thdi gian qua chuang trinh 327, chuang trinh 5 trieu bee ta rimg da mang lai nhiing ket qua nhat dinh trong viec phu xanh dat trdng, ddi mii trgc, ddng thdi mang lai lgi ich kinh te cho ddng bao. Tuy nhien, vi nhimg ly do khac nhau ke't qua thuc hien chuang trinh cdn ban che.
Phat trien kinh te hd gia dinh, gan lien chinh sach giao dat, giao rimg cho tifng hd gia dinh, giup dd cac hd ve vdn, ky thuat, phan bdn, tieu thu ... Xay dung va phat tren md binh kinh te gia dinh : ket hgp lam rugng nuang vdi chan nudi, lam nghe thu cdng, gan hen vdi ndng - lam - cdng nghiep che bien. Khuyen khich ddng bao nhan dat riing, xay dung trang trai, trdng cay cdng nghiep, cay an qua, cay dugc lieu, phat trien chan nudi dai gia siic. Uu tien cac ngudn vdn xoa ddi giam ngheo, ngan hang phuc vu ngudi ngheo, cai each thii tuc vay vdn cho ddng bao viing cdn nhieu khd khan de dn dinh ddi sdng phat trien san xuat. Nhd dugc giiip dd ve vdn, ky thuat ... nhieu gia dinh ba con dan tdc H'mdng da xoa dugc ddi, giam dugc ngheo, tham chi cd bd da cd tich luy.
Tmh trang du canh du cu trong ddng bao H'mdng da va dang la nguyen nhan ca ban lam cho cugc sdng ciia ddng bao vdn da khd khan lai cang khd khan ban. Ddng thdi nd cung la nguyen nhan quan trgng lam cho dao Tin lanh phat trien. Vi vay, ddi vdi bd phan ddng bao cdn du canh du cu chiing ta phai thuc hien dinh canh dinh cu, dn dinh va tifng budc nang cao ddi sdng ciia cac hd gia dinh. "Cd an cu mdi lac nghiep ", dd la bai bgc qui bau ma cha dng da truyen lai cho chiing ta. Chuang trinh dinh canh dinh cu can phai can cii vao dieu kien cua timg vung, tiing khu vuc ma dau tu cho thich hgp, thiet thuc vdi ddi sdng ngudi dan, tranh tinh trang hinh thiic kem hieu qua. Dau tu cd trgng diem de tao nen nhiing dia ban sinh sdng dn dinh cho ddng bao, dam bao cd da't dai canh tac, timg budc cai thien dieu kien sdng cho ddng bao.
Dau tu phat trien manh cdng nghiep che bien va nganh nghe tieu thii cdng, thii cdng nghiep ndng tbdn, trudc bet la cdng nghiep che bie'n ndng san, lam san vdi qui md vufa va nhd la chii yeu, phu hgp vdi kha nang dSu tu ciia cac bd kinh doanh. Bao ve va phat trien cac nganh nghe truyen thdng ciia ddng bao nhu det thd cam, then ren, dan lat ... , md mang nhixng nganh nghe mdi, nha't la nhiing nganh nghe dung nguyen lieu tai chd, td chiic rdng rai khau sa che ndng - lam san d cac gia dinh. 6 cac ca sd cd trang bi ky thuat hien dai tap trung lam nhiem vu gia cdng che bien tinh de nang cao gia tri san pham; md rdng kinh doanh theo hudng tdng hgp, lam tdt dich vu d ca khau san xuat va dac biet la d khau tieu thu.
Ve giao thdng, tinh trang he thdng giao thdng qua thieu va xa'u la mdt trong nhiing "luc can" Idn ddi vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi trong viing ddng bao H'mdng. Vi vay, viec quan tam de'n phat trien giao thdng can dugc xem la mdt uu tien trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te' xa hdi d viing nay. Trudc mat can tap trung vdn ciia trung uang va dia phuang, td chiic tdt cac luc lugng quan ddi va thanh nidn xung phong tham gia xay dung ca ban, buy ddng cac dan vi kinh te tren dia ban ddng gdp; ddng thdi tranh thii vdn vay boac hgp tac vdi nude ngoai de xay dung va nang cap mdt sd true giao thdng chii yeu, nhu qudc Id sd 6, qudc Id sd 2, qudc Id sd 3, qudc Id sd 4 va mot sd dudng lien huyen quan trgng tai cac tinh. Tap trung dau tu lam mdi, sira chiia va nang cap dudng giao thdng den cac xa ban. Tang them phuang tien ca gidi, ddng thdi phat trien rdng khap van tai thd sa. Khuye'n khich va uu tien nhixng doanh nghiep kinh doanh giao thdng mien niii.
Ciing vdi viec cimg cd va phat trien giao thdng mien mii, chiing ta can sdm dua dien ludi qudc gia ve nhiing viing cd dieu kien, ke't hgp vdi viec tang nhanh
cac ca sd thuy dien nhd, c6 gang trong thdi gian ngan nhat da sd ddng bao
H'mdng cd dien dung trong sinh boat va san xuat. Tat nhien, day la viec lam rat khd khan. Nha nude ta cd chinh sach khuyen khich bang each mien thue tir 3-5 nam cho doanh ngiep tu nhan xay dung cac tram thuy dien viTa va nhd, va cd
quyen ban dien cho ddng bao theo gia thoa thuan, nhung lieu rang doanh nghiep tu nhan nao dam dau tu vao vimg mii, vimg sau, vimg xa cdn ngheo nan? Khi nao thi thu hdi dugc vdn ? Giai phap tdt nhat cho van de van la dau tu ciia nha nude. Nha nude can buy ddng vdn trong va ngoai nude, lap phuang an xay mdi, cai tao dudng dien ciia tiing khu vuc, timg nai theo cac budc cu the boac lam diit diem timg nai. Khdng nen de tinh trang dau tu dan trai, dau tu nhieu cap dan den that thoat vdn nhu bien nay. Ddng thdi chung ta can coi trgng phat trien thuy dien vifa va nhd, ket hgp sir dung cac ngudn nang lugng khac theo phuang cham nha nude va nhan dan ciing lam.
Van de tam quan trgng cua nude sach ngay nay khdng chi bd hep trong pham vi mdt dan tgc, qudc gia nao ma nd da trd thanh van de mang tinh qudc te. Thuc te viec thieu nude sach sinh boat dien ra d ngay nhung nai ma dieu kien kinh te xa hdi thuan lgi. Vi vay, viec dap ling nude sach cho ddng bao H'mdng d nude ta hien nay thuc su la mot van de nan giai. Vay lam the nao de cd the giiip ddng bao H'mdng timg budc giai quye't ca ban va'n de nude sach cho cugc sdng ?
Trudc mat cac dia phuang nen ke't hgp vdi cac doanh nghiep trung uang ddng tren dia ban c^n cd phuang an khai thac cd hieu qua ban niia mot sd hd, dap Idn, buy ddng vdn dia phuong, vdn trong dan, keu ggi vdn nude ngoai de xay dung cac hd dap nhd, vifa phuc vu tham canh ndng nghiep, trdng cay cdng nghiep, vifa giai quye't nude sach cho ddng bao. Tang them may bam nude cac loai theo timg vimg, tifng khu vuc. Td chiic khao sat va khai thac cac ngudn nude, ke ca nude ng^m d nhiing nai khd khan ve ngudn nude, xay dung cac nha may Igc nude nhd cung cap cho ddng bao.
Dong thdi timg budc dua tie'n bd khoa hgc cdng nghe phuc vu phat trien kinh te'xa hdi trong vimg ddng bao H'mdng. Mudn lam dugc dieu dd chiing ta can tie'p tuc hoan thien cdng tac dieu tra ca ban d cac dia phuang viing dan tdc, xiic tie'n viec danh gia tdng hgp cac dieu kien tu nhien va cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, dua vao dd ma xay dung qui hoach tdng the va cac ke hoach cu the trong timg giai doan.
Tren ca sd sir dung td't cac tu lieu dieu tra ca ban, thuc hien viec xac dinh ca cau san xuat cho timg viing, xac dinh cac ddi tugng va khu vuc dau tu cd bieu qua nhat de tap trung vdn dau tu. Can chii trgng nghien ciiu va ling dung cac tie'n bd khoa hgc trong linh vuc trdng trgt, chan nudi va che bien ndng san, lam san. Dua vao cac trung tam nghien ciiu hien cd ve chan nudi va trdng trgt d mien niii, xiic tie'n viec td chiic cac dich vu ky thuat phuc vu san xuat, tao gidng mdi boac thuan boa cac loai gidng nhap tir ben ngoai cd uu the, cung cap gidng cho trdng trgt va chan nudi, phdng chdng sau benh cho cay trdng va dich benh cho vat nudi ... Ddng thdi chii trgng ddi mdi va nang cao trinh do cdng nghe cac ca sd khai thac va che bien luang thuc, thuc pham. Ben canh dd cSn tang cudng dao tao can bd ky thuat cho cac tinh mien mii phia bac, dac biet la can bg ngudi dan tdc.
Mdt giai phap niia de phat trien kinh te xa hdi trong ddng bao H'mdng la phai chii trgng den kinh te ddi ngoai, thu hiit dau tu nude ngoai. Trong thdi gian qua cac du an dau tu nude ngoai da cd nhung ddng gdp dang ke trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi, cai thien ddi sdng ddng bao cac dan tgc it ngudi, trong dd cd ddng bao H'mdng. Phai ke den six bd trg cua cac td chiic nhu td chiic Luang Ndng ciia lien hgp qudc (FAO), td chiic Lam nghiep the' gidi (PAM), cac td chiic va cac duan khac ...
Nhd SIX thuan lgi ve vi tri dia ly, gan dudng bien gidi cac nude nen mdt sd tinh d khu vuc nay cd the trao ddi budn ban vdi nude ngoai de dem lai lgi ich kinh te' cao. Cac tinh Lai Chau, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang cd the trao ddi hgp tac true tie'p vdi Lao, Trung Qudc, Thai Lan ... Ta't nhien, ciing vdi nhiing quan he lam an dd can td chiic quan ly td't boat ddng xuat nhap khau d cac tinh, huyen bien gidi, cd chinh sach bao ve hang trong nude, trg gia hang xuat khau va dac biet la chdng budn lau va gian lan thuang mai qua bien gidi.
Ve y te', can cimg cd va phat trien them be thdng y te vdi nhiem vu chu ye'u la kham chiia benh tai chd; tang cudng tuyen truyen giao due, hudng dan ddng bao ve sinh phdng benh, an chin, udng sdi; xay dung cdng trinh nude sach, cdng trinh ve sinh; ngan chan va day lui mdt sd benh nguy hiem nhu sot ret, dich ta,
budu cd; thuc hien tdt viec tiem chiing md rdng, lam td't cdng tac cham sdc ngudi gia, tre md edi khdng nai nuang tua. Lam sao de ddng bao tin tudng vao cdng tac y te, cham sdc siic khoe ciia chinh quyen nha nude, giam bdt nhiing bii tuc, me tin trong viec kham chiia benh.
Nhu vay, viec quan tam phat trien kinh te, xoa ddi giam ngheo, timg budc dn dinh va nang cao ddi sdng vat chat ciia ddng bao H'mdng la giai phap vira ca ban, vira lau dai de khac phuc nhiing anh budng tieu cue ciia dao Tin lanh trong ddi sdng ddng bao H'mdng d mdt sd tinh mien mii phia Bac nude ta.