17 CAi hocauoc G;^ HA NO I)
1.2.1. Doi sdng kinh te-xa hoi kho khan
Chu nghia Mac- Lenin khang dinh rang ton giao bao gid cung ra ddi tren ca sd ton tai xa bdi nhat dinh. Trong tac pham cua minh, C Mac cho rang : ton giao " phan anh sir ngheo nan ciia hien thuc", "nha nude ay, xa hoi ay da san sinh ra ton giao" [47.569 ]. Ph.Ang ghen cung neu rd : "Nhung tat ca mgi ton giao chang qua chi la six phan anh hu ao - vao dau dc cua con ngudi - ciia nhiing luc lugng d ben ngoai chi phdi cugc sdng hang ngay cua hg; chi la six phan anh trong dd nhixng luc lugng d tran the' da mang hinh thiic nhiing luc lugng sieu tran the'"
[50.437]
Ve mat kinh te', dan tgc H'mdng thudng cu trii d nhiing viing niii cao, nen kinh te chu ye'u vSn mang tinh cha't tu cung, tu cap, phuang thixc canh tac chinh la ddt rirng lam nuang rSy, khai pha rugng bac thang. Nhung gan day rimg ngay mot thu hep, lam san it di, ddng vat hoang da ngay cang khan hiem, cay thudc phien vdn la ngudn sdng chinh cua ngudi H'mdng thi bi xoa bd trong khi chua tim dugc cay thay the' de dem lai hieu qua kinh te tuang ling. Viec xoa cay thudc phien dugc vi nhu la mot "cii xdc" ve kinh te ddi vdi ddng bao H'mdng.
Viec chuyen doi sang nen kinh te' thi trudng da giiip chiing ta thoat khdi khung hoang kinh te', on dinh va tang trudng kinh te'. Nhimg ciing chinh nen kinh te' thi trudng da lam cho six phan hoa giau ngheo ngay cang sau sac, giiia mien niii vdi ddng bang; giixa viing sau, viing xa vdi thanh phd, thi xa; giiia ngudi H'mdng vdi ngudi Tay, ngudi Kinh ...
Trong thdi gian qua Dang va nha nude da rat quan tam den ddi sdng kinh te- xa hoi ciia ddng bao H'mdng bang nhiing khoan trg cap thudng xuyen den timg
thon ban, tiing hd dan, dau tu vdn cho phat trien cac du an, phat trien cac nghanh san xuat, van ddng dinh canh, dinh cu de on dinh cugc sdng cho ddng bao ... Nhung mot phan do vdn dau tu chua dap ling dugc yeu cau cua cac du an, mot phan yeu kem do chii quan trong viec tinh toan hieu qua dau tu, ddng thdi do trinh do san xuat d day cdn thap kem, giao thdng di lai khd khan, dia hinh phiic tap da tao ra nhiing khd khan cho six phat trien kinh te' - xa bdi. Do dd cugc sdng ciia ddng bao chua dugc cai thien ma van trong tinh trang rat khd khan. Nhin chung miic sdng ciia ddng bao H'mdng cdn rat tha'p, khd khan tbie'u tbdn nhieu mat, tbie'u an, thieu mac, tbie'u nude sinh boat, benh tat nhieu, giao thdng cham phat trien, tinh trang du canh du cu cdn kha pho bien. Theo sd lieu dieu tra cua Uy ban dan tgc va mien niii : " nam 1997 d dia ban mien niii cd 1,73 trieu hg ddi ngheo, bau bet nhirng hd nay la d khu vuc III(viing cao bien gidi), chiem ti le
25,66 % so vdi toan mien niii va chiem 80 % ciia sd hg khu vuc III. Cd 142
huyen va 1434 xa ti le ddi ngheo tren 40 % (chiem 95 % ciia ca nude) ciing nam tren dia ban khu vuc III, 11 tinh mien niii cd ti le ddi ngheo tren 30 % (chiem 100%) cua ca nude. Hang nam dia phuang vSn phai giai quye't ciiu ddi cho mot bg phan dan cu vao liic giap bat". [8 ]
Theo tac gia Le Duy Phong-Hoang Van Hoa: "Ha Giang van cdn tdi 117 xa vdi 44 460 bd= 287 289 ngudi thugc dien ddi ngheo, tap trung chu ye'u d viing sau, viing xa, nai cu trii cua ngudi H'mdng" [56.142-145 ]. Thuc te cd 85% ngudi H'mdng trong tinh trang thieu ddi. [II.5 ]
Bao cao ve ddi sdng ngudi H'mdng cua Uy ban ke hoach tinh Lao Cai, thang 3-1991 cung cho thay: loai cd thu nhap 30 000 ddng mot ngudi / thang la 18 % (dan tgc thieu sd khac), thi ngudi H'mdng chi chiem 4 - 6 %. Loai cd thu nhap dudi 30 000 ddng mot ngudi / thang la 70 % thi ngudi H'mdng chiem 30%. Loai cd thu nhap 10 000 dong mot ngudi / thang , thi ngudi H'mdng chiem 60- 62 %, trong khi cac dan tgc thieu sd khac chi chie'm 12 %.
Theo sd lieu thdng ke ve tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi ciia tinh Lai Chau (1997): sd hd giau va kha chiem ti le 11 %; sd hg trung binh chiem ti le 40,7 %; sd hg
ngheo ddi chiem ti le 48 %, trong dd sd hd ddi chiem ti le 16,3 %. Cung theo bao cao ciia tinh, ddi sdng nhan dan cac dan tgc thieu sd d Lai Chau cdn gap nhieu khd khan, hang nam thieu ddi tir 4 - 6 thang.
6 tinh Yen Bai, chi can cii vao con sd thdng ke cua tinh (nam 1997), thi d viing cao, viing dan tgc it ngudi, cd 30 % hg ngheo, ddi giap hat cdn kha phd bien, trinh do san xuat thap, ca sd ha tang kem phat trien, hau het khong dap ling dugc yeu cau phat trien kinh te -xa hoi trong vung.
Thuc te tren cho thay ddi sdng kinh te' ciia ddng bao H'mdng cdn qua khd khan, thieu thd'n tii nhiing nhu cau vat cha't tdi thieu nhu mudi, dSu, ndng cu ... Cudc sdng cua ngudi H'mdng nai deo cao quanh nam vat Idn vdi cong viec nuang ray de lo cai an, cai mac, khong may khi dugc dgc bao, nghe dai, xem ti vi. Do dd hg khong the than hieu va thdng cam vdi ndi tran trd ciia Dang va nha nude ta dang tiing ngay, timg gid lo toan tim kiem nhixng giai phap de nang cao ddi sdng cua hg. Ngudi H'mdng chi thay ddng bao minh ddi kho, trong khi dd nhin ra ben ngoai bg thay ddi sdng ciia nhung ngudi mien xudi kham kha len nhieu. Bdi canh dd lam cho ddng bao H'mdng liing tiing mat phuang hudng, chi mong sao cd luc lugng sieu nhien, cd mot dng vua huyen thoai dan dat dan tgc minh thoat khdi cugc sdng khd khan.
Luc lugng truyen dao da lgi dung tinh trang khd khan ve kinh te' cua ddng bao de thuc hien muc dich truyen dao Tin lanh thdng qua viec trg ca'p tien, dd la, dich vu sinh boat ... Trong hoan canh ngheo khd thi siic manh kinh te', siic manh ddng tien da trd thanh mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan quan trgng dua ddng bao de'n vdi dao Tin lanh.
Them vao dd, tinh trang gia tang dan sd nhanh va hien tugng di dan tu do da lam cho cugc sdng cua ddng bao H'mdng cang them khd khan. Qua khao sat 384 hd d hyen Yen Binh(Yen Bai) trong nhiing nam gan day cho thay cd 38,8% sd hd cd tii 3-5 con, 43,1% sd hd cd tii 4-6 con.
Rieng huyen Bao Thang -Lao Cai, trong khoang 10 nam trd lai day da cd 379 hg gdm 1858 khau di cu den cac tinh khac de dugc di theo chiia. Chi rieng d Lai Chau da cd hang van ngudi d 6 tinh da di dich cu de'n huyen Mudng Lay, Mudng Te, gay khd khan cho cong tac quan ly nhan khau, hd khau ciia ta [5 ]. Theo bao cao ciia Ban dan van tinh Lai Chau (21-11-1994), mot sd ddng bao d xa Phi Nhir, huyen Dien Bien di cu sang Lao do dich benh da chet mot liic 46 ngudi. O tinh San La, tii nam 1987-1998, sd di cu hang nam ciia ngudi H'mdng San La la : 1542 lugt hd=14 770 khau [32.72 ]
Co sd kinh te trong viing dong bao nhu dien, dudng, trudng, tram hau bet cdn ra't thie'u, khong dap ling dugc nhu cau ddi sdng ciia ddng bao. He thdng dudng giao thdng ndng thon den cac xa ban bau nhu chua cd va ra't xau. Da sd cac thon ban ngudi H'mdng chua cd dien thap sang, ngoai mot sd lang ban ven thi xa. He thdng trudng Idp, ca sd vat chat cho day va hgc cdn ra't thieu va tam bg. Ca sd y te'trong cac xa ban viing ddng bao ciing trong tinh trang ra't thie'u, khong dap ling dugc nhu cau kham chua benh cua ba con. Nude sach cho ddng bao ciing la van de bet siic biic xiic. Tinh trang thieu nude sach sinh boat dien ra phd bien trong ddng bao. Trong toan tinh Ha Giang, chi cd 10 % sd dan dugc sir dung nude sach-
[56.143 ]. 6 huyen Bao Thang(Lao Cai), trong sd 18 tbdn ban ngudi H'mdng, chi
cd mot tbdn da dugc dau tu ngudn nude sach tir nam 1998, dd la tbdn Tan Hd-xa Phong Nien, cdn lai 17 tbdn ban khac ngudi dan khong cd nude sach sinh hoat(tinh den nam 2000). Tmh trang ba con ngudi dan tgc H'mdng di vai cay sd dudng de lay nude sinh boat la hien tugng pho bien.
Chinh nhixng khd khan trong ddi sdng vat chat, ciing vdi hien tugng di dich cu tu do la nguyen nhan rat quan trgng ciia tinh hinh phat trien dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mdng. Trudc nhiing khd khan, bat hanh ciia cugc sdng hien hiiu, hg ma udc tdi mot cugc sdng day dii ban. Dao Tin lanh da dap ung nhu cau dd ciia ho.
Nhu vay, trinh do thap kem cua nen kinh tc va nhung khd khan trong ddi sdng la mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan ca ban dan den su gia tang phat trien cua dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mdng d mot sd tinh mien niii phia Bac nude ta. Thuc te nay dat ra trudc chiing ta nhiem vu phai khong ngimg tang eudng cac bien phap phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat nhan dan trong vung.