17 CAi hocauoc G;^ HA NO I)
1.2.3. Tiif dac diem lich su" va van hoa ciia dan tgc H'mong
* Tit dgc diem lich su:
Dan tgc H'mdng cd mdt chieu day lich sii , mdt truyen thdng van boa va tam ly dan tgc kha ben vixng. Day la mdt trong nhiing dan tgc hinh thanh kha sdm. Hg dinh cu d viing lanh tho giiia lim vuc sdng Hoang Ha va Duang Tir cua Trung Qudc. Dan tgc H'mdng da biet canh tac ndng nghiep tir lau ddi va cd nen van hoa ciia rieng minh. Vi vay hg da thiet lap dugc mot vuang qudc kha sdm vdi ten ggi Tam Mieu tii ddi nha Chu(trudc cdng nguyen). Ngudi H'mdng da tiing la mdt trong nhiing chii nhan cua mdt qudc gia phong kie'n cd nen van boa kha phat trien, timg "xung hung tranh ba" vdi ngudi Han d phia Bac va cac tgc ngudi khac trong khu vixc(nhieu nha nghien ciiu xem ngudi H'mdng la chii nhan ciia nude Sd). Trong qua trinh ngudi Han banh chudng xudng phia Nam sdng Duang Tir, ngudi H'mdng tiing budc mat dan dat dai cu trii xua, bi phan chia thanh cac nhdm H'mdng. De'n cudi ddi nha Dudng, do bi dan ap va bde lot ciia ngudi Han, phan Idn ngudi H'mdng di cu xudng cac tinh Hd Nam, Qui Chau [71.10-21]. Vao cac trieu dai nha Tong, Nguyen, ngudi H'mdng lien tuc noi day chdng lai six ap biic ciia ngudi Han, bi ngudi Han dan ap dim mau"ngudi mieu chet khdng biet bao nhieu ma ke, xuang chat thanh niii, mau chay thanh sdng", budc hg phai di cu xudng phia Nam cac tinh Tii Xuyen, Quang Chau, Van Nam(ngay xua la dat Xuyen, Kiem, Dien, Ba Thuc - nai phat sinh ciia Dao giao). Tai vung dat mdi, ngudi H'mdng van kien cudng chdng lai six ap biic bde lot, ddng hoa ciia ngudi
Han "cii 20 nam cd mdt cugc khdi nghla viXa, 70 nam cd mdt cugc khdi nghla Idn". [74.9]
Dudi cac trieu dai phong kien Minh(1441-1843) va Thanh(1844-1911), giai cap phong kien Han day manh chinh sach ddng hoa va tieu diet cac tgc ngudi khdng thuan phuc Han vdi mdt loat chinh sach mdi dugc thuc thi d viing ngudi H'mdng va day hg vao budc dudng cung, budc hg phai ndi day. Trong dd tieu bieu la hai chinh sach sau day :
"Cai tho luu quan", dua quan lai ngudi Han den cai tri true tiep d vung ngudi H'mdng thay cho chinh sach cu dung ngudi dan tgc tri ngudi dan tgc.
"Don dien duang diing, thie't ca phdng Mieu", lap cac ddn dien thu luong nudi quan, lap ddn ai phdng ngudi Mieu(H'mdng) noi day.
Nhieu cugc khdi nghia Idn d thdi ky nay lien tuc no ra, de'n nay cdn in dam trong ky lie cac the' he ngudi H'mdng, nhat la cugc noi day do Truang Tii Mi lanh dao ngudi Hmdng tham gia phong trao Thai Binh Thien Qudc(1853-1871). Trong cac nam 1735, 1736, 1800, 1801, 1803, 1846, 1848, 1853 ... ngudi H'mdng da tap hgp dudi cai ggi la"vua Mieu xuat the" de dau tranh chdng lai chinh sach ddng boa dan tgc, cudp dat dai, xua dudi cua quan lai nha Han. Nhung tat ca cac cugc khdi nghia cua ngudi H'mdng deu bi ngudi Han dan ap dSm mau. Dac biet la khi phong trao Thai Binh Thien Qudc tha't bai, ngudi H'mdng bi dan ap da man, cot beu dau cam dai ma'y chuc cay sd ... Hang chuc nghin ngudi H'mdng d Nam Trung Qudc bi giet, bi xua duoi khdi dat to tien, phieu bat den viing niii cao d cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A [77.35-38]. Nhiing thien sir khdc liet ay cdn ghi dam trong tiem thiic dan tgc H'mdng.
Ngudi H'mdng den Viet Nam mdi khoang 200-300 nam nay. Cd ba dgt di cu Idn vao cao nguyen Ddng Van(Ha Giang), Lao Cai va Tay Bac [71.17-18]. Cac dgt di cu nhd ciia ngudi H'mdng vao nude ta keo dai den nam 1949. Den Viet Nam, ngudi H'mdng sdm binh thanh y thiic lam chu viing niii cao vdi dieu kien sdng khac nghiet, y thiic doan ke't cung cac dan tgc anh em trong qua trinh xay
dung, bao ve da't nude Viet Nam, manh dat che chd cho cugc sdng binh yen, six tdn tai cua dan tgc minh. Dudi six lanh dao ciia Dang cdng san Viet Nam, dan tgc H'mdng mdt Idng di theo Dang, theo each mang, ddng gdp siic ngudi, siic ciia cho cugc chie'n tranh gianh ddc lap dan tgc, xay dung va bao ve to qudc Viet Nam XHCN.
Tii lich sir, van boa va tam ly dan tgc H'mdng chiing ta thay rang :
- Dan tgc H'mdng da timg la mdt dan tgc cd trinh do van minh tuang ddi phat trien. Day la mdt dan tgc cd be day lich sir va truyen thdng dau tranh kien cudng chdng lai qua trinh banh trudng va ddng hoa cac dan tgc nhd ciia trieu dai phong kien nha Han. Lich sir dd vdi nhiing trang tham day mau va nude mat cua biei bao cugc khdi nghia bi that bai, bi dan ap khdc liet. Lich sir dd gdn lien vdi cac the he ngudi H'mdng tren con dudng tir bd "que cha dat to" tim que huang mdi d cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A, Dau a'n lich sir bao hiing, bi trang a'y da in dam vao ky lie ngudi H'mdng khie'n hg vira cd niem tu bao cua mdt dan tgc da timg cd "mdt thdi oanh liet", viia tiem an ndi xdt xa cho than phan tha huang li tan cua dan tgc minh. Chinh vi the' hg ludn khat vgng ve mdt "vi ciiu tinh", "thu ITnh" xuat hien, dan hg trd lai thdi "hoang kim" xua. Bieu tugng ve mot "dng vua" tai gidi, cd du kha nang dan dat ngudi H'mdng vugt qua mgi dau khd, di tim "mien dat hiia" khdng phai md, ludn tiem an trong tam thiic ciia dan tgc nay. Do vay, nguyen nhan true tie'p cho phong trao dau tranh ciia ngudi H'mdng d cac thdi ky lich sir deu md dau bang cac tin hieu"vua xua't the", "di tim td qudc H'mdng", gay tam ly xao ddng trong ddi sdng tinh than ddng bao. Phai chang trong sau tham tiem thiic ciia ngudi H'mdng cd mot ndi nhd da die't, ndi tie'e thuang, ca ndi oan gian ve mdt thdi "vang son", "di vang" khd ma giai trir ra khdi ddi sdng tam linh cua dan tgc nay. Mdt thii tiem an da chim sau vao the' gidi vd thiic, nhung khi gap dieu kien danh thiic day thi gay ra cam xiic tap the manh me, cudn hiit mgi ngudi theo tieng ggi ciia "cai thieng". Hg rai vao cam xiic mudn thoat ra khdi cugc sdng hien tai de bay vao mot the gidi hoang tudng xa vdi vdi "tang trdi sang sua", de
rdi rd't cugc vSn la cugc sdng ben niii da, suang mii, ddi ngheo, benh tat, mil chtr ...Trong hoan canh dd, luc lugng truyen dao Tin lanh da tranh thii thdi ca de ra siic phat trien dao.
- Den nay cac nha nghien ciiu cdn chua xac dinh dugc thdi diem cu the ciia hien tugng "xung vua" ciia ngudi H'mdng. Nhung mgi ngudi deu thiia nhan hien tugng xung vua da tdn tai tii lau va dien ra d hlu he't cac viing ngudi H'mdng cu trii. Dieu dang chii y la hien tugng xung vua d ngudi H'mdng mang sac thai ciia cac "phong trao ciiu the'" thudng xuat hien d cac dan tgc bi hSng hut trong tam thiic, nhu ngudi H'mdng theo dao Cdng giao, Tin lanh d Nam Trung Qudc; phong trao "xung chuang" d ngudi Kha Mii; phong trao "Xambram" d ngudi H're ... Tii nam 1951 de'n 1986, trong vung ngudi H'mdng d cac tinh mien Bac nude ta da xay ra 24 vu "xung vua", bao loan, gay phi. Trong dd tieu bieu la d Phong Thd(Lai Chau, 9-1954), Lai Chau va San La(1958), cao nguyen Ddng Van(Ha Giang, 12-1959), Phi Long(Lao Cai, 1960), Ban Chua(Lai Chau,1967)...
Khac vdi cac l^n xung vua trudc day, nhixng lan xung vua gan day da bi cac the luc phan ddng lgi dung de phat trien tdn giao, lam cho dien bie'n tinh hinh ngay cang phiic tap, khd quan ly, bde Id yeu td chinh tri phan ddng. Khdi dau cac vu xung vua bao gid cung xuat hien cac tin hieu"vua H'mdng sap xuat hien" nham gay xao ddng tinh cam ngudi H'mdng, kich thich tam ly cua ddng bao hudng ve mot "cugc sdng mdi". Trong cac cugc xung vua, ngudi dung ra xung vua khdng bao gid tu nhan minh la vua. Hg dat vi tri ciia hg thap hen va gan giii vdi vua, nhu la "con ciia vua", "ke thira hanh", "ngudi dugc sai khien" ... Trong hien tugng xung vua, hinh anh "dng vua" da dugc than thanh boa, cd nhieu quyen luc va nhieu phep mau(anh hudng nay la ciia Dao giao). Chang ban, hg tuyen truyen rang neu dugc vua phu phep thi dan ciia ke thu ban khdng thiing da thit; vua cd the bien cay cd thanh guam giao, bien da to thanh trau bd, da nhd thanh Ign ga; vua ra se ddn ngudi H'mdng ve vdi td tien ... Trudc day ngudi H'mdng mong dgi vua ra de theo vua, bay gid hg mong vua ra, vua se dem lai cugc sdng td't dep ngay tren tran the nay : khdng lam cung cd an, cay se cho ngon la liia,
than ra bap ngd, gdc ra qua dau. Hg mong vua ra de trd thanh mdt Idp ngudi mdi sdng sung sudng, hanh phiic. Tien trinh xung vua thudng khdng keo dai, nhung dugc thieng boa kha dam net, khien cho nhixng ngudi tham gia dam chim trong bau khdng khi phan khich hu thuc [58.15]. Xung vua la tin ngudng mang tinh the tuc, cd tinh chat tdn giao [58.15-16], nd cd vai trd "den bii hu ao" giiip cho ngudi H'mdng ve mot hanh phiic khi "vua ve". Xung vua la dieu kien thuan lgi de bgn phan ddng lgi dung tuyen truyen dao Tin lanh.
Vdi cac tin hieu ve mdt cugc "xung vua" xua't hien d thdi ky dau truyen dao Tin lanh trai phep da phan anh six be tac trong cugc sdng hien tai ciia ddng bao. Hg phai tim ve dau an lich sii de lay chd ba'u viu, nuang tua, can bang ve mat tinh than.
Nhu vay, trong niem tu bao ve mdt dan tgc da tiing cd mdt thdi phat trien hung manh, ngudi H'mdng ciing ludn tiem an tinh cam xdt xa cho than phan tha huang cua dan tgc minh. Them vao dd la cugc sdng hien tai vdi day rSy nhixng khd khan nai "dat khach que ngudi". Tix dd lam cho cugc sdng cua ngudi H'mdng trd nen be tac, chao dao. Trong tam thiic ciia hg ludn ludn udc ma cd mdt "thii linh" tdi cao de giiip dd hg ca ve ddi sdng tinh than va ddi sdng vat chat. Ta't ca nhiing dac diem ve mat lich sir va van boa dd ciia dan tgc H'mdng la nguyen nhan true tie'p lam cho dao Tin lanh cd ca hdi phat trien trong viing ddng bao d khu vuc nay.
* Do phong tuc tap quan lac hau, trinh do ddn tri thap
La mdt dan tgc cd lich sir lau ddi, dan tgc H'mdng cd truyen thdng van boa, phong tuc tap quan rat phong phii. Nhixng truyen thdng, phong tuc tap quan dd da trd thanh cdt each va siic sdng ciia dan tgc H'mdng. Tuy nhien, cung vdi thdi gian, ngay nay cd nhiing phong tuc tap quan khdng cdn phu hgp vdi ddi sdng ddng bao nixa, nd trd thanh ganh nang ddi vdi ddng bao, va do dd trd thanh nguyen nhan phat trien ciia dao Tin lanh d khu vuc nay.
Ben canh nhiing sinh boat van hoa td't dep, nhiing thuan phong my tuc ciia dong bao H'mdng, la nhiing phong tuc tap quan da trd nen lac hau, rudm ra, hu
tuc khdng cdn phu hgp van tdn tai trong ddi sdng ddng bao, nhu van de td chiic tang ma, cudi xin, ciing bai ... Viec td chiic dam cudi theo phong tuc ciia ddng bao rat rudm ra, an udng keo dai, ton hang tram ddng bac trang (khoang 10 trieu ddng). Hon nua, sau khi cudi xong keo theo six xa xiit ve kinh te. Nhung neu td chiic dam cudi theo dao Tin lanh thi don gian ban, chi tdn hai ddng bac trang. Viec td chiic dam tang cung vay, khi bd me chet nhiing ngudi con trai phai lam sao lo dii mdi ngudi mdt con trau de bao hie'u bd me. Ben canh dd la nhiing nghi le phiic tap vira tdn tien cua lai anh hudng tdi siic khoe. Ngudi chet de trong nha tii 7-10 ngay mdi dem chdn, sau dd phai lam ma khd, md trau, md Ign de an ca lang. Cling le, hat sudt ngay dem. Nhung neu theo dao Tin lanh viec td chiic dam tang dan gian ban, khi cd ngudi chet khdng md trau, bd, ga, Ign, khdng de lau trong nha. Khi ddng bao bi dau dm thi diing thudc chiia benh chii khdng phai ddn thay mo, thay ciing ve nha lam le ton kem. Qua dieu tra 57 hd tai 3 ban ngudi H'mdng thudc xa Bao Nhai (Bac Ha -Ha Giang) cho tha'y cd 38 hd thudc dien tbie'u ddi nhung trong nam 1993 da chi phi cho viec ma chay, cudi xin, ciing bai he't 114 trieu ddng. Trong khi ddi sdng kinh te' cdn he't siic khd khan thi nhiing phong tuc tap quan dd, trong thuc te da trd thanh "ganh nang" trong ddi sdng va sinh boat cua ngudi dan. Theo dao Tin lanh ddng bao se triit bd dugc ndi lo ca ve tam ly va kinh te. Hg suy nghi don gian la dudng nao ciing thd mdt con ma, nhung thd con ma Gie su dd tdn kem ban. Ket qua dieu tra 1000 ngudi d Lao Cai(1998), cd 850 ngudi H'mdng tra ldi la theo dao de bd phong tuc tap quan nang ne. O San La va mdt so tinh khac ciing vay, ddng bao Hmdng theo dao thudng ly giai rang hg theo dao nham thay ddi phong tuc, tap quan lac hau lau ddi cua dng cha de lai. Trong khi dd Tin lanh de'n vdi ngudi H'mdng vira dan gian, luat le ft phiic tap, lai hap dSn, phii hgp vdi tinh each, tam ly ciia ngudi
H'mdng nen bg de tie'p nhan. Ngoai lgi ich trudc mat la dd tdn kem vi kinh te,
dao Tin lanh cdn tao cho hg cd "niem tin", cai ma bg dang hSng hut.
Mat khac, neu trong thdi ky bao cap, cii theo dinh ky hang thang, hang nam cac ddi chieu bdng, van nghe di den khap ban lang phuc vu ba con dan ban, thi hien nay, trong thdi ky ciia nen kinh te thi trudng cac loai hinh van hoa van nghe, chie'u phim ... den vdi cac ban lang rat hiem hoi. Cd ban trong thdi gian 5-6 nam lien ngudi dan khdng dugc xem bd phim nao. Cac chuang trinh phat sdng ciia dai phat thanh, truyen hinh trung uang va dia phuang de'n vdi viing cao cdn ban che. Mdt phan do dien tich phii sdng dat thap, chang ban d San La, tir nam 1993 ve trudc d viing cao ciia tinh khdng xem dugc truyen hinh. Nam 1990 mdi cd mdt tram thu phat lai truyen hinh d thi xa. Cho den nay mdi cd 43% dan sd dugc phu sdng truyen hinh va khoang 50% dia ban cua tinh dugc phu sdng phat thanh, nhung chu yeu van la viing thap [14.2 ]. Mdt phan khac la do ngudi dan thieu phuang tien nghe nhin nhu radio, ti vi va cac loai hinh bao chi. Hon niia, ndi dung cac chuang trinh truyen hinh, phat thanh, bao chi phuc vu ddng bao ciia chiing ta chua kip thdi ddi mdi bam sat nhu cau thudng thiic van boa cua dan tgc H'mdng. Trong khi dd, cac dai phat thanh nude ngoai tuyen truyen ve dao lai lam dugc dieu nay.
Ta't ca nhiing ban che' ve cdng tac van hoa tu tudng trong viing ddng bao
H'mdng tren day khie'n chiing ta ch\ suy nghi mot each nghiem tiic de tim bien
phap khac phuc.
Quan diem Mac xit chi rd, ngudn gdc nhan thiic la mdt ngudn gdc ca ban lam xuat hien va phat trien ciia tdn giao.
Tdn giao xuat hien la do trinh do nhan thiic cdn ban che cua con ngudi ve tu nhien va xa hdi. Vi khdng ly giai dugc cac hien tugng tu nhien, nen tu nhien trd thanh luc lugng xa la ddi vdi con ngudi, con ngudi sung bai tu nhien, dd la ca sd ban dau de hinh thanh y thiic tdn giao. Ph. Ang ghen nhan xet: "Tdn giao sinh ra trong mdt thdi dai het siic nguyen thuy, tif nhiing khai niem het siic sai lam, nguyen thuy cua con ngudi ve ban cha't cua chinh hg va the gidi tu nhien ben ngoai, xung quanh hg [4.445 ]
Ngudn gdc nhan thiic cua tdn giao cdn gan lien vdi dac diem ciia qua trinh nhan thiic, Le nin vie't : "Thugng de' sieu hinh khdng phai la cai gi khac ma la su