15- 35, thi 10 835 ngudi mu chix phd thdng, 458 ngudi biet chix dan tgc(sd lieu nam 1999).
2.1. NHUNG NGUYEN TAC MANG TINH PHUONG PHAP LUAN KHI GIAI QUYET VAN DE TON GIAO
KHI GIAI QUYET VAN DE TON GIAO
Trong lich sir da timg tdn tai khuynh hudng td va huu trong viec giai quye't
van de tdn giao ma C.Mac, Ph.Ang ghen va Le nin da phe phan gay gat,
- Phuang phap giao due thuan tuy
Nhiing ngudi cap tie'n, nhiing nha duy vat nira vdi ciia giai ca'p tu san cho rang tdn giao sd di tdn tai dugc trong tang Idp lac hau ciia giai cap vd san, nira vd san va ndng dan la do tinh trang ngu ddt ciia hg. Cac nha He ghen tre da phe phan ta't ca nhiing gi cd hai hudng tdn giao. Nhung hg deu tim "con dudng giai thoat" khdi tdn giao mot each duy tam : Bauer ddi thuc hien each mang trong y thiic thuan tuy bang tuyen truyen chu nghia vd than; Strauss lai mudn thay the tdn giao bang triet hgc; A.Puge dung phuang tien chu nghia nhan dao thuan tuy; cdn Max Stimer thi coi cai Tdi dugc vie't boa cd six ndi loan ca nhan va manh nha cua chu nghia vd chinh phu. Mac va Ang ghen da phe phan : "Tir Strauss de'n Stimer deu bd trdn trong viec phe phan nhiing quan niem tdn giao", Ndi each
khac, trong quan diem phe phan mot each duy tam hg dd tit tren trdi di xuong
ddt\ ngugc lai, Mdc vd Ang ghen cho rdng viec phe phdn phdi lam tit ddt di len trdi.
Ly luan Mac xit bac bd phuang phap tuyen truyen trim tugng tach khdi cugc dau tranh giai cap khi giai quyet van de tdn giao. Le nin cho rang bat luan the nao, chiing ta cung khdng dugc vi the ma di den chd dat van de tdn giao mot each trijru tugng, duy tam chu nghia, d ben ngoai cugc da'u tranh giai cap. Bdi vi se that vd ly ne'u tudng tugng rang ngudi ta cd the danh tan dugc nhixng thien kien tdn
giao chi bang tuyen truyen khdng thdi. Ach ap biic tdn giao de nang len loai ngudi chang qua chi la san pham, la phan anh cua ach ap biic kinh te trong xa hdi ma thdi. Khdng cd sach vd nao, cung khdng cd six tuyen truyen nao ma lai giao due dugc giai cap vd san neu hg khdng dugc giao due bdi qua trinh dau tranh cua chinh minh chdng lai cac the luc den tdi cua CNTB, Cung bdi vi ddi vdi chiing ta six thdng nha't cua cugc dau tranh that six each mang de sang tao nen mdt canh cue lac tren trai dat la quan trgng ban six thdng nhat ciia ngudi vd san ve canh cue lac tren thien dudng. Tuy nhien, ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghla la xem nhe vai trd ciia cdng tac tuyen truyln, giao due.
Dieu ma Le nin nhac nhd chiing ta den nay van cdn cd y nghia sau sac la sai lam Idn nhat va te hai nhat ma mdt ngudi Mac xit cd the mac phai la tudng rang cd the chi bang con dudng true tiep giao due chii nghia Mac thuan tuy ma lam cho quan chiing bimg tinh khdi giac ma tdn giao.
- Phuang phap td khuynh vo chinh phu
Ph.Ang ghen va Le nin ciing phe phan gay gat ddi vdi nhiing phfc tir ta khuynh vd chinh phii khi hg chii truang khai chie'n vdi thugng de, truy kich tdn giao ma dai bieu la Duy rinh va Blang-ki.
Ph.Ang ghen neu rd : Ong Duy rinh khdng the chd dgi cho den khi tdn giao che't cai chet tu nhien cua nd. Ong ta lam mot each can ban ban. Ong ta td ra Bixmac ban ca Bixmac; Ong ra nhiing dao luat thang nam cdn nghiem ngat ban, khdng chi chdng dao Thien chiia, ma cdn chdng ca mgi tdn giao ndi chung; Ong ta tung bgn hien binh tuang lai cua Ong ta ra truy kich tdn giao, va do dd, dng ta giiip cho tdn giao dat tdi chd thuc hien tinh than tir vi dao va keo dai them su tdn tai ciia nd.
Cdn phai Blang-ki ddi xoa bd than thanh bang sac lenh. Hg ddi cdng xa hay lam cho loai ngudi vinh vien thoat khdi cai bdng ma cua nhiing tai boa da qua ay. Rang, trong cdng xa khdng cd chd diing cho thay tu, mgi six tuyen truyen cho tdn giao, mgi td chiic tdn giao deu phai bi cam. Ph.Ang ghen phe phan : "Tren giay
td cd the viet bao nhieu sac lenh cung dugc nhung lam nhu vay tuyet nhien khdng dam bao viec thi hanh nhixng sac lenh ay tren thuc te; hai la biic hai la bien phap td't nha't de cung cd nhiing niem tin bat luong. Cd mdt dieu khdng nghi ngd la trong thdi dai chung ta viec duy nhat ma cdn cd the giiip cho than thanh dd la viec tuyen bd rang chii nghia vd than la tugng trung cho niem tin bat budc va vugt ban nam nhiing dao luat chdng giao hdi ciia Bixmac ve dau tranh van boa - bang each cam tdn giao". [48,719-720]
Trong dieu kien hien nay, viec giai quye't va'n de tdn giao cSn quan triet nhimg nguyen tac cd tinh phuang phap luan sau day :
2.1.1. Giai quyet van de ton giao phai gan lien vdi qua trinh cai tao xa hoi cu, xay dung xa hoi mdi
Khi ndi ve phuang phap khac phuc anh hudng ciia tdn giao trong xa hoi, chu nghia Mac- Le nin cho rang: phai bie't each dau tranh vdi tdn giao. Mudn thay ddi y thiic xa hdi phai thay ddi tdn tai xa hdi; mudn xoa bd nhu cau can cd ao tudng, phai xoa bd ngudn gdc gay nen nhiing ao tudng ay; mudn day liii "thien dudng" d the' gidi ben kia, phai xay dung dugc "thien dudng" d the' gidi hien hiiu. Da'u tranh vdi tdn giao la gian tiep da'u tranh vdi cai the gidi ma niem vui tinh than la tdn giao, chii khdng phai true tie'p tan cdng vao than thanh. Dd la cugc da'u tranh nham xoa bd che do ngudi bde lot ngudi, xoa bd ap bixc, bat banh - ngudn gdc sinh ra tdn giao. C. Mac viet :"Dau tranh chdng tdn giao la gian tiep dau tranh chdng cai the gidi ma lac thii tinh than cua nd la tdn giao", va "phe phan thugng gidi bien thanh phe phan phap quyen, phe phan than hgc bien thanh phe phan chinh tri" [47.570-571 ]
C.Mac vie't tie'p : " Xoa bd tdn giao, vdi tinh each la xoa bd hanh phuc ao tudng ciia nhan dan, la yeu cau thuc hien hanh phiic thuc six ciia nhan dan. Yeu c^u tif bd nhiing ao tudng ve tinh canh ciia minh cung la yeu cau tir bd cai tinh canh dang can cd ao tudng. Do dd, viec phe phan tdn giao la hinh thiic manh nha
cua SIX phe phan cugc sdng khd ai ma tdn giao la vdng bao quang than thanh ciia no.
Six phe phan da viit bd khdi xieng xich cac bdng hoa gia trang diem cho chiing, khdng phai de loai ngudi cii tie'p tuc mang nhiing xieng xich ay dudi cai hinh thiic chang vui thich va thii vi gi, ma de loai ngudi viit bd chiing di va gia tay hai lay bdng hoa that. Viec phe phan dang lam cho con ngudi thoat khdi ao tudng, de con ngudi suy nghi, hanh ddng, xay dung tinh hien thuc cua minh vdi tu each la con ngudi thoat khdi ao tudng, trd nen cd ly tinh; de con ngudi xoay quanh ban than minh va cai mat trdi that six ciia minh. Tdn giao chi la cai mat trdi ao tudng xoay quanh con ngudi chimg nao con ngudi chua bat dau xoay quanh ban than minh". [45.570]
Khi phe phan chi thi cua nha nude Phd ddi vdi tdn giao, mdt lan nixa CMac khang dinh :" Khdng the da kich tdn giao dudi hinh thiic thii dich ciing nhu dudi hinh thiic khinh bac, chung ciing nhu rieng, nghia la ndi chung khdng dugc da kich vao nd", [46.23 ]
Trong bai "Trich ban thao thii hai " Biit ky ve nude Diic", Ph.Ang ghen neu rd them : " Khdng the' nao thu tieu dugc mot tdn giao nhu Thien chiia giao chi bang each che' gieu va si va. Nd cung phai dugc danh bai ve mat khoa hgc, tiic la phai
dugc lam ro vi mat lich sir, nhiem vu dd thi ngay ca khoa hgc tu nhien cung
khdng the dam duang ndi." [48.806 ]
Le nin ciing cho rang mudn xoa bd tdn giao phai " tieu diet ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia tdn giao". [ 39.514-515 ]
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh cung la mdt ta'm guang sang de chiing ta hgc tap trong cdng tac tdn giao. Trong biic thu giri giam muc Le Hiiu Tir Bac viet : "Chu nghia duy linh va chii nghia duy vat la ngugc nhau, rd rang la the', nhung khdng phai vi vay ma bai xich, nghi ky, ddi dau nhau, can phai tdn trgng tu do tin nguong, tu do ngon luan", [43 ]
Khdng tuyen chie'n vdi tdn giao la mdt nguyen tac cd tinh phuong phap luan khi giai quye't van de tdn giao. Tuyen chie'n vdi tdn giao chi kich thich them tinh
than "tir vi dao" cua cac tin dd. Khi nao, d dau dung bao luc ddi vdi tdn giao thi khi dd, d dd tdn giao lai cd xu hudng phat trien. Le nin neu rd: "Cdn nhu tuyen chie'n vdi tdn giao, coi dd la nhiem vu chinh tri cua dang cdng nhan, thi dd chi la mdt luan dieu vd chinh phu chu nghia" [39.511 ]
Ong nhac nhd : "Dau tranh chdng lai cac thanh kien tdn giao thi phai cue ky than trgng; trong cugc chien dau nay, ai lam thuang tdn den tinh cam tdn giao, ngudi dd se gay thiet hai Idn. Can phai dau tranh bang tuyen truyen, bang giao due. Neu hanh ddng thd bao, chiing ta se lam cho quan chiing tiic gian; hanh ddng nhu vay se cang gay them chia re trong quan chiing ve van de tdn giao, ma siic manh ciia ta la d six doan ket" [41.221 ]
Trong thuc te, tdn giao la hien tugng xa hdi khdng de gi xoa bd. "Nd la hien tugng suy thoai rdi lai hdi sinh, nen ep rdi lai viing len, dap tat rdi lai biing chay, Duy tri nd hay gat bd nd chi phu thudc rieng vao six lua chgn ciia chinh con ngudi, bdi vi nd tdn tai trong tam linh sau kin ciia con ngudi. O day khdng cd siic manh nao tif ben ngoai xdng vao de tieu diet nd". [38,138]
Tin ngudng, tdn giao la van de phiic tap va nhay cam. Nhiing sai xdt, tham chi nhimg sa xuat nhd trong viec ling xir ddi vdi tdn giao cung cd the dan tdi nhiing hau qua nghiem trgng. Vi vay, viec xir ly nhiing van de nay sinh tir tdn giao can phai het siic than trgng, ti mi va chinh xac, vira ddi hdi giir vung nguyen tac, ddng thdi phai mem deo, khdn kheo.
Nhu vay, mudn xoa bd tdn giao, mudn day liii nhimg udc ma ve thien dudng hu ao d the gidi ben kia, con ngudi phai tifng budc xay dung dugc mdt "thien dudng " cd thuc tren the' gian nay. Dd la mot qua trinh lau dai, khdng the thuc hien dugc ne'u tach rdi vdi viec cai tao xa hdi cu, xay dung xa hdi mdi, nang cao ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than va tri tue cho con ngudi, mdi cd kha nang gat bd dan nhixng anh hudng tieu cue cua tdn giao trong ddi sdng xa hdi.