17 CAi hocauoc G;^ HA NO I)
1.2.2. TiJr van de truyen dao va am muu Itfi dung dao Tin lanh cua cac the luc thu dich
the luc thu dich
Hoat ddng truyen dao phat trien tin dd la viec lam binh thudng ciia bat ky ton giao nao. Tuy nhien hoat dong truyen dao Tin lanh cd nhixng dac trung noi bat 'ngay tii khi dao nay mdi vao nude ta. Hien nay, boat ddng truyen dao Tin lanh
van la mot nguyen nhan ca ban va true tiep lam cho ddng bao H'mdng theo dao. Hoat ddng truyen dao Tin lanh d day dugc tie'n hanh dudi nhieu hinh thiic, tir hinh thiic dan gian de'n nhiing hinh thiic tinh vi nha't, nhd dd da tao nen six phat trien "dot bie'n" cua dao Tin lanh trong viing dan tgc H'mdng.
Nhiing ngudi truyen dao da day cong nghien ciiu tinh hinh kinh te' -xa bdi, dac diem tam ly, phong tuc tap quan, tinh each ciia dan tgc H'mdng va van dung vao truyen dao. Vi vay, cd the ndi rang viec truyen dao ciia hg trd nen cd hieu qua. Phuong cham ciia hg la "mua dam tham lau", tim each khuyech truang mat •tich cue ciia ton giao, tang cudng tuyen truyen van ddng lam cho dao Tin lanh
nhanh chdng tham nhap vao dan tgc H'mdng.
Phuang thiic truyen dao bang truydn mieng : Dac diem cu trii ciia ngudi H'mdng chii yeu d niii cao, sdng phan tan, chia cat, lai it cd phuang tien thdng tin hien dai, nen thdng tin thudng de'n cham. Ddi vdi hg thdng tin chii ye'u van la truyen mieng, ri tai, chuyen trd, qua chg biia, bdi he, tang cudi. Hieu dugc phuang phap truyen tin nay, luc lugng truyen dao da phat di nhiing thdng tin giat gan, chang han hg tung tin rang : ngay 15 -7-1990 khi trdi tdi Vang Chii se xuat
hien, liic dd ai khong theo Vang Chii se khong thoat khdi kho dau. Sau dd cd ngudi chi dan cho ddng bao theo Vang Chii. Cii the, ngudi nay truyen sang ngudi khac, ban ng lan sang ban kia, Tir dd dao Tin lanh timg budc xam nhap va phat
trien. Ket qua la, chi tinh rieng d Ha Giang, lit 1986 -1989 mdi cd 500 hg thudc
35 xa theo dao, thi cudi nam 1992 da cd 622 hd vdi 3018 khau theo dao. [19 ] Phuang phap truyen dao qua dai FEBC : Nhixng ngudi truyen dao da biet triet de lgi dung dai phat thanh, dac biet la dai FEBC de truyen dao Tin lanh. Phai thiia nhan rang "Ban bien tap " chuang trinh ciia dai nay td ra hieu than dao dac diem tam ly dan tgc H'mdng, den miie chinh ngudi H'mdng cho rang chi cd dai FEBC la ndi tieng H'mdng hay ban ca. Vdi ldi le mdc mac, ngdn ggn, de hieu va hap dan, dai FEBC kien nhin rao giang thanh kinh, ca nggi Vang Chii va Gie su; liic thi ke le ndi thdng kho cua ngudi H'mdng la do ma quy "ma nha, ma cira, ma be'p..." [37.111], mudn he't kho thi phai tir bd cac loai ma ay, bd thd to tien, theo Vang Chii -Gie su; khi thi lgi dung nhixng truyen thuyet cua ngudi H'mdng ve nan hong thuy de hii doa ngudi dan rang nam 2000 la ngay tan the, neu theo Vang Chii va Gie su thi mdi thoat che't. Dai nay hudng dan ngudi H'mdng dudi ma, bd ban thd td tien va timg budc day thuc hien cac nghi thiic ton giao.
Chuang trinh cua dai dugc sap xep cu the, chat che va kha phong phii, iii
hudng dan cong viec gia dinh de'n boat ddng ddi nhdm; tir van de viec lam cho thanh nien den day nii cdng gia chanh; tii giai thich kinh thanh cho den hat dan ca; tii di sau vao tam tu nguyen vgng dan tgc rdi chuyen sang tuyen truyen phan ddng lam mat Idng tin cua dan ddi vdi dang. Dai nay hudng dSn "cdng viec vg chdng vao tdi thii hai, day chuyen de cho cac nhdm thanh nien vao thii ba, hudng dSn boat ddng cho cac nhdm le vao thii tu, nghe ldi day cua Vang Chii vao thii nam, day va giai thich kinh thanh vao thii sau, day nir cdng gia tranh vao thii bay, chu nhat hudng dan cau nguyen va hat thanh ca" [58.25 ]. Han nira, dai FEBC cdn ngang nhien trang trgn keu ggi ngudi H'mdng bd Dang cdng san de theo My, theo Vang Chii. Tuy mdi ngay chi cd hai buoi, mdi buoi khong qua 30 phiit.
nhung dai nay thuc six da gdp phan quan trgng vao viec truyen dao Tin lanh trong dan tgc H'mdng.
Vi muc dich phat trien dao Tin lanh, nhixng ngudi truyen dao da cd gang sir dung mgi bien phap cd the de tranh thu ddng bao, phat trien tin dd. Tir bien phap tuyen truyen thuyet phuc den quan tam trg giiip ve vat chat, tinh than, den ca nhiing bien phap cd lap, bat huge theo dao.
Six phat trien cua dao Tin lanh trong dan tgc H'mdng nam trong am muu lgi dung tdn giao cua cac the luc thii dich. Cac the luc thii dich, diing dau la My thuc hien chien luge "Dien bien hoa binh " nham xoa bd CNXH d nhirng nude cdn lai, trong dd cd Viet Nam. Vdi chieu bai "dan chu", "nhan quyen", "tu do tdn giao", cac luc lugng phan ddng ra siic tien hanh boat ddng chdng pha, sir dung nggn cd tdn giao, dan tgc de pha hoai each mang nude ta. Hg nhieu Ifin neu van de Viet Nam "vi pham nhan quyen", "ngugc dai tin dd", "giam giii chiic sac".
De hd trg cho chie'n luge "Dien bie'n hoa binh" va de be can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bg ciia cac nude khac, tii gdc do tdn giao, thang 10 -1998, qudc bdi My da thdng qua dao luat "Tu do tin ngudng qudc te (HR 2431) " de doa sSn sang chiXng phat ddi vdi nhixng nude ma My cho rang da vi pham cai ggi la "tu do tin ngudng" theo quan diem ciia My ma ddi tugng chu yeu la Trung Qudc, Viet nam va Xu Dang. Theo HR 2431, My se thanh lap van phdng theo ddi van de tdn giao d cac nude va van phdng nay nam trong Bg Ngoai giao. Van phdng cd trach nhiem lam cd van cho ngoai trudng My, ddng thdi tudng trinh cho qudc bdi My ve nhiing boat ddng ma My coi la vi pham tu do tin ngudng. Dieu 405 trong chuang IV ciia dao luat neu rd tong thdng cd the ap dung bay bien phap che tai va tam bien phap ngoai giao ddi vdi cac nude vi pham luat tu do tdn giao cua My. [62]
Nham muc dich hudng vao Viet Nam, gan day My cho thanh lap " Uy ban tu do tdn giao cho Viet Nam" vdi muc dich la dua vao My de dau tranh cho Vict nam, boat ddng hau thuan cho dao luat HR 2431. Mot sd ngudi Viet luu vong dua vao qudc bdi My va dao luat tren dua ra nhiing yeu sach, ap luc ddi Viet
Nam cho "tu do tdn giao". Dua vao tdn giao. My thuc hien y dd chinh tri ciia minh ddi vdi nude ta. Trong thdi gian gan day, chiing tuyen truyen dao Tin lanh vao ddng bao cac dan tgc d Tay Nguyen, cac tinh mien niii phia Bac va nhieu dia phuang khac d nude ta. Thii doan ciia chiing la dua vao cac to chiic phi chinh phu cua cac nude cd dao Tin lanh d Bac Au, Bac My, Han Qudc, Uc, thdng qua dau tu cho du lich, lao ddng, hgc tap va vien trg kinh te' de tie'p xiic, xam nhap vao cac vung sau nham tuyen truyen ldi keo, kich ddng, gay tam ly hoang mang lo sg , gay mat on dinh chinh tri trong khu vixc dong bao cac dan tgc. Tir dd My dua vao dao luat HR 2431 ma can thiep nham thuc hien y dd ciia minh. Cac to chiic "Trung tam nghien ciiu Thai hgc", "Hoi ngudi Thugng De ga", "Hdi ngudi Mdng the gidi", "Hdi van boa co truyen dan tgc Hmdng", "Lien hiep nhiing ngudi Dao d My" ... dang tang cudng boat ddng nham muc dich chdng pha each mang nude ta. Tir nam 1975-1991, chiing ta da phat hien cd 1837 td chiic phan ddng, trong dd cd 85 % td chiic lgi dung tdn giao. [26.42 ]
Gan day(6-9-2001), ha vien My da thdng qua "Dao luat nhan quyen Viet Nam". Trong dd vu khd'ng Viet Nam vi pham tix do tin nguong tdn giao va cho bie't se chi khoang 2 trieu dd la mdi nam cho nhung hoat ddng chdng pha each mang nude ta.
Lgi dung va'n de dan tgc truyen dao vao viing dan tgc thieu sd de ra siic kich ddng gay chia re khdi dai doan ket dan tgc da va dang la boat dong cua cac the lire de qudc va thii dich. Chung dua ra nhiing luan dieu mang tinh chat chinh tri de chdng pha each mang nude ta nhu: "Ciing mot Dang lanh dao sao dan tgc nay sudng, dan tgc kia kho", "dan tgc nay dugc Dang trgng dung ban dan tgc khac", "sao dan tgc kinh dugc hgc dao Ki td ma ngudi dan tgc thieu sd khdng dugc", ddi "quyen tu tri cho tiing dan tgc", kich ddng "ngudi H'mdng xua kia da timg cd qudc gia, nay can phai lap qudc gia rieng cua minh" ...
Chiing thuc hien truyen dao thdng qua dai phat thanh (chu yeu la dai FEBC), thdng qua con dudng du lich, tham vieng ngudi than ... Tai Yen Bai, nam 1994 cd
hai ngudi Phap ndi tieng H'mdng thanh thao lay ly do di du lich da mang nhieu tai lieu truyen dao bang tieng H'mdng den viing ngudi H'mdng cd dao, Thang 2 -
1994, hai vg chdng ngudi Phap d "Hdi tir thien Phap" den Yen Bai vdi muc dich du lich da cd quan he vdi linh muc Tran Nggc Khiet, tham mot sd hg dao, hiia hen se giiip tien de xay dung nha thd.
d Lai Chau, ngay 3 -12-1996, doan Viet kieu ngudi H'mdng dinh cu d My ve Viet Nam du lich khi di vao dia ban Dien Bien Ddng va Mudng Miin (huyen Tuin Giao) da tan phat tai lieu tdn giao. Ngay 12 -6 -1996, Giang Tir Cang, qudc tich Trung Qudc nhap canh vao nude ta da mang 11 quyen kinh chii H'mdng va bang dai cat-xet cd ndi dung tuyen truyen dao Tin lanh vao xa Giao San (Phong Thd). Thang 4 -1997, Giallejieanichen, qudc tich Phap khi di du lich den Sin Hd da tan phat nhieu danh tbie'p cd anh chiia cho mot so ngudi H'mdng. Ngoai ra cd nhieu doan ngudi nude ngoai khac den Lai Chau vdi danh nghla du lich tu do de phat trien dao trong viing dan tgc thieu sd. Nam 1996 -1997, trong 46 doan den Lai Chau, da cd 7 doan de lai tai lieu tuyen truyen dao d phdng ngii nha hang, khach san.
Tai tinh Lao Cai, cudi thang 12 -1994, hai ddi tugng ngudi H'mdng qudc tich My la Hau Thi Dua, Hau Thi Ly nhap canh vao Viet nam da den xa Dien Quan, huyen Bao Yen de day hat thanh ca cho sd ngudi H'mdng d day. Chiing da cung Thao Seo Chang (mot ddi tugng cam ddu truyen dao d Bao Yen) di thi sat cac khu vuc ngudi H'mdng d Bao Yen, Bao Thang, Sa Pa. Sau dd Dua va Ly da dua Thao Seo Chang ve nha thd sd 2 -Ngd Tram, Ha ndi de truyen dao.
Dac biet tir thang 7-1998 den nay, mot nhdm ddi tugng gdm 9 ngudi mang qudc tich My, Anh, Ca na da, Ha Lan do Ro-nan cam dau da ldi keo mot sd ngudi dan d Sa Pa lam ca sd cho chiing boat ddng tuyen truyen phat trien dao Tin lanh d Sa Pa. Hoat ddng cua nhdm nay la xay dung ca sd trong ngudi dan tdc, nhat la dan tgc H'mdng d cac huyen Sa Pa, Bac Ha (Lao Cai), Binh Lu, Phong Tho (Lai Chau). Thdng qua cac ca sd nay chiing chuyen tai lieu, kinh thanh,
bang video, bang cat-xet cd ndi dung truyen dao vao vung dan tgc H'mdng, dan tgc Dao d Lao Cai va Lai Chau. Nhdm nay cdn trg cap tien cho mot sd ddi tugng ma chiing mua chuge dugc de hoat ddng.
Ciing vdi boat ddng cua cac the luc nude ngoai va trong nude, Hdi thanh Tin lanh Mien bac sd 2- Ngd Tram la mot dau mdi quan trgng lam cho dao Tin lanh phat trien d khu vuc nay. Hdi thanh Tin lanh Mien Bac da to chiic ddn tiep ngudi H'mdng rat thinh tinh, niem nd va chu tat ngay tii nhiing ngay dau [77.108]. TiX trung tam nay, hg da bdi dudng, td chii'c, tai trg cho ddi ngu ngudi H'mdng di tien phong cho viec truyen dao. Dua vao sd ngudi H'mdng xudng ca sd sd 2 - Ngd Tram, sd "Tay ba Id" hanh trinh len mien ngugc, len ldi vao viing xa xdi, heo lanh de tranh thii truyen dao. Hdi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac da thuc six thiic day boat ddng truyen dao Tin lanh.
Tai ca sd ciia hdi thanh, muc su Biii Hoanh Thir va giang su Au Quang Vinh da true tie'p giang giao ly cho nhieu ngudi H'mdng d Lao Cai. Ddng thdi hg cung cap tien, kinh thanh, bang dai bang tie'ng H'mdng, hudng dSn ngudi dan each vie't dan xin ra nhap dao Tin lanh, hudng dSn phuang phap to chiic xay dung hdi thanh ca sd, bien phap ddi phd vdi chinh quyen ... cho cac ddi tugng di truyen dao. " Ngay 15-1-1994, Au Quang Vinh phd to nhan ban cac tai lieu kinh sach bang tieng Viet va tieng H'mdng cd ngudn gdc tir nude ngoai chua dugc phep xuat ban, phat hanh tai Viet Nam ... Hdi thanh Tin lanh mien Bac da phat tan 5000 kinh sach, 300 bang thanh ca, 15 bang video Cugc ddi chiia Gie su. Nguyen Gia Huan da viet giao trinh va to chiic hai Idp dao tao giao ly, each to chiic boat ddng tdn giao cho 18 cot can la ngudi H'mdng ..." ( Theo Nguydn Dinh Thu, luan van td't nghiep, Dai hgc An ninh nhan dan, H. 1999)
Dang ta nhan dinh : Dao Vang Chii trong dan tgc H'mdng thuc chat la six bien tudng gan Thien chiia giao Tin lanh vdi hien tugng "Vua Meo", nam trong y dd chinh tri cua My, mudn lap mot qudc gia cho ngudi H'mdng, cd dao, cd "vua" rieng cua minh." [18.5 ]
Nhu vay, am muu lgi dung dao Tin lanh de chdng pha each mang nude ta, ciing phuang thiic truyen dao chu ddng, tich cue, tinh vi ciia luc lugng truyen dao la mdt nguyen nhan rat quan trgng, true tiep dan den six phat trien nhanh chdng cua dao Tin lanh trong ddng bao dan tgc H'mdng d mdt sd tinh mien niii phia B k nude ta.