I Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai khdng chi lam lung lay he thd'ng thuc dan the' gidi, ma cdn lam cho ndi bd cac nude tu ban phat sinh nhiing thay doi xa
1.2.3. Vai tro ca nhan
Chinh sach ddi ngoai cua nude My, gidng nhu mgi qud'c gia khac, dugc dinh hinh bdi bdi canh ben ngoai va thuc luc ciing nhu y d6 trong nude, song ban than nd cung mang dam da'u a'n ciia ca nhan nhiing ngudi hoach dinh chinh sach, ma quan trgng nha't la tdng thd'ng - ngudi quye't dinh va thuc thi chinh sach ddi ngoai.
Vdi tu each la ngudi lanh dao chinh sach ddi ngoai, tdng thd'ng My cd vai trd ra't quan trgng trong viec quyet dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai cua da't nude. Chinh sach ddi ngoai mang dau a'n cua tdng thdng d chd nd chiu su tac ddng va the hien ta't ca cac ye'u to ca nhan ciia tdng thd'ng: uy tin va kinh nghiem; tinh each ca nhan; va be thd'ng niem tin cua tdng thd'ng, bao gdm nhan thiic ve he thd'ng qud'c te, thii bac uu tien ciia lgi ich qudc gia va cac chien lugc dugc coilatd'i uu de hien thuc hda lgi ich nay.
Chieu 12-4-1945, Tdng thd'ng My Franklin D.Roosevelt, ngudi dugc coi la duy nha't sau Lincoln "tao ra su khac biet mang tinh quyet dinh trong lich sir nude My" [77, 370], da qua ddi. Chinh dng la ngudi dua nude My ra khdi chu nghia biet lap de tham gia vao cac cdng viec qua the gidi, la "vi tdng thd'ng da day nude My vao vai trd lanh dao he thd'ng qud'c te" [77, 371]. Bon tieng sau khi Roosevelt qua ddi, Phd tdng thd'ng My Harry S. Truman tuyen the ke' nhiem chiic vu tdng thdng.
Truman hoan toan khac vdi Roosevelt ve hoan canh xua't than, va do vay ca nhiing gia tri, niem tin va tU tudng giiip dinh hinh nen chinh sach ddi ngoai. Ne'u nhu Roosevelt coi trgng quan he ddng minh trong thdi chien vdi Lien Xd, ap dung mdt sach lugc tuong ddi mem deo, linh boat trong khi theo dudi lgi ich cua nude My de phuc vu nhiing muc tieu quan trgng nha't trudc mat, vi du nhu nhugng bd Lien Xd de ddi la'y viec Lien Xd tham chien chd'ng Nhat, dong thdi gac lai nhirng van de hai ben mau thuan Idn va chua the giai quye't ve can ban de duy tri quan he dong minh, thi Truman lai cd thai do
tuong ddi ciing ran ddi vdi Nha nude xa hdi chu nghia ma trong bat cii trudng hgp nao dng cQng coi la thu dich. Khi Hitler tan cdng Lien Xd, Truman, liic dd la Thugng nghi si, da phat bieu rang: "Neu chiing ta tha'y Diic dang thang thi chiing ta nen giiip Nga va neu Nga dang thdng thi chiing ta phai giiip Diic va each dd se khie'n hg tieu diet lin nhau cang nhieu cang tot, mac dii tdi khdng mudn tha'y Hitler chien thdng trong ba't ky hoan canh nao..." [77, 426]. Vdi lap trudng ciing rdn ddi vdi Lien Xd, ngay trong cudc gap dau tien vdi Ngoai trudng Lien Xd Molotov ngay 23-4-1945, ca hai ben deu da td ro thai do khdng khoan nhugng cua minh trong viec giai quyet nhiing mau thuSn ma hai ben dang cd. Ngay sau khi nude Diic vira dau hang,
Truman da dot ngdt ra lenh buy bd dao luat lend-lease vdi Lien Xd,,budc cac
tau dang tren dudng van chuyen hang hda cho Lien Xd thay ddi hanh trinh quay trd ve nude My, vat tu da xe'p len tau phai do xudng; cd tinh keo dai thdi gian dam phan lien quan den viec cung ca'p tin dung cho Lien Xd. Nhiing bieu hien nay cho thay mdt budc ngoat mdi trong chinh sach cua My ddi vdi Lien Xd, cd tac ddng rat Idn tdi nhiing danh gia va ddng thai ciia ca hai nude sau nay.
Nhan thiic ciia Truman ve vai trd va dia vi cua nude My sau Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai da phan anh xac thuc dinh hudng chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia chinh quyen Truman. Theo dng, mdt nude My cd uu the tuyet ddi ve kinh te - quan su y^ ndm giii ddc quyen ve bom nguyen tir ta't ye'u se phai cd vai trd chi phdi trong cac va'n de quan he qudc te. Nhu Henry Kissinger ghi lai trong
cudn Diplomacy, trong cudc gap vdi Truman vao nam 1961, khi dng bdi
Truman ve quyet dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai nao ma Truman coi la dang nhd nha't, Truman da khdng ngan ngai tra ldi rdng: "Chiing ta da danh bai hoan toan cac ke thii cua chiing ta va budc hg dau hang. Va sau dd chiing ta da giiip hg khdi phuc, trd thanh cac qud'c gia dan chu, va tham gia lai vao cdng dong cac qudc gia. Chi cd nude My mdi cd the lam dieu dd" [77, 426]. Dieu nay
cho tha'y ban than ngudi diing dau nude My thdi ky nay da nhan thiic rd va cd ddy du tham vgng de thuc thi ke hoach ba quyen ciia nude My sau Chien tranh the gidi thii hai.
Vdi tu tudng chd'ng cdng san quyet liet, khi len ndm quyen lanh dao nude My, Truman da ngay lap tiic dinh hudng chinh sach ddi ngoai My di theo con dudng chd'ng pha phong trao cdng san the' gidi, chd'ng ddi Lien Xd va cac nude xa hdi chu nghia cung nhu phong trao giai phdng dan tdc tren the' gidi. Mat khac, su nhan thiic rd ret ve siic manh cua nude My va y dd dua nude My vuon len vi tri thdng tri the' gidi cua Truman ciing la co sd de hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai va ca ddi ndi ciia My trong thdi ky nay.
Tom lai, khi Chie'n tranh the gidi thii hai ke't thiic, bdi canh qudc te' mdi va tinh hinh trong nude My da tao ra nhiing dieu kien thuan lgi de nude My bdt tay vao thuc thi chinh sach ddi ngoai ba quyen ciia minh, budc dau thuc
hien "gia'c mo My" ve mdt "nen hda binh kieu My" (Pax, Americana) - mdt
trat tu the' gidi mdi dudi su lanh dao cua My.
CHUONG 2
CHINH SACH DOI NGOAI CUA CHINH Q U Y £ N TRUMAN NHUNG NAM 1945-1949: S U K H 6 I DAU CUA CHIEN TRANH LANH