I Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai khdng chi lam lung lay he thd'ng thuc dan the' gidi, ma cdn lam cho ndi bd cac nude tu ban phat sinh nhiing thay doi xa
1949, Uy ban nhan dan Diic, co quan quyin luc tdi cao Diic hgp hdi nghi toan
2.2. CHINH SACH CUA MY 6 CAC KHU VUC KHAC
2.2.1. Chinh sach cua My a chau A
Ben canh trgng diem chie'n lugc la chau Au, ke hoach ba quyin My cung danh mot phan rat quan trgng cho chau A - Thai Binh Duong, khu vuc ma My cung cd nhung lgi ich rat to Idn vl mat an ninh va chinh tri. Nhat quan vdi chie'n lugc ngan chan chu nghia cdng san, sau khi Chie'n tranh the gidi thii hai ke't thiic, chinh quyin Truman da nhanh chdng trien khai cac chinh sach tai day nhdm ngan chan Lien Xd md rdng anh hudng ddng thdi ciing cd the luc cua My tai chau A, chu yeu thdng qua chinh sach ddi vdi Nhat Ban, Trung Qud'c d phia ddng va d phia tay la Trung Can Ddng.
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2.2.1.1. Chinh sdch cua My ddi vdi Nhat Bdn
Nhat Ban va Diic la hai nude phat xit gay nen cudc Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai. Bdi vay, sau khi chien tranh ket thiic, viec xir ly van de Nhat Ban cQng ddi hdi phai tien hanh khdt khe nhu dd'i vdi Diic. Tuy nhien, do tuong quan luc lugng trong cudc chie'n tranh Thai Binh Duong khac vdi d chau Au, nen va'n dl chie'm ddng nude Nhat sau chien tranh ciing khac vdi nude Diic.
Tren chie'n trudng chau A - Thai Binh Duong, trong sd bd'n nude Idn thugc phe ddng minh thi My cd vai trd quan trgng nha't trong cudc chien tranh chd'ng Nhat. Hon niia, hai qua bom nguyen tir ma My nem xudng Nhat Ban cd tac dung^day nhanh viec Nhat Ban tuyen bd ddu hang. Xua't phat tii vi tri dac biet dd va tinh toan chie'n lugc nhdm ddc chie'm anh hudng tai chau A - Thai Bmh Duong sau chie'n tranh, ngay tii rat sdm My da xiic tien hanh ddng de mot minh chiem ddng Nhat Ban, khdng de cho cac nude ddng minh khac, dac biet la Lien Xd, tham gia vao cac cdng viec tai day. '' ''
'' Ngdy 9-5-1944, Ngoai trudng My Hull dua ra Bi vong luc vl viec xir ly van dl Nhat Ban, cho rdng muc tieu co ban sau chien tranh la lam cho Nhat
Ban khdng the lai trd thanh md'i de dga dd'i vdi nude My va cac nude khu vuc Thai Binh Duong, dong thdi thanh lap mot chinh phu tdn trgng quyin lgi cua cac nude khac va thi hanh nghia vu qud'c te'. De thuc hien muc tieu nay, nguyen tac co ban trong viec xii ly Nhat Ban sau chien tranh ciia My la: Nhat phai tra lai lanh thd da tude doat ciia cac nude khac, nhung vl co ban dugc coi la mdt chinh the, khdng the chia cdt; My cd vai trd quyet dinh trong viec chie'm ddng va quan che Nhat Ban, cdn cac dong minh khac chi cd vai trd tugng trung. Day dugc coi la van kien chinh thiic dau tien vl chinh sach ciia My ddi vdi Nhat Ban sau chien tranh, Sau khi Nhat thdng qua Thuy Si va Thuy Dien giii cdng ham xin ddu hang vao ngay 10-8-1945, My da yeu can I^Ihat: "bat dau tir gid pbiit dau hang, quyin luc cua Nhat hoang va chinh phii Nhat Ban cai tri da't nude phai theo menh lenh ciia Tdng chi buy cac luc lugng dong minh". Sau khi thda thuan vdi Lien Xd, Anh va Trung Qudc, ngay 30-8-
1945, Tudng My McArthur chinh thiic nham chiic Tdng chi huy cac luc lugng
dong mii^h b Nhat Ban va ngay 7-9, Bd Tdng tu lenh tdi cao cac luc lugng
dgng minh tuyen bd thanh lap tai Tokyo, tie'p quan mgi quyin luc tdi cao cua Nhat Ban. Nhat hoang va Chinh phu Nhat Ban phai boat ddng theo chi thi cua Tdng chi huy cac luc lugng ddng minh, tat ca trach nhiem dan chinh va quyin kiem soat tuyet ddi dd'i vdi 80 trieu ngudi dan Nhat Ban dIu do mdt minh JVlcArthur ndm giii. Trong qua trinh thuong lugng Xd - My vl viec chiem ddng Nhat Ban, My da ddng y de Lien Xd chiem ddng toan bd quan dao Kurile, ddi la'y viec Lien Xd khdng cd them yeu sach nao vl viec cimg chiem (Jong Nhat Ban. Hdi ddng Viln Ddng va Hdi ddng cac nude ddng minh quan che Nhat chi tdn tai tren danh nghia, thuc te My da hoan toan ddc chiem anh hudng tai day. Dong thdi, vdi nhiing cai each tien hanh tai Nhat sau chien tranh, My da tang cudng anh hudng va su khd'ng che ddi vdi Nhat tren cac mat chinh tri - kinh te - quan su, bdt dau mdi quan he le thugc cua Nhat Ban vao
My va ngay cang dugc ciing cd khi chien tranh lanh lan rdng tii chau Au sang chau A.
2.2.1.2. Chinh sdch cua My ddi vdi Trung Qudc
Theo nhan dinh cua gidi cam quyin My, sau khi Chien tranh the gidi thii hai ket thiic, nude My diing trudc ba kha nang lua chgn d Trung Qudc: (i) My cd the phai riit sach; (ii) My cd the can thiep quan su quy md Ion, giiip Qudc dan dang tieu diet Dang Cdng san; va (iii) My cd the giiip Qud'c dan
dang xay dung quyin luc ciia hg d viing cd kha nang Idn nha't b Trung Qud'c,
dong thdi nd luc thiic ddy hai ben thda hiep de tranh ndi chien. Chinh phu My da di theo lua chgn thii ba, giiip Tudng Gidi Thach chd'ng Dang Cdng san va xac lap su thdng tri tren toan Trung Qud'c, nhdm bien Trung Qudc trd thanh ngudi gac cdng cua My d Viln Ddng, dua Trung Qud'c vao pham vi anh hudng cua My, hoan ta't mot phan quan trgng trong ke hoach ba quyin My.
,,, . Sau khi Nhat tuyen bd ddu hang, giiia My va hai phe d Trung Qud'c da diln ra cudc da'u tranh quyet liet xung quanh van dl tiep nhan quan Nhat, nguy dau hang. Lo ngai trudc nguy co Dang Cdng san chiem linh Trung Qud'c, ngay 12-8-1945, McArthur la'y danh nghia Tdng tu lenh tdi cao cac luc lugng ddng minh d Viln Ddng ra lenh cho chinh phu Nhat va
quan ddi Nhat b Trung Qudc chi dugc ddu hang Tudng Gidi Thach va quan
ddi Qud'c dan dang. Trudc tinh hinh dd, Mao Trach Ddng neu ra phuong cham "dd'i chgi gay gdt, tranh tufng ta'c dat". Cdn Chu Diic, Tdng tu lenh tap doan quan 18 lien tie'p ra lenh cho quan ddi d cac khu giai phdng Hoa Bdc, Hoa Trung, Hoa Nam nhanh chdng tie'n len, thu nhan vii trang ciia quan dich, tie'p nhan ddu hang ciia Nhat - nguy, ddng thdi ra lenh cho cac don vi khac nhanh chdng tien vao Ddng Bdc, phdi hgp vdi Lien Xd thu bdi Ddng Bdc. Cung vdi viec chuyen giao vung Ddng Bdc cho Dang Cdng san, Lien Xd cdn chuyen giao toan bd vu khi giai giap quan ddi Quan Ddng ciia Nhat va mdt phdn vu khi cua quan ddi Xdviet trudc khi cac don vi nay riit vl nude cho
Quan giai phdng nhan dan Trung Qud'c. Nhd dd. Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc da gianh dugc nhieu thanh phd va viing ndng thdn rdng Idn, ciing cd siic manh ciia Dang Cdng san, lam that bai am muu cua My - Tudng.
Ngay 28-8-1945, sau nhilu lan Tudng Gidi Thach dl nghi dudi siic ep ciia My, Mao Trach Ddng, Chu An Lai cimg mot sd nha lanh dao cua Dang Cong san da den Triing Khanh tien banh dam phan nhdm thiet lap hda binh tai Trung Qudc. Sau 43 ngay dam phan, bai ben da ky Hiep dinh ngay 10 thang 10 (Hiep dinh song thap), quy dinh nhiing bien phap bao ve hda binh, xac dinh viec trieu tap Hdi nghi hiep thuong chinh tri de ban viec xay dung da't nude. Tuy nhien, bat dong giiia hai ben vdn tiep diln va xung dot tren thuc te khdng hi ngiing.
I . ) Kien tri quan diem ngan chan ndi chien b Trung Qud'c va tao dilu kien
de Tudng Gidi Thach ndm toan bd quyin luc tai Trung Qud'c, tir cudi nam 1945 de'n dau nam 1947, Truman da cir Marshall sang Trung Qudc, thuc thi vai trd ngudi hda giai giiia hai ben. Nhan thiic rang ne'u My tir bd su iing hd tie'p tuc dd'i vdi Tudng Gidi Thach "thi tiep theo dd se la mdt T^ung Qudc phan liet va hau qua cd tinh bi kich la ngudi Nga cd the trd lai ndm quyin d Man Chau, nhung anh hudng tdng hgp dd se lam cho muc tieu chii yeu ciia chung ta khi tham gia,chien tranh Thai Binh Duong bi that bai hoac mat bet". My chii truong nd luc de ngan chan ndi chie'n, song neu khdng the thuyet phuc Dang Cdng san nhugng bd thi se ddc toan luc dl iing hg Tudng Gidi Thach. Trong thdi gian tie'n hanh thuong lugng, Tudng Gidi Thach dugc su bd trg cua My da rao riet chuan bi mgi mat vl quan su, va ngay 20-7-1946 da phat ddng cudc ta'n cdng quy md Idn (vdi 113 lii doan, khoang 160 van quan) vao cac viing giai phdng do Dang Cdng san lanh dao. Cudc ndi chien chinh thiic bung nd. Thang 1-1947, hai ben cdng khai tuyen bd dam phan da dd vo hoan toan.
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Ngay 7-3, toan bg dai dien cua Ddng Cong san lam nhiem vu lien lac dam phan d Nam Kinh, Thugng Hai va Trung Khanh dIu riit het vl Dien An. Ngay
10-3, nhdm quan sat cua quan ddi My rdi Dien An. Den day, mgi lien be chinh thiic giira Dang Cdng san vdi Qud'c dan dang va giiia Dang Cdng san vdi My dIu bi cdt diit.
Thang 3-1947, Hgc thuyet Truman ra ddi, lan ddu tien cdng khai chinh sach cua My la iing hd mgi nd luc cua cac "dan tdc tu do" tren toan the gidi nhdm ngan chan Lien Xd va chii nghia cdng san. Trudc khdng khi chd'ng Lien Xd va chii nghia cdng san dang dugc day len cao, cac nha lanh dao Qud'c dan dang nhan dinh rdng cudc ndi chien ma hg dang tien hanh chd'ng lai Dang Cong san chinh la mdt bd phan cua chinh sach chdng cdng tren toan the gidi, tii dd tin tudng vao su iing hd cua My, dl nghi My vien trg tren quy md Idn. TJiang 7-1947, Quan giai phdng nhan dan Trung Qud'c da vugt sdng Hoang Ha tie'n vao vung Dai Biet Son, khdi phuc va phat trien khu giai phdng Trung Nguyen, md dau cho giai doan phan cdng tren toan qudc.
Bdu khdng khi cang thang cua chien tranh lanh va nhiing diln bien nhanh chdng|d Trung Qudc da khien cho Chinh phu My phdi khan truong tinh toan lai chinh sach ciia minh dd'i vdi Trung Qud'c. Vl van dl nay, trong Chinh phu My cd hai luong y kie'n. Gidi quan su, chu truong can thiep sau vao Trung
Qud'c, cho rdng hien nay chinh phii duy nha't b chau A cd the chdng lai su
banh trudng cua Lien Xd la chinh phu Qudc dan dang Trung Qudc, keu ggi Chinh phii My vien trg day dii cho chinh phu Qud'c dan dang de tieu diet mgi cudc chd'ng dd'i vii trang cua cdng san, dl phdng chinh phu Qud'c dan dang sup dd va Trung Qudc roi vao su khdng che ciia Lien Xd.
Luong y kie'n thii hai la cua gidi lanh dao Bg ngoai giao, diing dau la Marshall, theo quan diem khdng can thiep sau vao Trung Qud'c, Marshall canh bao: Ne'u My mudn giiip Qud'c dan dang duy tri su thd'ng tri tuyet ddi d Trung Qud'c, Chmh phii My "can phai chuan bi tren thuc te de tiep thu Chinh phu Trung Qud'c, quan ly cac mat kinh te, quan su va hanh chinh ciia Chinh phiiTrung Qud'c", dilu dd se lam cho My "true tiep tham gia vao ndi chien cua
Trung Qud'c", khie'n cho "cac nguon luc ciia My rdt vao mdt vuc sau khdng day", hoan toan khdng cd lgi cho My.
Ngay 2-4-1948, Qudc hdi My chinh thiic thdng qua "Luat vien trg Trung Qud'c" - mot bd phan cua "Dao luat vien trg nude ngoai" - quy dinh tdng so vien trg cho Trung Qud'c la 463 trieu ddla, thdi ban 12 thang, trong dd 328 trieu ddla la vien trg kinh te, 125 trieu la khoan tang dac biet do chinh phu Qudc dan dang can nhdc sir dung, tren thuc te chinh la vien trg quan su. "Luat vien trg Trung Qud'c" dugc thdng qua danh dau su xac lap phuong cham vien trg ban che cho Tudng Gidi Thach cua My nhdm giiip Tudng Gidi Thach cd them thdi gian, ciing cd luc lugng, chinh ddn ndi bd de xoay chuyen tinh the, nhung khdng ganh vac nghia vu "giiip Qud'c dan dang danh bai Dang Cong san". Thuc chat, day cung chinh la tinh than co ban ciia chinh sach ciia My dd'i vdi Trung Qud'c ngay sau khi chien tranh ke't thiic.
Vdi uu tien cao nhat danh cho chau Au, khu vuc trgng diem chien lugc trong ke' hoach ba quyin My, nen mac dii coi trgng vai trd cua Trung Qudc trong chien lugc chau A, song tu tuong co ban ciia gidi cam quyin My la chinh sach ciia My dd'i vdi Trung Qud'c sau chien tranh chi cd the giiip ich, chii khdng the can trd viec thuc thi chinh sach ddi vdi chau Au. Bao cao ciia Uy ban an ninh qudc gia My neu rd, ddi vdi nude My, "Trung Qudc cung 1dm chi la khu vuc thiJ yeu vl mat chien lugc". Trong bdi canh My dang true tiep
^ A
ganh vac nghia vu ve kinh te - quan su tai chau Au, viec My dua quan can thiep vao Trung Qudc de giiip Tudng Gidi Thach trong cudc ndi chie'n la dilu khdng the. ^ , ,,,. ],
:;, . Mot nhan td Idiac anh hudng den chinh sach cua My d Trung Qudc chinh la su cd mat cua Lien Xd d Viln Ddng. Sau chien tranh, quan he Xd - My ngay cang cang thang, giiia Xd - My xua't hien trang thai "ran de" Idn nhau trong van dl Trung Qudc. Marshall da nhilu lan nhan manh rdng "phai dl phdn^ Trung Qud'c trd thanh nhan td kich thich nguy hiem trong quan he
qud'c te cua chiing ta, dac biet trong quan he vdi Lien Xd", cho rdng neu Trung Qud'c trd thanh diem xung dot Xd - My thi rat cd the khien My phai ganh chiu nhiing hau qua nghiem trgng.
Ben canh nhirng nguyen nhan ndi tren, chinh sach cua My dd'i vdi Trung Qud'c thdi ky ddu sau chien tranh cdn bi anh hudng phan nao bdi nhan thiic va danh gia ciia gidi cam quyin My vl Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc. Mot sd tai lieu cho thay tii cudi thap ky 1940, mot bd phan trong chinh quyin Truman cd nhan thiic rang md'i quan he giffa Dang Cong san Trung Qud'c vdi Lien Xd la tuong dd'i dgc lap, tuy hg cd chiu anh hudng cua Lien Xd, song khdng the la cdng cu ciia Matxcova. Vi vay, thdng lgi cua nhung ngudi cdng san Trung Qud'c "khdng cd kha nang trd thanh mdi nguy hai cd tinh chat nhu la mdt tai hga dd'i vdi lgi ich cua nude My" [36, 396]. Vdi nhan thiic nay, chinh quyin Truman da coi mdt bd phan quan trgng trong chinh sach dd'i vdi Trung Qudc la khoet sau mau thudn giiia Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c vdi Lien Xd, "ngan can Trung Qud'c trd thanh nude phu thugc Lien Xd" trong tuong lai. Viec Dai sii My Stanley vdn d lai sau khi Quan giai phdng nhan dan Trung Qud'c vuot Trudng Giang tien vao Nam Kinh cho thay y do ciia My mudn tim kiem kha nang tie'p xiic true tiep vdi lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c, nhdm dat co sd cho md'i quan he mdi giiia My va Trung Qud'c. Tur thang 5 de'n thang 7-1949, giiia Stanley va dai dien ciia
Dang Cdng san da c6 mdt so cudc tiep xiic ca nhan. Tuy nhien, do xung dot