I Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai khdng chi lam lung lay he thd'ng thuc dan the' gidi, ma cdn lam cho ndi bd cac nude tu ban phat sinh nhiing thay doi xa
v ly thiic he trong khudn khd chien tranh lanh My da khdng cdt diit quan he di chinh quyin Tudng Gidi Thach, khdng cdng khai thiia nhan chinh quyin
3.2. PHAN DNG CUA MY: KE HOACH NSC-68 VA VIEC QUAN SUHOA CHINH SACH NGAN CHAN
CHINH SACH NGAN CHAN
• , . . . - L ; . J , . ' ' • ' • • • • ^ • • ' • • ' • •
Tur nam 1947 de'n nam 1950, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai My da nha't quan theo dudi muc tieu cua ke' hoach ba quyin My - tao dung mgt the gidi hdi nhap don nha't trong dd My la ngudi lanh dao. Vdi muc tieu nay. My da lan lugt thuc thi hgc thuyet Truman, ke hoach Marshall va cudi cung la thanh lap Td chiic Hiep ude Bdc Dai Tay Duong (NATO) de hinh thanh mdt klidi Tay Au thd'ng nha't dat dudi su chi phdi toan dien cua My, ngan chan anh hudng cua Lien Xd va cac nude xa hdi chii nghia, Mac dii vay, chien lugc ngan
A >•
chan da khdng ngan dugc viec md rdng he thd'ng xa hdi chu nghia tir Au sang A ma dien hinh la sU ra ddi cua nude Cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa thang 10- 1949; khdng ngan can dugc Lien Xd pha vd the ddc quyin nguyen tir ciia My vao thang, 8-1949. Dong thdi, phong trao giai phdng dan tdc len cao d cac nude ngoai vi va cimg vdi nd la nguy co vl chu nghia cdng san lan tran, tat ca da dat cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My trudc nhiem vu mdi bet siic nang nl: duy tri qua trinh tai thiet chau Au theo diing con dudng My,da hoach dinh de giii cac nude nay trong quy dao cua My; ngan chan anh hudng ciia Lien Xd va Trung Qud'c lan rdng sang cac nude thugc khu vuc ngoai vi; ngan chan
XU hudng Tay Au choi con bai Lien Xd va Nhat Ban choi con bai Trung Qudc lam tdn hai lgi ich ciia My. De dap iing muc tieu tren, chinh sach dd'i ngoai ma chinh quyin Truman lua chgn trong thdi diem nay lai la mgt budc ngoat mdi, tao CO sd cho chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Hoa Ky trong sudt hon hai thap ky sau do - chinh sach "quan su hda" va day chien tranh lanh len mdt miic mdi, md rdng can thiep quan su sang The' gidi thii ba,
3,2.1. Lira chon quan sir hoa va ke hoach NSC-68
Trudc nhiing thach thiic dat ra, chinh quyin Truman cho rdng can phai cd chinh sach ddi ngoai thda man cac muc tieu ba quyin cua My, giu viing su phuc tung ciia chau Au va Nhat Ban, kilm che cd hieu qua Lien Xd va chan diing viec'mci'rdng cua chu nghia cdng san sang cac khu vuc ngoai vi. Dong thdi, chinh sach nay cdn phai giai quyet td't cac van dl kinh te cua nude My va dong minh, tao ra dgng luc phat trien kinh te. Sau nhilu cudc tranh luan, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ciia Hoa Ky da lua chgn chinh sach quan su hda tren quy md Idn.
Theo ke hoach nay. My se trien khai san xuat bom khinh khi; tang chi tieu quan sU nam 1952 len bd'n Idn, tir 14 trieu USD len den 53 trieu USD; phat trien cac luc lugng quan su thdng thudng, bao gdm bd'n su doan thudng true d Trung Au; tang gdp ddi luc lugng khdng quan, len 95 nhdm vdi cac can cir^cbien^ugcd Mardc, Libi, Arap Xeiit va Tay Ban Nha; chuyin NATO thanh lien minhjquan su; tai vii trang Tay Diic va kit nap Tay Diic vao khdi NATO; thay the' hd trg kinh te' - ky thuat bdng vien trg quan su va kit hgp ca bai dang vien trg nay trong chuong trinh Dao luat an ninh chung nam 1951 [52, 207].
Ddu nam 1950, Hdi ddng an ninh qud'c gia de trinh Tdng thdng Truman bdn ke' hoach mang ky hieu NSC-68 lam co sd cho chuong trinh quan su hda. NSC-68 dugc coi la mdt trong nhihig tai lieu chinh sach quan trgng nhat trong lich sii Hoa Ky. Ke hoach NSC-68 dl ra ba thay ddi Idn trong chien lugc ddi
ngoai ciia My: (i) Todn cdu hoa chinh sdch ngdn chdn, do md'i de dga cua chu
nghia cdng san da md rdng ra toan cau. "Gid day, cudc tan cdng vao nhiing the
che tu do da cd b khdp noi tren the gidi". Do vay, cac cam ket ciia My phdi md
rdng ra tren pham vi toan cdu de bao ve dong minh, cac tuyen dudng bien sd'ng con, cac nguon nguyen lieu thd chien lugc, v.v., dong thdi ngan chan thdng lgi
cua nhirng ngudi cdng san b bat ky noi nao tren the gidi; (ii) Qudn suhoa chinh
sdch ngdn chdn, nhdm ran de manh me hon dd'i vdi Lien Xd va chu nghia cdng
san, dong thdi thdng qua cac hanh ddng quan su de md rdng anh hudng cua My sang khu vuc ngoai vi. Bien phap thuc hien la xay dung mdt mang ludi cac can
cii quan.su b ngoai nude tren pham vi toan the gidi, thie't lap cac lien minh quan SU ngoai pham vi NATO, tang chi phi qud'c phdng b miic do dang ke; (iii) Phdt
trien bom khinh khi de vugt trudc Lien Xd vl kha nang ran de bdng vu khi hat
nhan, duy tri uu the' hat nhan chien lugc ciia My nhdm tang cudng siic manh quan su va uu the' ciia My trong con mdt cac ddng minh cua My.
,! , • Trong phdn ket luan, NSC-68 khang dinh nguy co Idn nhat dd'i vdi an
ninh ciia My trong tuong lai gan xuat phat tir Lien Xd. Trudc nguy ca bien
hien do Lien Xd da che tao thanh cdng bom nguyen tir, ban bao cao khuyen nghi rdng My can phai tang cudng vl thuc chat siic manh quan su cua minh du de "ran de chien tranh va bao dam rdng trong trudng hgp xay ra chien tranh, ng [Hoa Ky] cd the diing vGng sau cu danh phu dau va giang tra de cudi ciing dat dugc nhiing muc tieu cua nd". Nha'n manh rdng "su chi phdi ciia Lien Xd dd'i vdi ... khu vuc A - Au... dIu khdng the chap nhan dugc ddi vdi Hoa Ky", ban bao cao da d l ra muc tieu cho nude My la "(i) giam bdt siic manh va anh hudng qua Lien Xd ...; (ii) tao ra su thay ddi co ban trong each thiic tien hanh cac quan he qud'c te ciia Lien Xd de phu hgp vdi cac muc dich va nguyen tdc cua Hien chuong Lien hgp qud'c". De dat dugc cac muc tieu nay, "Hoa Ky can phai sdn sang v l quan su d mii-c do cd the duy tri su ran de ddi vdi Lien Xd bat cii khi nao cdn thiet;... cimg cd khuynb hudng hudng tdi Hoa Ky va cac qudc
gia ngoai khdi Xdvie't, va giiip do cac qudc gia nay, neu hg cd the va sSn sang gdp phdn vao viec bao dam an ninh cua Hoa Ky, tang cudng su on dinh vl kinh te, chinh tri va nang luc quan su cua hg...". Bao cao NSC-68 da khdng dinh rdng "dia vi trung tam quyin luc ciia the gidi tu do dat ra cho Hoa Ky mdt trgng trach nang nl la phai lanh dao the gidi". Nude My phai chiing td "quye't tam va kha nang... chd'ng lai y do cua cac nha lanh dao Kremlin" [84]. Tren co sd nhirng lap luan nay, NSC-68 da dl xuat chinh sach quan su hda vdi sd tiln ude tinh cd the len tdi 37-50 trieu USD/ nam, gap ba lan lugng tiln ma Bd Qud'c phdng yeu cau cho nam 1950.
Mac dii chua bao gid dugc chinh thiic thdng qua, song bao cao NSC-68 da dugc Tdng thd'ng Truman xem xet va ung hd tren nguyen tdc, trd thanh dudng ldi chie'n lugc trong nhiem ky thii hai ciia chinh quyin Truman va tao co sd cho chinh sach dd'i ngoai My trong sudt hon 20 nam sau dd, cho td^,,tan khi ket thiic cugc chie'n tranh xam lugc cua My d Viet Nam. Trong giai doan trien khai ban dau, NSC-68 la can cii de chinh quyin Truman true tiep can thiep vao cudc xung dot tai Trilu Tien; md rdng dinh liu quan su ra The gidi thii ba, the hien qua viec ung hd Phap trong cudc chien d Ddng Duong va tang cudng cac lien minh quan
su tai Dgng, ^ean A va Thai Binh Duong; ciing cd lien minh My - Nhat, tai vu
trang Tay, Diic va dua Tay Du'c gia nhap khdi NATO nhdm duy tri cac ddng minh chien lugc truyin thdng. Tat ca nhiing hanh ddng nay nhdm ciing cd siic manh ciia My va tao ra su "ran de" dd'i vdi ngudi Nga - dudng hudng chien lugc se dugc Eisenhower duy tri va phat trien trong nhiem ky tiep theo.
^ 3.2.2. Chien tranh Trieu Tien
Chie'n tranh Trilu Tien la cudc chien tranh ndng dau tien nd ra trong thdi ky chien tranh lanh, ddng thdi cung la mot trong nhiing vu xung dot nghiem trgng nhat trong quan he Ddng - Tay, vdi su can thiep true tiep ciia
chua dd'i dau true tiep tren chien trudng. Ddi vdi chinh quyin Truman, cudc chie'n tranh Trilu Tien la viec trien khai tren thue te ke hoach NSC-68, ddng thdi cung la mgt cai cd de giiip ke hoach NSC-68 cd dugc su iing hd cua Qudc hdi va cdng chiing My, vi nd ddi hdi mdt khoan tang chi phi rdt Ion cho quan su va cdt giam dang ke phiic lgi xa hdi. Chinh quyin da lgi dung cugc chie'n tranh nay de thdi phong nhung nguy co ciia chii nghia cdng san, nhu tuyen bd cua Truman rdng "chii nghia cdng san dang hanh ddng tai Trilu Tien nhu nhiing gi ngudi Nhat da tirng lam trong 10, 15 va 20 nam vl trudc" [4, 138]. Chien tranh Trilu Tien da nhanh chdng dugc My sir dung de khang dinh quyet tam ciia My trong viec chan diing "chii nghia cdng san" va ciing cd chie'c d phdng thii My, ddng thdi cung la su md man cho mot giai doan can thiep rdng Idn hon nhdm thuc thi ba quyin My tai The gidi thii ba. f., Ngay sau khi Chien tranh the" gidi thii hai ke't thiic, ban dao Trilu Tien da trd thanh noi My - Xd tranh gianh nhdm gay anh hudng d khu vuc Viln Ddng. Hien trang chinh tri ciia ban dao nay da phan anh so sanh luc lugng liic do giira hai sieu cudng. Sau khi Nhat Ban tuyen bd ddu hang vao thang 8-
1945, thep thda thuan giira hai nude My - Xd, ban dao Trilu Tien dugc chia laip hai khu vuc, la'y vl tuye'n 38 lam gidi tuyen. Quan ddi My - Xd da lan lugt vao tie'p quan hai miln Nam, Bdc Trilu Tien. Thang 12-1945, Hdi nghi ngoai trudng ba nude My, Anh, Lien Xd tai Matxcova da quyet dinh xay dung lai Trilu Tien thanh mdt nude ddc lap va thanh lap chinh phu lam thdi d Trilu Tien va mgt iiy ban lien hgp dat dudi su giam sat ciia dai bieu quan su Lien Xd, My, Anh, Trung Qud'c. Tuy nhien, tuong tu nhu tinh hinh nude Diic, do lgi ich chien lugc cua minh. Lien Xd va My da iing hd va giiip dd thanh lap chinh quyin d khu vuc do minh chiem ddng. Ngay 15-8-1948, sau mdt sd budc chuan bi, Hoa Ky da giiip cho su ra ddi ciia Nha nude Dai Han dan qudc (Han Qudc). Sau dd khdng lau, ngay 9-9-1948, nude Cdng hda dan chu nhan dan Trieu Tien cung tuyen bd thanh lap. Lien Xd va My Mn lugt riit quan khoi
ban dao Trieu Tien vao cudi nam 1948 va thang 6-1949, nhung anh hudng cua hai sieu cudng vdn dugc duy tri. Nhu vay, gidng nhu Diic, ban dao Trilu Tien da bi chia cdt thanh hai nha nude ddc lap, vdi hai the che chinh tri - xa hdi khac nhau va nhiing cd gdng nhdm thd'ng nhat Trilu Tien ciia hai ben chinh la bdi canh lam nay sinh cudc chien tranh khdc liet tren ban dao nay.
Tren thuc te, tii giiia nam 1949, quan he giua hai miln Nam - Bdc Trilu Tien da bet siic cang thdng va thudng xuyen cd nhiing cugc xung dot vii trang. Ngay 25-6-1950, chie'n tranh giiia hai ben bung nd, Chi trong vai ngay, quan ddi Cong hda dan chu nhan dan Trilu Tien da tie'n nhanh xudng phia Nam vl tuye'n 38, chie'm thu dd Seoul ciia Cdng hda Trilu Tien va den thang 8-1950 da md rdng kiem soat gdn nhu toan bd miln Nam, trur khu vuc cang Pusan.
Hoa Ky lgi dung su vdng mat ciia Lien Xd d Lien hgp qudc de dua van dl Trilu Tien ra trudc Hdi ddng bao an, lan lugt thdng qua cac nghi quyet len an Bdc Trilu Tien xam lugc Nam Trilu Tien (ngay 25-6), keu ggi cac nude thanh vien Lien hgp qudc giiip dd Cdng hda Trilu Tien dayiiiixam lugc (ngay 27-6) va td chiic "quan ddi Lien hgp qud'c lay My lam ndng cdt" de tham chien
true tie'p b Trilu Tien (ngay 7-7). Den day, My da cd co sd hgp phap de tien
hanh banh dgng can thiep vii trang dd'i vdi Trilu Tien.
Ngay 15-9-1950, quan My dd bd len hai cang Nhan Xuyen (Inchon), sau lung,quan ddi Bdc Trilu Tien, tien vao Seoul, day quan ddi Bdc Trilu Tien trof lai phia bdc qua vl tuyen 38. Trudc tinh hinh dd. Lien Xd va Trung Qud'c dl nghi riit ngay tat ca quan ddi nude ngoai, de nhan dan Trilu Tien tu quyet dinh van menh cua minh. Tuy nhien, vdi nhiing tinh toan chien lugc ciia minh, My da quyet tam can thiep bdng quan su vao ban dao Trilu Tien. Ngay 11-9, Hgi,d6ng an ninh qud'c gia My ciing vdi Tudng McArthur da dl ra ke hoach chuan bi vugt vi tuyen 38. De hgp phap hda hanh ddng nay. My da lgi dung Dai hdi ddng Lien hgp qud'c thdng qua nghi quyet ngay 7-10-1950 cho phep "tien hanh nhirng bien phap thich hgp de bao dam mdt tinh hinh dn dinh tren
toan bd Trieu Tien", va "thuc hien tuyen cii lap chinh phii thdng nha't ddc lap va dan chu". De dd'i phd vdi su phu quyet ciia Lien Xd, My cdn thao tiing Dai hoi dong thdng qua nghi quyet ngay 3-11-1950 ndi rdng trong trudng hgp cd de dga hda binh hay xam lugc ma trong Hdi dong bao an cd phieu phii quyet, "khdng thuc hien dugc trach nhiem chinh cua minh", thi Dai hdi ddng cd trach nhiem dua ra "nhiing khuyen nghi thich hgp cho cac nude hdi vien vl nhiing bien phap tap the can tien hanh". Nhiing nghi quyet nay chi la nhiing van ban do My tao ra de hgp phap hda hanh ddng quan su ciia minh, vi tren thuc te, ngay tuf ngay 2-10-1950, trudc khi cd nhiing nghi quyet tren, quan ddi My va Nam Trilu Tien da vugt vl tuyen 38, day quan ddi Bdc Trilu Tien vl phia bien gidi Trung - Trilu.
Trong khi My du kien kha nang Trung Qud'c can thiep vao cudc chien d Trilu Tien la thap thi ngugc lai, Bdc Kinh da quye't dinh dua quan tinh nguyen Trung Qi^d'c dudi su chi huy cua Tudng Banh Diic Hoai sang chien da'u ben canh quan ddi Bdc Trilu Tien tir ngay 19-10. Su tham gia cua mot luc lugng Idn quan dgi Trung Qud'c da khien cho quan ddi Lien hgp qudc do My chi huy bi day liii trdn cac mat tran. Cudi thang 12-1950, quan ddi Trung - Trilu lai vugt qua vl tuyen 38. Ngay 29-12-1950, cac tu lenh My tren cac mat tran thdng bao cho McArthur rdng neu mudn, quan ddi Trung Qud'c cd the ddy lui cac luc lugng Lien hgp qud'c ra khdi Trilu Tien.
Trudc tinh hinh cang thdng dd, phan iing ciia cac nha lanh dao My rat khac nhau. Trong cugc hgp bao ngay 30-11-1950, khi dugc hdi vl kha nang sir dung bom nguyen tir d Trilu Tien, Tdng thd'ng Truman da khdng tra ldi dut khoat, nhung khdng loai trir kha nang dd. McArthur ciing Idn tieng keu ggi "nem tii 30 den 50 qua bom nguyen tir xudng nhiing can cii khdng quan va nhung diem ddu nao chien lugc d Man Chau, dd bd 500.000 quan ciia Tudng Gidi Thach bdng xe ldi nude vdi su kem cap cua hai su doan bdi quan My d hai dau bien gidi Jrilu Tien..." [17, 380]. Tuy nhien, gidi cam quyin Washington
khdng cha'p nhan dl nghi hieu chien qua miic nay ciia McArthur. Ngay 1-2, theo dl nghi ciia My, Dai hdi dong Lien hgp qud'c thdng qua nghi quyet tuyen bd Cong hda nhan dan Trung Hoa xam lugc Trilu Tien. Ngay 25-1-1951, quan dgi My trd lai phan cdng, tien dan den vl tuyen 38. Den thang 3-1951, quan ddi hai ben da d vao the gidng co xung quanh vl tuyen 38. Trudc nguy co chien