I Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai khdng chi lam lung lay he thd'ng thuc dan the' gidi, ma cdn lam cho ndi bd cac nude tu ban phat sinh nhiing thay doi xa
1945, ngay sau khi nem qua bom nguyen tir thii hai xudng Nagasaki, Truman cdng khai ndi rdng ba nude Idn da tiing tuyen bd: Rumani, Bungari va
cdng khai ndi rdng ba nude Idn da tiing tuyen bd: Rumani, Bungari va Hunggari khdng thude pham vi the luc cua ba't ky nude Idn nao. Ngay 18 thang 8, My giri cdng ham cho chinh phu lam thdi Bungari yeu cau Bungari md rdng thanh phan chinh phu cho "mgi phan tir dan chu quan trgng", neu khdng My se khdng thufa nhan chinh phu Bungari va khdng ky hda ude vdi Bungari. Trong Hdi nghi ngoai trudng hgp tai London thang 9 - 1 0 nam 1945 de chuan bi cho viec ky hda ude vdi cac nude Italia, Phan Lan, Rumani, Bungari va Hunggari, ngoai trudng My Byrnes nhan manh rdng cac nude Ddng Au phai thuc bien bau cir tu do, am chi Lien Xd md rdng pham vi the luc tai Ddng Au. Ngay 27-10-1945, phat bieu trong budi le ky niem ngay thanh lap luc lugng hai quan, Truman da neu ra cai ggi la "12 nguyen tdc co ban ciia chinh sach ddi ngoai My", khdng dinh quan he My - Xd dang cang thang va tuyen bd rdng chinh sach ddi ngoai My khdng cho phep "thda hiep
vdi quy dii" [77, 437]. Nhu vay, cd the tha'y mau thudn giiia Xd - My xung quanh van de Ddng Au la khdng the dieu hda, xuat phat tir nhan thiic ve lgi ich va chie'n lugc cua ca hai ben.
Diem ndng nha't trong mau thudn Xd - My ndi rieng va xung dot Ddng - Tay ndi chung chinh la van de nude Diic. Day la van de cd tinh sdng cdn ddi vdi ca My va Lien Xd va trong vong mdt nam sau khi chien tranh ket thiic, nd da trd thanh mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan chinh cua cudc Chien tranh lanh. Tai Hdi nghi Yalta, do trong ndi bd tirng nude ciing chua xac dinh dugc rd phai lam gi vdi Diic, nen thda thuan dat dugc hoan toan mang tinh ngd: nude E)iic tam thdi bi chia lam bdn viing do bd'n nude My, Anh, Phap, Lien Xd chie'm ddng sau chie'n tranh, nhung de ngd kha nang thd'ng nha't nude Diic; cha'p nhan nhiing yeu cau bdi thudng cua Nga nhung tir chdi khdng dua ra con so' chinh xac hoac neu rd each thiic tien hanh bdi thudng cho den khi kha nang tra no ciia, Diic duoc xac dinh.
Cung vdi viec chien tranh cham diit, lap trudng giiia Xd - My ddi vdi va'n de Diic ngay cang khac biet. Lien Xd chu truong ciing rdn vdi Diic de ngan ngiia hoan toan nguy co ve mdt cudc chien tranh mdi, ddi Diic boi thudng chien tranh vdi miic cao; xet xir nghiem khdc tdi pham chien tranh phat xit; giam san lugng cdng nghiep nang, chuyen hoan toan sang cdng nghiep hda binh, thu tieu cac lien minh va cac tap doan ddc quyen; thuc hien dan chii hda chinh tri. Ngugc lai, My kien tri vdi ke hoach phuc hung nude
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Diic de. lam co sd cho viec phuc hung chau Au - noi ma My cd lgi ich chien lugc. Ke hoach nay ciing nhdm vao viec dua nude Diic quay trd lai quy dao ciia the' gidi tu ban phuong Tay do My chi phdi. Tai Hdi nghi Potsdam, My da tii chdi xac dinh tdng miic boi thudng va de xua't che do bdi thudng phan vung de Lien Xd cung cac nude phuong Tay thu khoan boi thudng tir vung chiem ddng ciia minh. Tie'p dd. My chuyen sang xiic tien viec thd'ng nhat cac viing do phuong Tay chiem ddng, thuc hien chia cdt nude Diic, tien hanh xay dung
mdt nha nude Tay Diic than thien vdi phuong Tay lam tien don chd'ng lai Lien Xd va cac nude xa hdi chu nghia Ddng Au. De thuc hien am muu nay, ngay 2- 12-1946, tai Washington, My va Anh da ky ke't hiep nghi ve viec thd'ng nhat kinh te va hanh chinh hai khu vuc do My va Anh chiem ddng. My, Anh cdn khd'ng che' hoan toan nganh ngoai thuong cua khu vuc hgp nhat bang each chi cho khu vuc nay phat trien quan he budn ban vdi cac nude phuong Tay, khien cho My chie'm giii vi tri dgc quyen tren thi trudng Tay Diic. Thuong mai giiia Tay Diic va Ddng Diic bi can trd nghiem trgng do dong ddla dugc dung lam ngoai hdi chinh trong viec thanh toan mau dich giiia hai mien. De'n day, nude Diic da trd thanh diem xung dot chinh trong quan he Xd - My va thuc te' da minh chiing va'n de nay da trd thanh mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan true tiep lam biing nd cudc Chien tranh lanh.
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Ben canh van de Ddng Au va tuong lai cua nude Diic, xung dot cua My va Lien Xd xung quanh va'n de Iran va Thd Nhl Ky ciing la mdt cai cd de hai cuu ddng minh, trong chie'n tranh quay lung lai vdi nhau. Vdi vi tri dia chinh tri chien lugc ciia Iran va Thd Nhl Ky, My da sdm nhan tha'y lgi ich cua minh tai day. Tjrud|q thuc te' quan ddi Lien Xd dang cd mat tai Iran va chua kip riit quan sau chien tranh do vudng mdc ve va'n de tu tri dan toe tai viing tay bdc Iran, My da thdi phong nguy co ve "chu nghia banh trudng Xdviet", xiii giuc Iran khieu to vdi Lien hgp qudc rdng Lien Xd dang can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd ciia Iran. Trong qua trinh Lien Xd va Iran dang tien hanh dam phan ve viec Lien Xd riit quan va hai ben hgp tac khai thac dau md d bdc Iran, My da ra siic reu rao ve nguy co cua Lien Xd de tao khdng khi cang thdng. Truman da tuyen bd: "Cd the xay ra chien tranh vdi Nga tren va'n de Iran". Sau khi toan bd quan ddi Lien Xd riit khdi Iran, My da xam nhap vao Iran thdng qua cac hinh thiic nhu "cho vay", "hd trg ky thuat", "vien trg" kinh te va quan su.
Xua't phat tuf yeu cau an ninh cua minh, ngay 7-6-1945, Lien Xd da yeu cau ky hiep ude hiiu nghi vdi Thd Nhl Ky vdi dieu kien Thd Nhl Ky phai tra
lai hai viing giap bien Kars va Ardalan, cho phep Lien Xd dat can cii luc, hai quan Of eo bien Dardanelles va sira ddi cdng ude Montreaux nam 1936. Van de nay da dugc dua ra thao luan giiia My, Anh, Lien Xd va Thd Nhl Ky. Lien Xd nha'n manh rang eo bien la con dudng duy nha't de ra vao bien Den, co quan quan ly eo bien phai dugc dat dudi quyen cua Thd Nhl Ky hoac nude ven bd bien Den khac; hai nude Lien Xd va Thd Nhl Ky cd lgi ich mat thiet nha't vdi eo bien phai dugc td chiic bien phap phdng ngu lien hgp de de phdng cac nude khac lgi dung eo bien ta'n cdng cac nude thude bien Den. My, Anh, Thd cho rdng Lien Xd cd y dd khd'ng che'eo bien, nen da khang khang chii truong Thd Nhl Ky cd hoan toan chii quyen vdi eo bien va dua vao the che' Lien hgp qud'c, bac bd kha nang Lien Xd sira chiia ndi dung chii yeu ciia cdng ude.
Co the ndi, trong quan he vdi cac nude Iran va Thd Nhl Ky, Lien Xd xua't phat tii lgi ich an ninh chie'n lugc va muc tieu bao dam an ninh bien gidi phia Nam cua minh da chii ddng gay anh hudng vdi cac nude nay, nhdm xay dung "vung dem chinh sach" cua Lien Xd ddi vdi mien bdc Trung Ddng. Tuy nhien. My va Anh da lgi dung dieu nay de thdi phdng nguy co ve chii nghia banh trudng Xdvie't, reu rao rdng Lien Xd dang chuan bi dimg vu luc chinh phuc cac nude lang gieng phia Nam. Vdi vi tri quan trgng ciia Trung Ddng trong tinh toan chien lugc ciia My, nhiing chinh sach va hanh dgng cua Lien Xd ddi vdi Trung Ddng da trd thanh "thach thiic" true tiep ddi vdi My. Chinh vi the, My da ra siic ngan can Lien Xd md rdng anh hudng tai day, ddng thdi tie'n vao la'p chd trdng, bie'n mien bdc Trung Ddng thanh hang rao phia bdc kiem che Lien Xd. He thu nam 1946, Chinh phu My da xac nhan cac nude Thd Nhl Ky, Iran va Hy Lap la "la chdn ngan chan su xam lugc ciia Lien Xd". Hcjm jTidt nam sau khi chien tranh ket thiic, hai nude My - Xd da thay minh d vi the khdng the dung hda ve mat lgi ich. Mau thudn giira hai ben xuat hien tren mgi van de va ngay cang trd nen cang thang. Dieu nay mdt phan xuat phat tir su ddi lap ve y thiic he giira hai nude, song nguyen nhan chu yeu
nhat chinh la su xung dot ve lgi ich qud'c gia cua mdi nude. Ca bai ben deu cd nhiing ky vgng ve sdp xe'p lai the gidi sau chien tranh, song trat tu the gidi ma ben nay hinh dung lai khdng the thda man y do cua ben kia. Lgi ich qudc gia then chdt nha't ciia Lien Xd sau chien tranh la bao dam an ninh, xay dung vanh dai phdng thu chie'n lugc de Lien Xd cd the yen tam tap trung vao khdi phuc kinh te da't nude vdn da bi tan pha nang ne. Cdn uu tien hang dau ciia My giai doan nay la hoan ta't ke hoach ba quyen My, xay dung mot trat tu the gidi mdi do My chi phdi, dat cac qud'c gia khac dudi su anh hudng ciia My. Tham vgng lanh dao the' gidi cua My va nhiing hanh ddng ma My tien hanh dugc coi la da de dga true tie'p tdi an ninh cua nha nude Xdviet, va nhirng banh ddng bao dam an ninh cua Lien Xd da tao ra nhiing thach thiic khdng nhd ddi vdi ke' hoach ba quyln My. Tdm lai, xung dot trong lgi ich ciing vdi su ddi lap ve y thiic he da day hai dong minh chu chdt thdi chien, hai sieu cudng cdn lai sau done dd nat cua chien tranh, di tdi mdt cudc chien tranh mdi - cudc Chien tranh lanh - dien ra trong sudt hon 40 nam sau dd.
2.1.1.2. Ngoai giao nguyen tu
Thang 7-1945, tai Hdi nghi Potsdam, Tdng thd'ng Harry S. Truman nhan dugc thdng tin chinh thiic ve viec thir nghiem thanh cdng bom nguyen tir dau tienJ Ddi vdi Truman va cac nha lanh dao khac cua My, bom nguyen tir khdng clii chiia dung siic manh quan su cd the "buy diet the gidi", ma quan trgng hon la mang lai siic manh can thiet de My cd the xay dung mdt the gidi mdi - mot the gidi nha't the va rdng md dudi chie'c d che chdn cua cudng qud'c Hoa Ky. Y thiic rd ret dieu dd, Truman da vd nhu ngdu nhien thdng bao vdi Stalin ve viec My da che tao thanh cdng mdt loai vii khi mdi cd hieu qua rat cao.
Hon ai he't, Stalin hieu rd Truman mudn am chi dieu gi va dng rd rang coi thdng bao ciia Truman ham y mdt su de dga. Stalin da chgn each phan ling nhu khdng cd chuyen gi xay ra. Trong hdi ky ciia minh, Truman da nhd lai:
"Ngudi diing dau nude Nga khdng he chiing td su quan tam dac biet nao. Tat ca nhiing gi dng ta ndi la dng ta rat vui khi nghe tin dd va rdng dng ta hy vgng chiing ta cd the 'sir dung nd mdt each hiiu ich de chdng lai ngudi Nhat'" [77, 435-436]. Day la chie'n thuat dugc Lien Xd sir dung lien quan tdi va'n de vii khi hat nhan cho tdi tan khi Lien Xd che' tao thanh cdng bom nguyen tir. Tir day, "ngoai giao nguyen tir" da ra ddi, md dau cho mdt ky nguyen mdi trong quan he qudc te.
Va'n de che' tao vii khi hat nhan da dugc cac nude tap trung nghien ciiu trong nhirng nam Chien tranh the gidi thii bai. Theo nhiing tai lieu sau nay cho tha'y, ca Phap, Anh, My, Lien Xd, Diic va Nhat Ban deu da cd ke hoach nghien ciiu che' tao bom nguyen tir. Tuy nhien, do su tan pha ciia chien tranh, ta't ca cac nude trir My deu khdng cd dieu kien tiep tuc theo dudi ke' hoach nay. Vdi>vi tri lanh thd biet lap, khdng bi chien tranh cham tdi, lai la diem den cua nhieu nha vat ly hgc hang dau the gidi di cu tii chau Au sang de tranh su biic hai cua Diic qud'c xa, viec nghien ciJu che' tao vii khi hat nhan cua My da cd nhiing tien trien tot dep.
Ngay 9-10-1941, Tdng thd'ng My Roosevelt ra quyet dinh nghien ciiu che' tao bom nguyen tir. Ke' hoach nay, dugc biet den vdi ten ggi "Du an Manhattan", tien hanh trong dieu kien tuyet ddi bi mat. Rat nhieu quan chiic ca'p cao trong chinh phu, bao gdm ca Phd tdng thd'ng Harry Truman ciing hoan toan khdng biet ve viec dd trong mdt thdi gian dai. Ngay 30-9-1944, Bd trudng Chie'n tranh Stimson da thdng bao vdi Tdng thdng Roosevelt rdng "Cd mgi ly do de tin rdng trudc ngay 1-8-1945, nhiing trai bom nguyen tir se ddi xud'ng va... mot may bay nem bom B-29 mang bom nguyen tir (se cd the) hoan ta't nhiem vu gay thiet hai cho cac muc tieu dan su va cdng nghiep chii yeu cua 100 de'n 1.000 may bay nem bom B-29" [52, 108]. Tham chi, Roosevelt cdn biet den kha nang ra ddi mdt loai bom khinh khi thay the cho bom phan hat nhan the be dau tien.
Nafn ngay sau khi ke't thiic Hdi nghi Potsdam, ngay 6-8-1945, My da nem qua bom nguyen tir dau tien xud'ng thanh phd Hiroshima. Hai ngay sau dd, Lien Xd tham gia vao cudc chien tranh Vien Ddng. Ngay 9-8-1945, My nem qua bom nguyen tir thii hai xud'ng thanh phd Nagasaki. Ddi vdi cac nha lanh dao My, bom nguyen tir cudi ciing cung da md ra cho nude My canh cira di tdi vi tri ba quyen the' gidi.
Su ra ddi ciia bom nguyen tir da md ra mdt ky nguyen mdi trong quan he qud'c te'. Ly luan truyen thd'ng la'y chie'n tranh lam thii doan theo dudi mdt muc dich chinh tri nao dd da gap phai thach thiic Idn. Vdi siic manh mang tinh buy diet cua minh, chie'n tranh hat nhan, dac biet la chien tranh hat nhan toan dien, se dan ^en su buy diet chdc chdn cho ca hai ben tham chie'n, do vay viec sir dung chie'n tranh hat nhan de theo dudi muc dich chinh tri la hoan toan khdng the. Tuy nhien, ban than vii khi hat nhan thi vdn cd the la cdng cu ddc luc de theo dudi cac muc tieu chinh tri, nhu My va Lien Xd da chiing td trong giai doan Chie'n tranh lanh. Ca hai nude deu sir dung mdi de dga hat nhan lam thu doan ngoai giao nhdm ban che hanh ddng cua ddi phuong, va ngoai giao nguyen tir da trd thanh mot ndi dung quan trgng trong quan he Ddng - Tay trong Chie'n tranh lanh. Dac biet, vdi uu the' dgc quyen hat nhan ngay sau khi Chien tranh the' gidi thu* hai ket thiic, bom nguyen tir da trd thanh cdng cu ddc luc de nude My de dga Lien Xd, dong thdi dua cac nude Tay Au va Nhat Ban vao trong chiec d bao hg ciia My - vao pham vi anh hudng va trat tu the gidi mdi do My sap dat sau chien tranh.
Khi My quyet dinh nem qua bom nguyen tir dau tien xudng Nhat Ban ngay 6-8-1945, phat xit Diic da dau hang ddng minh va Lien Xd da cam ket se tham chien chdng Nhat. Tir lau, van de Lien Xd tham chien chdng Nhat da la md'i quan tam Idn cua nude My, do My danh gia cao siic chien dau cua quan ddi Nhat va lo ngai ve tdn that sinh mang ciia quan ddi My neu My va ddng minh don phuong tien quan vao lanh thd Nhat Ban trong bdi canh nude My
chua ro cd san xua't thanh cdng bom nguyen tir hay chua. Chinh vi the. My da nhugng bd nhiing yeu cdu cua Lien Xd d viing Viln Ddng de ddi lay ldi cam ke't tham chie'n chdng Nhat cua Lien Xd. Tuy nhien, vao thdi diem sau khi phat xit Diic dau hang, cung vdi nhiing thdng lgi lien tiep ciia quan My d Thai Binh Duong va viec thir thanh cdng bom nguyen tir, yeu cau ve su tham chien ciia Lien Xd khdng cdn la ca'p thie't ddi vdi ngudi My niia. Ngugc lai, kha nang ve viec md rdng anh hudng cua Lien Xd tai Vien Ddng neu Lien Xd gianh thdng lgi tai Nhat Ban cdn anh hudng tdi lgi ich cua My. Chinh vi the, Truman da ra lenh nem bom nguyen tir xudng Nhat Ban vdi ldi giai thich true ti,e'p la "nham tranh thuong vong cho quan ddi My va ke't thiic sdm cudc chien