I Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai khdng chi lam lung lay he thd'ng thuc dan the' gidi, ma cdn lam cho ndi bd cac nude tu ban phat sinh nhiing thay doi xa
1.2.2. Ke hoach ba quyen cua My
Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thii nha't 1914-1918, My da manh len vdi vai trd la mot cudng qud'c kinh te ciia the" gidi. Liic nay, trat tu cii la'y chau Au lam trung tam van dugc duy tri, mdt phan la do cac nude chau Au chua hoan toan kiet que, va mdt phan la do nude My chua cd dugc siic manh tuyet ddi da quay trd lai vdi chu nghia biet lap cua minh. Tuy nhien, sau khi cudc Chien tranh the gidi thii hai ket thiic, nude My da gia tang tiem luc mdt each nhanh chdng, trd thanh mot trung tam kinh te' - tai chinh cua the' gidi tu ban. Day chinh la tien de he't siic quan trgng de nude My tien tdi thuc hien ke hoach ba quyen ciia minh sau Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai.^
Chinh Tong thdng Truman, trong bai dien van dgc tai Chicago ngay 4- 6-1946 da cdng khai dieu dd: "Ngay nay Hoa Ky la mdt qud'c gia manh, khdng cd mdt qud'c gia nao manh hon... Dieu dd cd nghia la vdi mdt siic manh nhu the, chiing ta cd nghia vu nam quyen lanh dao the gidi" [23, 106].
Nhu vay, Hoa Ky da chuyen ban tir chii nghia biet lap sang chu nghia qudc te'. Day la mot trong nhiing van de dugc tranh luan gay gat nhat va thudng xuyen nha't d nude My tii khi lap qud'c cho tdi thdi diem Chien tranh the gidi thii hai, My cd nen ban che' tdi thieu su dinh liu ciia minh vao cdng viec the' gidi de tu each ly minh vdi the gidi ben ngoai hay khdng? Hay My can phai ddng mdt vai trd "qud'c te'" tich cue? Chien lugc^ na,o se phuc vu tot nha't cho lgi ich cua My?
Cudc tranh luan nay cd ngudn gdc tir bai dien van tii chiic cua Tong thd'ng dau tien ciia Hgp chiing qud'c Hoa Ky, George Washington, vao nam 1796, trong dd dng keu ggi qudc gia non tre "tranh khdng trd thanh ddng
minh vInh cim vdi ba't ky phan cdn lai nao ciia the' gidi". Theo dng, each tot nhat de da't nude non tre bao ve dugc nen hda binh ciia minh la tranh "dinh
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liu" vao mgi va'n de cua chau Au, vi nhu dng da ndi, "chau Au cd mdt loat nhiing lgi ich co ban ma chiing ta khdng he cd hoac chi cd quan he rat xa xdi". Nude My cSn phai tan dung "vi tri xa xdi va each biet cua minh" d Tan the gidi de tranh dinh liu vao nhiing cudc xung dot cua chau Au.
Tuy nhien, tuyen bd ciia Washington khdng he ham y su biet lap hoan toan vdi mgi cdng viec ciia the' gidi. Ban than dng da ndi rang nude My nen cd gang phat trien quan be thuong mai va cang it dinh liu tdi chinh tri cang tot. Trong dien van nham chiic tdng thd'ng nhiem ky dau tien ciia minh vao nam 1801, Thomas Jefferson ciing khang dinh "se khdng dinh liu vao lien minh nao", trong khi keu ggi "hda binh, thuong mai va hiiu nghi thuc su vdi ta't ca cac dan tdc tren the' gidi", vdi muc tieu la md rdng quan he thuong mai hon la cac quan he chinh tri. Khoang 70% sd hiep ude va hiep dinh qud'c te ma My ky trong the' ky XIX cd lien quan tdi nhung va'n de thuong mai va ngoai thuong [4, 89]. Chu nghia biet lap ciing khdng loai trii su khang dinh quyen luc va lgi ich cua My tai Tay ban cau, nhu Hgc thuye't Monroe da chi ra.
Cling vdi su phat trien va Idn manh khdng ngirng ciia nude My, chu nghia qudc te ciing bat dau trd thanh mdt xu hudng ndi trdi. Cudc chien tranh My - Tay Ban Nha nam 1898 danh dau viec My bat dau ndi len nhu mot cudng qudc the' gidi. Trong cudc chien tranh dd. My da danh thdng mdt cudng
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qudc chau Au va lan dau tien gianh dugc mot thude dia xa xdi cho rieng minh la Philippin. Tdng thd'ng Theodore Roosevelt, hien than ciia tinh than chu nghia nay, cho rang chu nghia biet lap khdng cdn phuc vu cho lgi ich cua nude My. Vdi siic manh cua nude My hien nay. My phai md rdng anh hudng ra the gidi de tang cudng lgi ich, de thuc thi "nghia vu giam sat thich dang the gidi" [4, 90], theo nhu ldi cua Theodore Roosevelt.
Woodrow Wilson, tdng thdng My trong thdi gian Chien tranh the' gidi thii nha't, ciing la mdt ngudi theo chii nghia qud'c te. Nhung ngay sau khi chien tranh ket thiic, chii nghia biet lap da dugc tai khang dinh trong cudc tranh luan ve viec nude My nen ddng vai trd gi trong viec xay dung hda binh. Tdng thd'ng Wilson dai dien cho nhiing ngudi theo chu nghia qudc te da lap luan rang Hdi qudc lien se tao ra "mdt cdng ddng quyen luc" va mang lai mot co ca'u hda binh, vdi cam ket ve an ninh tap the dugc quy dinh trong Dieu X cua Dieu ude Hdi qud'c lien, triet tieu "nhiing he thd'ng lien minh gay chie'n tranh va su can bang quyen luc xau xa cii". Nhung nhiing ngudi theo chii nghia biet lap da khang dinh rang chinh nhiing cam ket nay se ldi keo nude My vao nhiing cudc chien tranh vd ich de bao ve nhiing thanh vien khac cua Hdi va lam cho nude My dinh liu vao cac va'n de ciia nhiing nude khac. Mat khac, do lgi ich cua My khdng dugc thoa man trong
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mdt trat tu vSn do cac cudng qudc chau Au chiem vi the trung tam, nude My da quyet dinh "quay trd lai binh thudng", vdi viec Thugng vien tir chdi phe chuan gia nhap Hdi qud'c lien.
Trong nhiing tuan dau khi Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai nd ra, nude My van kien tri chu nghia biet lap de bao ve lgi ich ciia minh. Vdi vi tri each biet khdi trung tam cua cudc chie'n, nhieu nha lanh dao ciing nhu cdng chiing My ndi chung chua nhan thay mdi lien quan giira viec tham chie'n vdi lgi ich cua nude My. Mdt cudc tham dd du luan dugc tien hanh mdt tuan sau khi Hitler xam lugc Ba Lan thang 9-1939 cho thay rang 94% dan chiing My chd'ng lai viec tuyen chien. Chi den ngay 8-12-1941, vdi tran tan cdng vao Tran Chau cang cua ngudi Nhat, cudc chien mdi thuc su lan tdi nude My. Khdng cdn con dudng nao khac, nude My phai quyet dinh diing ve phe dan chu, tuyen chien vdi chii nghia phat xit. Siic manh va uu the' vugt trdi ciia My khi chien tranh ket thiic cimg vdi su Idn manh cua Lien Xd va chu nghia xa hdi dang cd chieu hudng md rdng thanh mot
he thdng the' gidi da trd thanh cai cd de nude My khdng the quay lai vdi chu nghia biet lap va hg da tich cue chuan bi cho mot chien lugc mdi: tang cudng can thiep vao ddi sdng chinh tri the' gidi, theo dudi chu nghia ba quyen nude Idn.
"Ke hoach ba quyen" ciia My dugc cac hgc gia My xem nhu mot cau chuyen dai cd lich sir tii ra't lau. Nd cd the dugc truy nguyen ve vai trd ba quyen khu vuc cua My tai Tay ban cau vdi Hgc thuye't Monroe (1823) ma tu tudng chu dao la canh bao cac cudng qudc chau Au rang chau My la ciia ngudi My (ma cu the hon la ciia nude My) va cac nude nay khdng cd quyen md rdng pham vi anh hudng tai day. La mdt nude giau cd va biing manh nha't 0 Tay ban cau, My da nhanh chdng thuc thi vai trd ba quyen khu vuc, sir dung siic manh cua minh mot each tiiy y, dinh hudng khu vuc theo nhiing nguyen tac rieng cua nude My va thd'ng tri ve kinh te vi su thinh vugng ciia ban than nude My.
Ke hoach nay dugc nhan manh vao thdi ky cudi the' ky XIX va dau the' XX - giai doan My bat dau ndi len vdi tu each la mdt cudng qudc the' gidi.
Trong mdt bai xa luan nam 1898, td Washington Post da nbac den tam trang
cua thdi dai nhu sau:
"Mot su hieu biet mdi da den vdi chiing ta - su hieu biet ve siic manh - va ciing ydi nd la mdt su them mudn, mot su khat khao dugc chiing td siic manh cua chiing ta... hoai bao, lgi ich, them mudn da't dai, tu bao, ddi khi chi la niem vui dugc chien da'u, hay ba't ky dieu gi di niia thi chung ta dang dugc tang siic sdng bdi mot cam giac mdi... Miii vi cua mdt de che dang d trong mieng cua dan tdc nay... Nd cd nghia la mot chinh sach mang tinh de qudc, mot nen cdng hda, su tai sinh, dang hinh thanh trong quan he giiia My vdi cac qud'c gia cd vii trang" [4, 101].
Ddi vdi nen kinh te My dang phat trien manh me, mdi quan tam ve thi trudng ngay cang trd thanh uu tien so mot, khi cac cudc khung hoang kinh te
Idn b giai doan nay (trong cac nam 1873-1878 va 1893-1897) lam biing nd
va'n de cung vugt cau. Liic nay, thi trudng xuat khau hang hda chii yeu cua My chinh la My Latinh. Nhung, ciing vdi su phat trien va md rdng vugt bac cua kinh te My, nude My huge phai hudng ra nhiing khu vuc khac tren the gidi de thoa man nhiing nhu cau cua minh. Dd chinh la ly do de My hd bao va van ddng cho viec md cira thi trudng, tu do thuong mai va kinh te' qud'c te' tu do. Vdi siic manh va uu the tuyet ddi ve kinh te - quan su ciia My sau Chien tranh the' gidi thii bai, cac nha lanh dao My da xac dinh ro vai trd ba quyen - sen dam qud'c te' - cua My se la con dudng de thiet lap mdt trat tu the' gidi do My chi phdi, cd the mang lai lgi ich tdi da cho nude My va bien giac mo thd'ng tri the' gidi ciia My trd thanh hien thuc. j
rPhu hgp vdi ndi dung tren, muc tieu co ban ma ke hoach ba quyen My nham vao la ngan chan va kiem che' cac qudc gia dugc My xem la trd ngai ddi
vdi trat \^u thp gidi do My de ra, va cu the hon la trd ngai ddi vdi lgi ich ciia
nude My. Vdi y nghia dd. Lien bang Xdviet ndi rieng va he thd'ng xa hdi chii nghia ndi chung la ddi tugng quan trgng nhat can phai kiem che' trong ke' hoach ba quyen My sau Chien tranh the' gidi thii hai. Khdng chi don thuan la su ddi lap ve y thiic he, su Idn manh ciia Lien Xd va cac nude trong he thdng xa hdi chu nghia cdn lam thu hep pham vi thi trudng va anh hudng cua My tren the' gidi, de dga true tiep tdi uy tin cua My trong he thd'ng tu ban chu
nghia, la nguy co true tiep ddi vdi lgi ich cua nude My. \
Vdi xu hudng hd bao "tu do kinh doanh" de bao ve lgi ich kinh te va chie'n lugc cua minh, "noi nao tren the gidi, Hoa Ky ciing cd mdt cai gi dd de bao ve: mot ngudn cung ca'p nguyen lieu... thi trudng... ddng minh...tay sai..." [15, 305]. Do vay, muc tieu cua ke hoach ba quyen My la ngan chan mgi ddi tugng can trd lgi ich cua My, "vi muc tieu lgi nhuan tdi da, tranh gianh va giii thude dia ciia cac td chiic liing doan My, ddng thdi chdng Lien Xd va phong trao each mang the gidi" [23, 104]. ,,,, ;