- Hop cong cu phan tich vanban (le referentiel d'analyse)
d loai iem nhin nay nguoi kl chuyen uong nhu eo quyen luc toi ihugng.
Anh ta biet mpi chi tiet ve cac nhan vat: cupc sing, suy nghi, du djnh...Anh ta con CO kha nang mieu ta nhirng canh xay ra o nhilu noi khac nhau trong ciing mpl thoi diem.va binh luan ve suy nghi va cir chi ciia cae nhan vat:
Ve mat cita ngdi dgi uy...todt ra ve lu man ve bdn lhdn...Nhin ve hdo qitang gidit co nha buon bdn hdn tren trdn cua cdc chu qudn da lui ve hau truong nguoi ta co the dodn ra do Id mot trong so nhung nguai may mdn ciia Paris, chi it thi cung Id mot cuu cdp pho cua qudn. "
Balzac La Cuiisine Belle
b. Diem nhin tir phia ngodi
Trong truong hgp nay nguoi ke chuyen khong c6 mat irong cot Iruyen. Anh ta ke chuyen va mieu ta mot each khach quan nhung gi anh ta nghe dugc va nhin thtiy (hanh dpng va cir chi ciia cac nhan vat). Anh la chi dua ra nhung gia thuyet va dpc gia khong the biet suy nghi eiia cac nhan vat.
"Nguoi ddn ong dang lien budc ben bia rirng co ve met den kiel sue. Co le anh ta dd di bp tir sdng. "
Barbey d Aurevilly, L ' Ensorcetee.
c. Diem nhin tic phia trong
d diem nhin nay, mpi su vat dugc nhin qua lang kinh cua mot nhan vat. Nhan
v|it nay giu vai tr6 nguoi kl chuyen va phan tich cac sir kien theo each rieng ciia minh. Ngudi dpc khong dugc bill suy nghi va tinh cam cua cac nhan vat khac dang
tham gia vao cau chuyen. Vi du sau day cho \hky suy nghi cua nhan vat Pierrot: Vd. "//a/ ngudi tien ddn tai con dudng Ion. Xe dgp cita Pierrot hdn tren biin
vet ngodn ngoeo nhu rdn bd. Lieu hp cd cdn gap Igi nhau nua hay khdng? Phdi chang tinh bgn cua ho chdm dut tic ddy? Dung lue Pierrot suy nghi nhu vdy thi Denis cdl len tieng ndi quen thupe. "
Francois Mauriac. Les Chemins de la met:
Nhu vay, trong mot chirng muc nao do, chung toi da cung cAp mot hop cong cu nham giiip cho sinh co nhirng kien thirc can Ihilt nhdt vl phan tich van ban. Do la nhirng kien thirc ve loai hinh (ke chuyen, mieu ta) va ihl loai (kjch, tho). Nhirng
kien tbire do se tro nen huu dung khi hpc mon Phdn tich vdn bdn vdn hpc Phdp.
Mon bpc nay se bao gom cac trich doan eiia the ky 19 va 20.
Nhu dinh nghia da neu tren, bdi dpc theo phuong phdp "cho phep tiep can
van ban mot each ky thuat hon va khach quan hon bang viec cung cap hop cong cu va nhirng mau cau hoi ket hgp voi viec su dung nhung thuat ngir ihupc linh vuc ngon ngu nhu loi noi, phat ngon, phong each hpc nhu truong nghia, hieu qua van phong, cau tnic nhu cau tnic van ban, chirc nang nhan vat..." Dua vao hop cong cu
da cung cap trong giao trinh Ddn ludn vdn bdn vdn hpc, chimg toi de xual nhiing
cau hoi minh hpa cho ba the loai kjeh, lieu thuyet. Do khong phai la nhung mau can hoi hay mpl kieu khai thac duy nhat ma la nhung ggi y nham cung cap cho nguai hoc nhung huong khai thac van ban (pistes de lecture) co kha nang dfm dal ho xay dung y nghia eiia van ban.
- Cac mau cau hoi khai thac van ban (les grilles de lecture)
Cac mau cau hoi khai thac van ban (les grilles de lecture) la cac dang cau hoi dugc sap xIp theo mot trat tu nhat dinh va dugc chia lam hai loai: cac mau cau hoi chung cho mpi van ban va cac mau cau hoi danh rieng cho mot thi loai.
Bat ky mot van ban van hpc nao cung chju su rang bupc nhat djnh. Chang
han nhin be ngoai c6 the xac djnh van ban do thupe truong phai nao va vl mat noi tai CO the xac djnh vai tro, vi tri, chuc nang ciia no trong loan bp cau chuyen. Viec
phan tich mot van ban cho phep nguoi dpc y thirc dugc mot each ro rang nhung ylu to be ngoai ciia van ban va nhirng yeu to van hpc dn chira sau xa Irong do. Nhung cau hoi khai thac van ban cho phep nguoi hpc nam dugc each lu duy va thill lap dugc nhirng yeu to co ban thuong gap trong mot loai hinh hoac mot thi loai nhat dinh.
Chang ban noi den van ban mieu ta ggi den nhung khai niem nhu mieu la, diem nhin, phat ngon (enoneiation), nhung khai niem nay luon gan bo mat thiel vdi ke chuyen. O mpl mire dp khac, qua van ban mieu ta dal ra van de loai hinh van ban luon gan ket voi cac pham trii khac nhu cap dp ngon ngu, the loai vv...
Isabelle Gruca trong bai viel "Phuong phap giang day van ban van hoc-Mpl
chang dudng nhieu giai doan", tap chi Tieng phdp tren the gidi thang 12, 1996 nhan
xet: "mac dii van ban van hpc da dugc sir dung tir lau trong cac giao trinh day tieng Phap nhung rat hiem thay nhirng dac diem van hpc thue su dirge khai thac trong nhirng giao trinh dd... Dac biet can phai cd mpl phirong phap tiep can van ban van hpc Irong lap hpc tieng qua viee dua ra nhirng cau hoi va yeu cau (consignes) khai thac cac dac Irung ciia van ban van hpc theo lirng cap dp dpc. Nhung cau hoi va chi din nay khong chi giiip hpc sinh hieu nghia mot each de dang hon ma con cho hoe sinh nhung cong cu (instruments) phan tich van ban." [28]
Chimg toi thdng nhat quan diem vdi tac gia neu tren rang "Neu vice thu ihap mot each cd he thdng lai ca nhung dac diem ngon ngir ciia ngdn lir (discours) van hpc la khdng thi thue hien dugc, nlu moi van ban cd nhirng dac diem rieng thi dieu dd khdng cd nghia rang viec phan lich la khong the Ihuc hien dugc va khong the khai quat hda mpl phuong phap giang day van ban."
Co thi phan biet hai loai cau bdi: loai cau hoi chung cho mpi van ban va loai
cau bdi cho mot thi loai. Chung toi dua vao cac tai lieu Phdn tich vdn bdn vdn hoc, tac gia Camelin et all. 1986, Vdn bdn huang ddn gidng dgy liing phdp lop 10 Tap san cua Bp giao due Phap (bulletin officiel de FEducation Nalionale), Phuang phdp
gidng dgy vdn bdn vdn hpc ciia Jacqueline Biard va Frederique Denis dl dua ra
nhirng mau cau bdi phii hgp vdi ddi tugng sinh vien khoa Ngdn ngu va Van hda Phap. Sau cac mlu cau bdi chung la cac cau bdi cho kich, tilu thuylt va tho. Nhung cau bdi chung cd the dugc ap dung vdi lat ca cac van ban cdn cac cau hoi chuyen sau danh rieng cho mot the loai.
Cac mau cau hoi chung cho moi van ban
Cac mau cau bdi nay dugc phan chia thanh sau loai chii dilm : Giao vien cd the yeu cau hpc sinh quan sat mot each lu do va rat nhanh mpl van ban ngan va lu tra loi cac cau hoi sau : Van ban nay ndi ve cai gi ? Ai quan sal ? Ai ndi ? Vdi ai ? 0 dau ? Khi nao ? Nhu the nao ? Nhirng cau hoi nay chang qua chi lap lai phep lu lir CO dai : Qui ? Quid ? Ubi ? Quibus auxiliis ? Cur ? Quomodo ? Qiiando ?
Sau day la cac mau cau bdi cd the ap dung chung cho mpi van ban: 1. Hinh thirc ciia van ban
a. Van ban dugc trinh bay nhu the nao ? ^ n g van van hay van xudi ? Neu bang van van Ihi loai cau tho nao dugc sir dung ? Loai hinh nao ? Dp dai ?
b. van ban tao thanh mdt long the khdng cat roi hay chia thanh nhieu doan hay kho tho?
c. Sir dung cac dau (dau than, dau hoi, nhieu cham) d. Cach ndi (ngu dieu, nhip)
2. van ban nay ndi ve cai gi? Ve ai? Ai quan sal? 3. Nhan vat
a. Cd may nhan vat. Mdi quan he giua cae nhan vat la the nao ?
b. Ngudi ndi. lYong van ban cd sir dung ngdi thir may (so it va so nhieu) dirdi dang Ccic dai lir nhan xung, cac tinh lir so huu hay menh lenh thirc ? Ngoi ihir nhiil lap lai
bao nhieu lan va 6 vi tri nao trong van ban ? Ban cd nhan xet gi vl dp dai eua Idi thoai, each sir dung cac dau: dau cham than, dau bdi.