Can nhac lai rang mot nguoi ban ngir, doi tugng ciia mot lai lieu thue liep nhan no dua vao nang luc ngon ngir, giao tiep va van boa ma minh da co trong khi mot nguoi nuoc ngoai dpc n6 nham dat dugc nhung nang lire do.
Vi vay, khong the Ian Ion viee giang day van ban van hpc cho nguoi ban ngir voi giang day cho nguoi nuoc ngoai. Tiec rang dieu do thuong xuyen xay ra vi mpl ly do don gian la dai da so cac sach tham khao phuc vu cho giang day van hpc deu danh cho nguoi ban ngii.
Mpl sinh vien hpc van hpc nuoc ngoai luon nhin hien thue trong van hoa dich (eible) theo lang kinh ciia ngon ngir va van h6a ciia dal nuoc minh. Cai nhin do hoan loan khac biet so vai each nhin ciia mot nguoi ban ngu. Viec sir dung lang kinh ciia minh de hieu nguoi khac co nguy co hieu sai lech, meo mo hien thue. Cang nguy hiem hon nua khi nguoi sinh vien do khong y thirc dugc sir meo mo, sai lech trong each nhin eiia minh. Vi vay, can phai "giao due nhan ihirc giao thoa van hoa" (eduquer la perception intercullurelle) cho nguoi hpc, theo thual ngu ciia H.
Besse, Tieng Phdp tren the giai, so 254, thang 1 nam 1993. [15]
H. Besse gioi tbieu phirong phap gay soc van hoa (choc cullurel): giai ihieu nhirng sir vice trong van hoa dich ma nguoi day lien doan chae chan se gay phan irng manh doi voi nguoi hpc. Phan irng nay tao khoang each giua nguoi hpc va van
hoa nuoc ngoai, day nguoi hpc lai gan hon van boa ciia minh, tu dat minh vao vj tri cua nguoi nuoc ngoai va tir do, khong chi hieu van hoa nuoc ngoai ma con co thai dp khoan dung va hilu chinh minh hon.
Cac tac gia Chulakom, Kaotipaya, Kirpalani, Rangsiyanondha va Simon ("Nhung gia dinh van hoa va boat dpng dpc") chung minh rang nang lire van hoa dong mot vai tro quan trpng trong mpi boat dpng dpc va nhal la dpc van hpc. No cho phep nguoi dpc tiep nhan van ban bang nhirng ky thuat dpc hieu mang dam dau an van boa ciia minh. Viee xay dung y nghia van ban phu thupe nhieu vao the gioi quan van boa cua nguoi dpc. Cau boi ma cac tac gia dat ra la: Vai tro ciia nguoi giao vien trong chien luge day-hpc dpc nhu the nao ? Can phai luan theo tieu chi nao khi ma nguoi hpc luon dua vao dac thii van hoa rieng ciia minh ? Theo cac tac gia neu Iren, can phai :
- dat nguoi dpc o vi Iri trung tam ciia boat dpng dpc ;
- bat dau lir ben trong huong toi ben ngoai; di tir nguoi hpc va the gioi quan eiia anh ta huong toi doi tugng-van ban va y nghia eiia no ;
- dpng vien tinh chii quan trong qua trinh suy luan y nghia ; - dpng vien nguoi hpc tu kham pha nhirng yeu to van hoa.
Dieu do co nghia la noi dung bai giang phai phii hgp voi nang luc ciia nguoi hpc. Cai ma giao vien phai quan tam truoc het la dp tuoi, thoi quen dpc sach bang tieng me de, truyen thong van hpc ciia anh la. Nho do, giao vien dua ra nhirng dang bai tap phii hgp voi the gioi quan, voi so thich va hieu biet ciia nguoi hpc.
- Chang duong doc (itineraire lilteraire)
Cae tac gia neu tren trich dan Calaque (1989), nguoi dua ra khai niem chang
dudng c/oc (itineraire lilteraire): "Bai lap ma chiing loi gpi la chang duvng dpc
nuion tiie dpng tai moi quan he giua nguoi dpc va van ban nham lilp nhan y nghia
mpl each de dang. Muc lieu eiia chang duong dpc la dpng vien ngirai hpc sir dung
ban ma anh ta dpc. De lam dugc dieu do, anh ta co nhiem vu vach ra mot chgng
duong dpc theo quan niem cua minh." [22]
Phuong phap nay de cao ca nhan mot each tuong doi. Giao vien la nguoi lam sang to nhiing dieu ma nguoi hpc da hieu va dpng vien nguoi hpc lat lai mpl so gia thuyet. Duong huong nay xung dang dugc khai pha sau them dua vao nhirng kinh nghiem nghien ciru moi ve giao thoa van hoa.
Theo Amor S6oud, voi dac tinh da nghia, "van ban van hpc la moi truong thuan Igi nhat cho giao thoa van boa. Giao vien eo the tranh viec dua ra y nghia ciia van ban hoac dan dat hpc sinh bang tieu sir tac gia hoac Ijch sir van hpc (trir truong hgp o giai doan dau)". Tuong tu nhu vay, Henri Besse trong bai viet "Tho va dien
dat", tap chi Tieng Phdp tren the giai, so 103, 1974 cho rang "moi hpc sinh co the
cam nhan dugc dieu ma bai tho noi voi minh, cai da lam thirc tinh minh tren danh nghia thue the tho (objet) chir khong phai la mot tac pham eiia Claudel, Desnos hay Jakob." [12] Theo quan niem nay, nhung yeu to lich sir van hpc ben ngoai tac pham la khong can thiet, tham chi co the gay can tro cho viec hieu van ban.
Van trong bai viet neu Iren, Henri Besse neu quan diem ciia minh: "C6 the dat mot so cau hoi, chira loi ngir phap cho hpc sinh nhung neu giao vien giai nghia van ban theo each hieu ciia minh qua la dang that vpng boi vi each hieu do hoac khong phii hgp voi dieu ma van ban muon noi hoac qua chat che, qua bac hpc."
Viec giiip nguoi hpc sir dung kien tbire eiia minh de Iro Ihanh nguoi dpc lich
cue trong viec xay dung y nghia van ban va vach ra mot chang duang dpc Iheo
quan niem eiia minh cang eo y nghia ban khi dugc ket hgp voi mot phuong phap liep can van ban van hpc co kha nang khac phuc each hieu theo chu quan ciia mon
trich giang van hpc Iruyen thong. Do la bdi dpc theo phuang phdp ma chiing loi gioi
thieu sau day.
2.3.2. Bdi dpc theo phuang phdp (lecture methodique) - Bdi doe theo phirong phdp la gi?
Theo tir dien Tir cho vdn nghi ludn [7.Tr.l68J thi bdi dpc iheo phuang
phdp lii "mpl loai bai lap dugc lien hanh mpl each chat che ve phan lich van ban
theo phuong phap. Loai bai tap nay nham khac phuc each hieu chii quan ciia mon
trich giang van hpc truyen thong." Bdi dpc theo phuang phdp cho phep liep can van
ban mot each "ky thuat hon va khach quan hon bang viec cung cap nhung mau cau hoi va sir dung nhung thuat ngii thuoc linh vuc ngon ngir nhu loi noi, phat ngon (discours, enonee, enoneiation), phong each hpc nhu truong nghia, hieu qua van phong, cau true nhu cau triic van ban, chirc nang nhan vat..."
van ban Huang ddn dgy tieng Phdp lap 10 BOEN so 22-9 so dac biet 15 thang hai 1987 neu: ''Bdi dpc theo phuang phdp la phuong phap hpc co suy nghi
cho phep hpc sinh lam sang to, xac nhan hoac sira chira each hieu dau lien ciia minh. Cac loai hinh van ban dii la van hpc hay khong luon can nhirng phuang phap tiep can khac nhau va dugc hinh thanh ngay trong qua trinh dpc. Nhirng yeu can
nghiem ngat ciia bdi dpc iheo phuang phdp giup bp mon trich giang van hpc Iruyen
thong them chat che va co sire Ihuyet phuc hon." [47]
- Muc dich ciia hai dpc theo phirong phdp
van ban neu tren cho rang bdi dpc theo phuang phdp: "c6 the dugc the hien
theo nhieu phuong thirc khac nhau, theo trat tir ciia van ban hoac Iheo mpl iral lu mang tinh long hgp hon. Cac cong cu phan tich eiia no thich nghi vai tirng loai lai noi hoac loai hinh van ban. No khong cung cap mpl mau cau hoi duy nhal cho lat cii mpi van ban ma co kha nang nghien cim dac diem rieng biet ciia tirng van ban." No nham muc dich:
1. phan lich mpl each khach quan, chinh xac, da dang cac dang Ihirc hoac cae he thong cac dang thirc (ngu phap, hinh vj, cii phap; lir vung, irirong lir vung, truong nghia ; phat ngon ; hinh anh, an du , hoan du ; phuang thirc bieu hien, hieu qua van phong ; cau triic be mat va cau triic sau);
2. phan tich to chirc cua cae dang thirc neu tren va nhan biet hoal dpng ciia chimg Irong van ban (diem chung va diem khac nhau) ;
3. kham pha mpl each than Irpng va chinh xac nhung gi van ban khong bpc Ip mot each ro rang ;
4. xay dung dan y nghia ciia van ban dua vao nhung gia thiet ma tinh chinh
xac dugc kiem chimg mot each nghiem ngat;
5. ghi nhan tinh thong nhat va y nghia sau xa cua van ban. Khong the khong thira nhan nhung y kien rieng eua hpc sinh nhung can phai day hp biel each giai thich va dien dat mot each nhuan nhuyen nhiing danh gia rieng cua minh.
- Tam quan trong ciia bdi dpc theo phuong phdp
Jacqueline Biard, Frederique Denis {Phuang phdp gidng dgy vdn ban vdn
hpc) cho rang tir rat lau, mon Lich sir vdn hpc da tro thanh mon "dugc ua chuong"
trong viec giang day tieng Phap. No c6 day dii he thong ly thuyel, dir lieu (ngay thang, tac pham, su kien, tinh huong), cac khai niem (the ky, giai doan, trao luu hay truong phai, luong tu tuong, nha van, the loai) va phuang phap giang day (chii yeu la trich giang van hpc). Tuy nhien, "voi su su quay tro lai voi van ban, moi quan he giua truong hpc va van ban van hpc da thay doi." Cac lac gia neu tren cho rang mon
Ljch sir vdn hpc dang chju nhieu ap lire do sir thay doi ciia nhieu linh vuc Irong xa
hoi dan den kho khan cho viec lira chpn mpl mon hpc mang tinh long hgp: "Viee
hgp Ihirc hoa mon Lich sir vdn hpc ngay nay dang chju nhieu ap lire can dirge xem
xet lai (thay doi kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa, trong ban than nen giao due). Nhieu vien canh moi ve ngon ngu, Ihi phap, lu tir, phong each vv. bupc nguoi ta phai quan lam nhieu den ngon ngu va hinh thirc. Dieu do gay kho khan cho viec lira chpn mot mon hpc CO kha nang dai dien cho cac boat dpng tren lop." [16.Tr.l6]
Cac lac gia tren neu len tam quan Irpng ciia bdi dpc theo phuang phdp: "Nguoi ta thay ro lam quan trpng ciia bdi dpc theo phuang phdp...Doc iheo phuong
phap la diem khoi dau kel hgp giira nhirng kien thirc ve van hpc va ihuc hanh giao tilp. Hilu theo each nay, no la mpl cupc each mang ve giao hpc phap vi truoc do nguoi ta gan cho cae van ban nhirng y nghia dugc thiet lap san, hau qua eiia viec chi chuyen tam den yeu to van hoa (van ban phan anh cupc doi ciia lac gia hoac lhc7i dai ciia ong ta), ehii diem (linh cam va Ihien nhien trong cac lac pham lang man, phe phan ton giao trong tac pham ciia Voltaire), lam ly (su tiiyel vpng cua Emma truoc
sir xuAn ngdc ciia chong). Tir gio tro di se uu lien cho cac loi vao (entree) ve ngon
ngu: va phong each va se coi van ban nhu mot eo may thong minh biet san xual y nghia. Dieu do thue su co Igi cho hpc sinh, giiip hpc sinh tu dat ra nhirng cau hoi chovanban."[16.Tr.l7]
Theo cac tac gia neu tren bdi doc theo phuang phdp lam thay doi phuong phap giang day van hpc: "Viec xuat hien bdi dpc theo phuang phdp, mpl loai phan
tich van ban lam thay doi phuong phap su pham. Phirong thirc va lien trinh lao ra y nghia dugc uu tien hang dau. Hpc sinh giir vai tro trung tam ciia hoal dpng dpc va giao vien la nguoi dua ra cac giai doan lich sir van hpc iheo trinh tu va co to chirc de soi sang cac van ban ve mat lich sir." Cac tac gia con khang djnh rang ban than van ban van hpc cung chira dung nhirng yeu to lich sir: "Chinh trong van ban van hpc nguoi ta co the tim Ihay nhirng dau an va dau hieu ciia ljch sir". Do do, mon
Lich sir vdn hpc uyen bac va cac phuang phap trich giang van ban van hpc tro nen
thir yeu. Dan dan hinh Ihanh mpl phuong phap giang day Iheo hai true: thi phdp vd
tu tir mdi. ."[16.Tr.l6]
- Thi phap
Viec nghien ciru cac hinh thirc van hpc dugc lien hanh dua vao phirirng phap
phan lich cac phuang Ihirc boat dpng ciia van ban. Theo Vdn han hudn^ ddn dgy
tieng Phdp lap 10, thi phdp dugc hieu theo nghia hep: "dua vao hinh thirc va the
loai van hoc trong khi thi phap noi chung eo sir mang nghien ciru cac tac pham duoi goc dp cau tnic ngon ngu voi muc dich phat hien ra chat van hpc (lilterarite)." [47]
Tac gia Phan Quy Bich (tap chi Van nghe tre, so 27, 3 thang 7. 2005) cho
rang thi phdp doi lap voi phe binh cu 6 cho: "cai no roi bo la my hpc, cai no liep
nhan nhu la nen mong la ly thuyel phat ngon. Cai moi trong viec djnh gia van chuong, voi thi phap la, mpl tac pham dugc gpi la van chuong khong phai do anh (vai lu each nguoi dpc) thay no hay, no dep, lire la, khong phu Ihupc vao nhan xel chii quan ciia anh, ma o cho, no dugc sinh ra nhu the nao hay eo can tnic nhu the nao...Vi la mpl phat ngon, mpl lac pham van chuong bao gom nhung cau hoac nhung tang can tnic doan de lao thanh nhirng cau Ion. Cac yeu lo trong lac pham lien he voi nhau theo nguyen lac lien he ciia cac Ihanh phan cau (vi du, xem xel
nhan vat nhu xem xet su bien hinh cua chu ngir, xem xet hanh dpng (thay doi khong-tbdi gian) nhu xem xet su thay thi vi ngir. No vach ra mot eon duong khac
dl "truy tim" nguoi phat ngon, phat hien ra thong diep eua tac pham." [2]
- Ph^p tu tiJ" mdri
D I hilu nhu the nao la phep tu tir moi, can phan biet su khac nhau giira phep
tu tir moi va phep tu tir truyen thong. Theo Vdn bdn huang ddn gidng dgy tieng
Phdp lop 10, so dac biet, 15 thang hai 1987, "Phep tu tic truyen thdng la ciia nha
hiing bien va nha van trong nghien ciru va sang tac, no phan biet su sang tao (lim y)
va phat am (ngu noi va phong each). Phep tu lir mdi phuc hoi lai nghien ciru nay
bang viec de cap den ca tac gia va nguoi dpc. No nghien ciru mot each co he ihong nhirng bi?n phap ma nho do cae cau noi ket voi nhau. Dac biet no nghien ciru nhirng dieu kien ma mot van ban noi hoac viet dugc sang tac hoac tiep nhan. No xem xet nhung lac nhan, nhiing tinh huong phat ngon dong thoi nghien ciru cae loai hinh van ban khac nhau nham muc dich tim nhirng net dac trung va neu nhung djnh nghia. No dua ra nhirng bien phap ho trg viec nghien ciru cac van ban van hpc."
van ban neu tren nhan manh: "Mot mat phep tu tir mai nay van luu giii nhung net chinh Irong phep tu tir truyen thong, mat khac no bo xung nhung kham
pha moi tao nen phep tu tir hien dai. No nghien ciru loi noi (discours) kem theo rat nhieu phuong tien ho trg :
- ngon ngir va ngir phap van ban
- lich sir van hpc doi moi (bo xung dieu kien sang tac va tiep nhan)
- ngon ngir ciia phat ngon (tinh huong ciia loi noi, ket cau va cac dau hieu phat ngon)
- cac loai hinh van ban
- moi quan he Ihirc dung giira nguoi dpc va boat dpng dpc." [47]
Bdi dpc theo phuang phdp dua ra phuong phap tiep can van ban van hpc moi
qua viec cung cap hop cong cuphdn tich vdn bdn (le referentiel d'analyse) va cac
mdu cdu hoi khai thac vdn bdn (les grilles de lecture) dugc gpi chung la cac cong cu (outils) phdn tich vdn bdn.
2.3.3. Cdc cong cu (outils) phdn tich vdn bdn
Jacqueline Biard, Frederique Denis {Phuang phdp gidng dgy vdn bdn vdn
hpc) de xuat khai niem cdc cong cu (oulils) phdn tich vdn bdn bao gom hop cong cuphdn tich vdn bdn (le referentiel d'analyse) va cdc mdu cdu hoi khai thdc vdn bdn (les grilles de lecture). [i6.Tr.21-29]