V. PH l/ dNGPHA PNG HIEN ClTU
1. Nguon goc kinh tetri thijfc
Lich s\i xa hoi loai ngiidi da t r a i qua nhieu giai doan phat
trien khac nhau, nhieu phiidng thvfc san xuat thay the nhaụ Triét hoc Mac - Lenin cho r^ng, phiidng thiic san xuat la sU thóng nhat bien chiing giiia liic lUdng san xuat vdi quan he san xuat, trong do liic lifdng san xuat la noi dung vat chat, con quan he san xuat la h i n h thilc xa hoi eila san xuat. Lue lUdng san xuat quyet dinh sU ton tai va phat trien ciia quan he san xuat. Ngiidc lai, quan he san xuat phai phii hdp vdi t i n h chat va t r i n h do phat trien cua luc liidng san xuat. Moi quan he noi tren da trci thanh quy luat pho bien.
T r i n h do phat trien cua lUc lUdng san xuat lai phu thuoc chu yeu vao t r i thilc cua con ngiidị Cach day gan hai the ky, K a r l Marx da viet: "...Tat ca san pham lao dong cua eon ngUdị.. deu la
silc manh vkt hoa cua t r i thOtc. Sii phat trien cua tU ban c6' dinh
la chi so" cho thay t r i thttc xa hoi pho bien da chuyen hoa den muc do nao thanh luc lifdng san xuat tnic tiep, do do, no cung chi la chi só cho thay nhxJng dieu kien ciia chlnh qua t r i n h song
cva xa hoi da phuc tiing den miic do nao siJ kiem soat cua t r i
thiic pho bien"'^^'.
Xet ve phUdng thiic san xuat t h i xa hoi loai ngiidi da trai qua phUdng thiic san xuat cong xa nguyen thuy, phUdng thiic san xuat chiem hiiu no le, phUdng thiic san xuat phong kien va hien nay phan 16n cac dan toe dang song trong phiidng thiic san xuat t u ban chii nghiạ
Xet ve qua t r i n h phat trien k i n h te t h i c6 the chia thanh 3 giai doan sau:
Giai doan kinh tedUa vao lao dong (Labor - Based Economy), b i t dau ivi sau thdi nguyen thuy mong muoi keo dai hang nghin
nam den thé ky X V I I . Trong giai doan nay, k i n h te phat trien
chii yeu dua vao con ngUdi sii dung cac cong cu san xuat nguyen thuy, tho sd. Nang suat lao dong c h u yeu diia vao siic Ivfc c u a ngUdi lao dong.
Khoa hoc ky thuat giai doan nay chUa phat trien nen kha nang k h a i thac t a i nguyen thien nhien c u a con ngvfdi rat h a n chẹ Moi sU tac dong cua con ngUdi vao doi tifdng lao dong de lam ra cua cai vat chat deu diia vao lao dong chan taỵ Siic ngUdi la dói tUdng bi chiem doat la chu yeụ
Giai doan kinh tetai nguyen (Resourcefulness Economy), tvic
la phat trien kinh te dvfa chu yeu vao chiem hiJu tai nguyen thien
nhien (Natural Resources). Do khoa hoc, ky thuat tu: giiia the ky X V I I phat trien ngay cang nhanh, con ngUdi phat minh, sang
(44) C. Mac va Ph. Angghen, Toan tap. N X B Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995,
tr. 46.
che ra nhieu loai cong cu cd k h i , may moc, thiét bi ma kha nang
khai thac tai nguyen tang len. Trong giai doan nay da xuat hien
mot cuoc dai phan cong xa hoi, tach lao dong thUdng nghiep ra khoi lao dong san xuat, hinh thanh tang Idp thUdng nhan, kinh
te hang hoa hit dau phat trien. Su phat trien k i n h te keo theo su phat trien giao due, van hoa, nghe thuat... va hit dau c6 sU luu
chuyen nhan tai, khai thac tai nguyen t r i liic.
Giai doan kinh tetri thiic (Knowledge Economy), tile la phat
trien k i n h te chu yeu dua tren sU sang tao va phan phói t r i life; khoa hoe cong nghe trd thanh Ivfc lUdng san xuat trUe tiep (nhu
tien doan cua K. Marx). Chinh do sii phat trien manh me cua khoa hoc va cong nghe va ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hoc nhanh
chong dUdc diia vao ling dung nen t a i nguyen t r i thiic - mot nguon tai nguyen v6 tan - trd thanh yeu tónoi troi so vdi vón va lao dong.
Con ngiidi khong thiic hien diidc quyen tii hUu ve tiX lieu
san xuat tri thiic nen phat trien k i n h te t r i thile trd thanh tien
de cho sU h i n h thanh mot phUdng thiic san xuat trong tiidng lai: phiidng thiic san xuat cong san chii nghiạ