(tifdng dói) ve cac k h a i niem lien quan den k h a i niem hoc tap,
tu! do di den viee xac d i n h mo h i n h tong quat ve xa hoi hoc tap ci
n h i e u quo'c giạ Co the diem ra nhiJng k h a i niem s a u :
1. Hoc tap suot dcfi
Do la k h a n a n g moi ngUdi dat dUde cac kie'n thiic, cac chat
liidngj cac n a n g luc x u y e n suo't thdi gian sóng cua m i n h , la viee
p h a i t h i i a n h a n gia tri c u a hoc tap c h i n h quy, khong c h i n h quy a phi c h i n h quỵ
Hoc tap suo't đi: La y tudng n h u la mot q u a n niem mang
i n h c h i n h s a c h do J a c q u e s Delors khdi xildng. Y tifdng do kh4ng
"inh giao due thUdng xuyen va dao tao lien tuc p h a i difdc tie'n
lanh va phat trien dong bo mot each c6 he tho'ng nhSm dap iing
y e u c a u tang trUdng c u a sii tai tao va s a n xuat thUdng xuyen cac
k i e n thilc va t r i thilé'*".
2. X a hoi hoc tap
(3 ehiidng I , de tai da dịn ra r a t n h i e u quan niem ve xa hoi
hoc tap. Tuy n h i e n , de h i e u dUde nhutng mo h i n h tong quat ve xa
:hoi hoe tap do eac quo'c gia de xuat, chiing ta mot Ian niia p h a n
tieh m a y diem s a u .
Tvf n a m 1970 den n a m 1994, xa hoi hoe tap la mot t h u a t
gii diiac nhieu nha khoa hoc neu len nhxX mot y tiidng,^'^-^ khong
dufde d i n h nghia nhiJ mot k h a i niem c h i n h tho'ng.
(91) Edunet. E- Formation. Dossiers Sommairẹ Googlẹ Formation tout au long de la vie, h t m , 2/3/2008.
(92) Trong cac bai viet cua Hutchins R. (1970), Husen T. (1974), Boshier R. (1980), Giđens A (1990), Featherstone (1991), Bech U . (1992), Ranson S.
1994)... thUdng chi c6 sU gidi thieu hoac binh luan ve xa hoi hoc tap. GiQa ho c6 nhCng y kién khong dong thuan, t h a m chi eon t r a i ngUOc n h u Hutchins t h i coi y tUdng ve xa hoi hoc tap la khong tUdng (Utopia), con Ranson t h i coi do la mot
Tii 1999 den nay, the gi6i tap t r u n g l a m sang to n h a n thijfc
ve giao due suot đi va d i n h h u 6 n g xay dUng n h i i n g e h i n h saeh quoc gia eiing h a n h l a n g p h a p l y de h i e n thUe hoa q u a n n i e m naỵ D a u t i e n , m o t só quoc gia da xay dUng the che giao due va
dao tao suot d d i v 6 i t i f each la the che giao due ngixai Idn . Q u a n n i e m c h u y e u b day la, giao due k h o n g l a hoat d o n g m o t I a n
da d u cho ca d d i , k h o n g gi6i h a n t r o n g v o n g d a u cua t h d i n i e n t h i e u , m a la qua t r i n h tiep tue suot cuoc d d i . B a n t h a n euoc song la m o t qua t r i n h hoc t a p l i e n tue m a m o i ngUdi can c6 cd h o i r i e n g cho viee hoe tap t h e m , ke ca hoe v a n hoa I a n hoe ve c h u y e n m o n nghe n g h i e p de theo d u o i k i p v 6 i nhiJng t h a y doi n h a n h chong ve san x u a t , ve k y t h u a t va eong nghe, g i i i p eon ngUdi d i e u e h i n h h o a t dong cua m i n h p h i i hdp v d i h o a n c a n h
r i e n g (ket h o n , l a m cha me, t h a y doi cho b, nghe n g h i e p , ve h u u . . . ) . Giao due suot d d i bao gom ca viee hoe t a p c6 muc dich va ngiu nhien cua ca đị
T r o n g nhijtng n a m d a u cua the k y X X I , m o t sótae gia c h i de
cap t d i y tUcJng "hudng tdi xa hoi hoc tap" (Towards a L e a r n i n g Society), h a y n o i k h a c d i , ho cho r ^ n g , xa h o i hoe t a p chua trd thanh mot thUc the giao due, m a d a n g la m o t q u a n n i e m "mci", can v a n d u n g " u y e n c h u y e n " de doi mdi ( R e n o v a t i o n ) hoac cai
each (Reforme) n e n giao due h i e n eo, t r i f d c h e t la giao due ngUdi I d n ' " ' . Y t u 6 n g ve xa h o i hoc t a p nhiJ v a y da tac d o n g m a n h me den sif p h a t t r i e n cua bo m a t giao due t h e gidi d eac t r i n h do dao tao, m a ro n e t n h a t la t r i n h do dao tao d a i hoẹ Do l a x u
(93) Ve y tUcing tren, ta c6 the thay trong cac bai viet sau:
a, Peter Kearns - Towards The Connected Learning Societỵ Global Learning Services 10 Fisken Crecent KAMBAN A C T 2902, AUS; June, 2002. Services 10 Fisken Crecent KAMBAN A C T 2902, AUS; June, 2002.
b, Tapio Varis L E T T E T O S . Challenges of Learning Soaetỵ U N E S C O Chair in Global e-Learning. University of Tampere, Finland, www utạfil.titava, 2004. Global e-Learning. University of Tampere, Finland, www utạfil.titava, 2004. c, The Education Systeme in Thailand - Towards a Learning Society in Thai- land/From "http://en.wikipedia org/wiki/Education in Thailand, 5/9/2007".
t h e giao due dai hoc cho so dong v 6 i sU r a d d i c h i n h t h i i e ciia he giao due bae ba, da dang hoa to chiic va phan tang trinh do giao due dai hoe, md r o n g giao due d a i hoc tvf xa, giao due d a i hoe x u y e n b i e n gidi, giao due d a i hoe vCfa hoe v i i a l a m . T\i do,
bving no sólUdng n g i i d i hoc d a i hoc va n h v i n g cd sd giao due d a i hoé''".
3. Cac h i n h t h i i c h o c t r o n g x a h o i h o c t a p
Cac cuoc t r a n h l u a n ke t r e n da d a n d a n t h u hep k h o a n g
each khae n h a u ve k h a i n i e m giao due, eoi giao due la qua trinh hoc tap vi SU"phat trien ca nhan va xa hoi, thong qua viee truyen dat tri thitc, thiic hanh dao tao, chuyen giao van hoa, nang cao trinh do hoc thuat, kien tao toan bp von tri thUe bdi sU xay dang moi triidng xa hoi hoc tap cung cac nhan toco the cho phep hoe tap tiep tue suot đị
De giup con ngUdi hoe tap lien tuc, suot đi, cac quoc gia deu t h o n g n h a t eo ba h i n h thiic (eon ngUdi goi la phifdng thilc) sau:
- Giao due chinh quỵ Do la h i n h t h i i c giao due eo sU quy
, d i n h chat che, r a t chi t i e t (Shall specify) ve muc t i e u giao due va giang day, ehUdng t r i n h va n o i d u n g hoc t a p , t h d i lifdng, sU k i e m t r a va d a n h gia de t h a m d i n h ket qua giao duẹ
- Giao due khong chinh quỵ Do la h i n h t h i i c giao due eo sU
i quy d i n h m e m deo ve muc t i e u giao due, each t h i i c (Modalities) v a cac phUdng phap q u a n l y ( m a n a g e m e n t peroeedures), t h d i v a cac phUdng phap q u a n l y ( m a n a g e m e n t peroeedures), t h d i lifdng, su: k i e m t r a va d a n h gia ket quạ N o i d u n g va chiidng t r i n h cua giao due k h o n g e h i n h quy dulde quy d i n h sao cho t h i c h hdp v d i n h u cau cua ngUdi hoc, t u y thuoc vao sii can t h i e t cua n h o m ngUdi hoc.
(94) A vision for 20 years the Learning Society, www.leeds.ac.uk/educnl/weihe/ nr 007.htm. Mang Google - 13/3/2008.
Mot só quóc gia con quy dinh chi tiet hdn ve giao due khong chinh quy nhu sau:
G i a o clue k h o n s i: h i n h q u y ( N o n f o r n i f i l K d u c n t i o n ) ( r i a o d u e c a n c h i n h q u y ( Q u a s i f o v m a l E d u c a t i o n ) B a m s a t c h i ' d n g t r i n h , n o i d u n g g i a o d i i c c h i n h q u y . n l i S n g m e m deo v e t h d i h t o n g . p h i t d n g p h a p . c6 t h e m bdt n o i d u n g de d a p \ing m u c t i e u d a o t a o . G i a o d u e b a n c h i n h q u y ( P a r a f o r m a l E d u c a t i o n ) T h u c h i e n m o t c h u o n g t r i n h t i W n g dvtdng vdi g i a o d u e c h i n h q u y t h e o p h i t o n g p h a p r u t g u n noi d i m g .
- Giao due phi chinh quy (Informal Education): Co ngifdi goi la giao due khong chinh thiic. Day la h i n h thiic hoc dap ling nhanh v6i nhiing yeu cau ngUdi hoc theo phudng thiic can
gi hoc naỵ Giao due phi chinh quy cho phep con ngUdi t\l hoc
(themselves) phu hdp vdi nhu cau, hilng t h u , sd tnidng, sU s i n sang va cac cd hoi hoc n h u dieu kien ve tai lieu hoc tap, phUdng tien truyen thong (media) va cac nguon t r i thiic.
Giao due suot đi la giao due thiie hien sU tich hdp (Integration) giao due chinh quy, giao due khong chinh quy va giao due phi chinh quy di tao ra nang lue phat trien eua eon ngUdi trong suót cuoe đị
Cac h i n h thiie giao due lien ket vdi nhau, tíeh hdp vdi nhau se giiip cho eon ngUdi dat dUdc yeu cau pho cap vcti t r i n h do giao due pho thong - tiic la thUe hien dUdc t r i n h do giao due cd sd (Basic Education) va khong han che con ngUdi di vao giao due nghe nghiep (Professional Education) va giao due dai hoc (Higher Education).
I I . N H i y N G X U T H E C A I C A C H G I A O D U G T R E N P H A M V I r O A N T H E G I 6 1