V. PH l/ dNGPHA PNG HIEN ClTU
2. Tri thijfc va kinh tetri thilc
ạ Tri thiic
Vao nhiing nam 80 cua the ky XX, cac cong t r i n h nghien cilu ciia J . S. Chumpeter, R. Solon, P. Drucker, Paul Romer... da
k h i n g dinh phai thay doi ly thuyet K i n h te hoc tan eo dien rang, t r i thilc la mot thanh phan ciia he thóng k i n h te, la hinh thijte cd ban nhat cua vón hay eon goi la von v6 hinh; tang triidng k i n h te
la do sii tieh luy t r i thijte mang lai ( t r i thiic dUdc the hien c! san
pham cua khoa hoc va cong nghe).
De nghien ciiu va xay diing k i n h te t r i thiic, tru6e het phai lam ro khai niem ve t r i thiic. Tren thiic te, ngiidi ta c6 nhieu each
dien dat khac nhau ve khai niem t r i thiic nhUng noi dung t h i each hieu do la giohg nhaụ
Ngay nay, khong it ngUdi v i n dong nhat thong tin (Information) v6i t r i thiic (Knowledge) - ThUc ra, day la hai khai niem khac nhau nhUng c6 quan he rat mat thiet v6i nhaụ T r i thilc la cai gi do cao hdn thong t i n , khong phai la mot tong so" đn gian nhiing thong t i n .
Sau day la nhflng hieu biet ve t r i thilc ma de tai nay dong thuan va se sii dung de di vao k i n h te t r i thiic, va hdn nuta, de di vao xay dUng nhQng khai niem can phai c6 de thiet ké mo h i n h xa hoi hoc tap ciing nhu de de xuat nhiing gi ma nen giao duo trong xa hoi hoc tap (d Viet Nam) phai dat dUdc.
- Tru6c het, phai noi den dinh nghia cua To chiic hdp tac va phat trien k i n h te (Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development - Viet tat la OECD): "Tri thiic bao gom toan bg kit
qua va tri lilc cua loai ngiidi sang tao ra tCe trudc tdi nay, trong do tri thiic ve khoa hoc, ve ky thuat, ve quan ly la cac bg phan quan trgng nhat". Theo dinh nghia nay t h i t r i thiic luon gin lien
va dong hanh v6i su ton t a i va phat trien cua xa hoi loai ngUdị
- Theo Alan Burton Jones, Tri thiic la si/ hieu biet cua con
ngudi doi vdi thégidi khach quan va kha nang van dung chung vao thuc tien. Cung c6 the hieu t r i thiic la thong t i n da qua xii ly va nhiing ky nang c6 dUdc qua viec sii dung chung. Song trong mot xa hoi day I p thong t i n ma khong biet xxi ly de thanh hieu biet thi v i n la ngUdi ngheo nan ve t r i thilc. V i the, con ngUdi bdi trong "bien ca thong t i n " ma vSn c6 the thieu nhiing t r i thiic can thiet.
- Theo Dang H i i u , thong t i n la "cai cua ngudf, con t r i thiic m6i la "cai cua minh", v i the phai bien cai cua ngUdi thanh cai ciia m i n h - do la qua t r i n h nhan thiic dien ra til t h u nhap thong
t m den viec x i i ly chung de thanh t r i thiic.
Dang H i i u va mot sónha nghien ciiu cho r i n g , t r i thOfc cua
con ngUdi the hien dxidi cac h i n h thiic: biet cai gi (Know - What),
biet tai sao (Know - Why), biet ai (Know - Who), biet noi nao (Know - Where), biet khi nao (Know - When), va biet lam bkng
each nao (Know - How). ( •
Ngo Quy Tung (Trung Quoc) bo sung them: biet bao nhieu (Know - Quantity). Trong cac h i n h thiic ve t r i thiic noi tren, quan trong hdn ca la biet lam n h u the nao, bang each nao (Know -
How). Trong tieng Anh, Know - How con difdc hieu la bi quyet,
ma bi quyet la cai dang gia nhat trong mot cong nghé"-^'.
- Trong nhiing eong t r i n h nghien ciiu cua Steinmueller, Forero - Pineda, Jaramillo - Salazar, Hansson va Lam... t r i thiic
Cling dUdc phan biet ro rang vdi thong tin. K h i da c6 t r i thiic t h i trong bat cii linh vUc hoat dong nao, con ngiidi se c6 nang liie
hanh dong t r i 6c hay chan taỵ Ve cd ban, cac tac gia deu coi tri
thiic nhu mot nang lUc nhan thiic, ngUdc l a i , thong tin chi la
mot tong the nhiing dH lieu diiOc ket noi thanh nhiing sii kien chiia ditdcxiilỵ Sii phan dinh nay cho thay cac dieu kien tai san xuát t r i thOfc va thong t i n hoan toan khac nhaụ K h i t a i san xuat thong t i n , ngifdi ta thUdng ehiu p h i tdn d gia sao chep, do vay chi phi khong caọ Con tai san xuat t f i thiic ton kem hdn nhieu bdi
cai diidc tai san xuat la mot nang lUc nhan thiic, kho ma d i l n dat
no va cung kho ehuyen giao tCf ca nhan nay sang ca nhan khac.*"** - Xet t i i binh dien quoc gia, t r i thiic diidc coi nhii nang liic lam chu khoa hoe va cong nghe, dac biet la nang lue lam chii cong nghe mdi va cong nghe caọ Nhflng nha nghien ciiu
(45) Dang HQu (Chu bien) - Phat trien kinh tetri thitc, rut ngin qua trinh cong
nghiep boa - hien dai hoạ NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2001, tr. 108.
(46) V u Dinh C u (Chu bien) - Mot so van dive kinh tetri thitc va thUc tiSn cong nghiep hoa - hien dai hoadn Udc ta, Chuyen de 5, T a i lieu ciia Trung Udng Dang
n h u V. I . Inozemtsev, S. V. Vlasova, L. Thurow... k h i n g dinh rkng: kha nang san xuat ra nhieu t r i thilc mdi va sU giau c6 ve t r i thilc cua moi quoc gia phu thugc chu yeu vao he thong giao due phat
trien, nhd do quoc gia c6 t r i n h do dan t r i cao, doi ngu nhan t a i
dong daọ M a t khac, viec do con phu thuoc vao chinh sach dau t\i
thoa dang vao von con ngUdị
NhiJng nha nghien ciiu noi tren deu ihiia nhan r^ng, trong xa hoi ngay nay, tri thiic la ca sd cua sUgiau c6 kieu mdi, Ian dau
tien trong lich sii, ngvfdi giau nhat tren the gi6i khong phai la chu
ngan hang Icfn, cung khong phai la ong vua dau \\ia hoac nhflng
nhan vat dang lanh dao va chi phói cac cong ty xuyen quoc giạ.. ma la ngUdi c6 trong tay m i n h nhiing t r i thijtc mdị
- Cac nha nghien cilu cua Trung quoc nhu H u Angang,
LiChunbo, cho rang tri thiic la nhan to quan trong nhat trong
phat trien kinh teva chuyen hoa xa hg}'^'^\
T r i thilc sang tao ra cua cai, t r i thiic thiic day phat trien, t r i thiic thuc day cai each. Trong xa hoi nong nghiep may ngan nam va xa hoi cong nghiep may t r a m nam trUdc the ky XX, t r i thiic tac dung dói vdi tien bo xa hoi va phat trien k i n h te khong manh khong d l nhin thay, nhiing cung phai thula nhan r i n g , d nhiing
thdi ky lich sii ay, t r i thiic cung v l n la nhan to cd ban trong phat
trien k i n h t e v a thay doi xa hoị
- T r i thiic la nhan to quan trong nhat doi vdi tang trvT^ng kinh tẹ Lau nay, ngUdi ta luon noi den cac nhan to nhu gia tang dan so, gia tang ludng von, nang cao chat liidng nguon nhan liic, cai thien hieu qua phan phoi nguon liic va tien bo xa hoi ma sii tang trildng kinh te phu thuoc vao chiing. Nha kinh te hoc R. Solow - ngUdi diidc giai thudng Nobel - da c6 mot phat hien thii vi: trong viec
(47) Hu Angang, L i Chunbo - Su ngheo nan mdi cua theky mdi: Ngheo nan vi tri thiic. Zhongguo Shehui Kexue, 2001n, d.3q, d.70 - 80ỵ
nang cao nang su^'t lao dong cl M y t h i chi c6 khoang 1/8 den 1/4 la tang them ton liidng von (dau tu), phan con lai la nhd cac nhan tó khac, trong do, cd ban la nhd vao t r i thiic.
Paul Romer (1990) cho rSng: dong liic cua tang triidng bit
nguon ta tich luy tri thiic. Do t r i thiic c6 tinh khong canh tranh va tinh khong the bai ngoai t t o g phan, t r i thiic chAng nhiing
mang lai Idi ich cho ngifdi phat m i n h ra no va cho ngUdi sci hiiu, ma no con tang tong khoi liidng t r i thiic cua toan xa hoi, cong hien cho mgi ngUdi san xuat. Nam 1988, Robert Ẹ Lucas da diia ra mot mo hinh tang triidng k i n h te mdi lay von nhan liic lam hat nhan, difa giao due von nhan liic san xuat vao mo h i n h tang triicing k i n h te co dien mdi (Tan k i n h te co dien).
Hang loat cong t r i n h nghien ciiu da khang dinh: tri thiic la
nhan to quan trgng nhat giai thich sii khac biet giUa ty le tang triidng cua cac niidc, cac khu viic, cdn tinh chenh lech cua ty le tang trudng diu tii von khong Idn nhii ngudi ta tiidng. Nguon tang trUcing k i n h te chvi yeu khong phai la tich luy von, ma la tang triidng hieu suat ciia tát ca cac yeu to (TFP)'^"'.
- Noi rang t r i thiic c6 tac dung thiic day sii chuyen doi xa hoi tiic la noi den viec t r i thiic lam hien dai hdn cac quan he truyen thong, phUdng thiic tif duy truyen thong cung nhflng van de giao due, y te, san xuat. Nhd sii hien dai do, con ngiidi se nam
tot hdn van menh ciia minh, md rong tim nhin, giam thieu ach t i c , ta do lam cho đi song phong phii hdn (Stightz, 1998).
Nhiing tien bo cua tri thiic doi hoi cac cuoc cai each, song ban than nhQng tien bq cua tri thiic lai la dong liic cua cai each. Phat trien
(48) T F P la hieu suat t o a n bg yeu tọ Phan tich yeu to can cut đng thiic:
T a n g trUdng G D P = t a n g trUcing T F P + 0,4 x t a n g trUcing von binh quan dau ngUdị T r o n g do: he so 0,4 la rnCfc von chiem trong G D P Do do: Chenh lech t a n g
tracing G D P binh quan dau ngUcii = chenh lech t a n g trUdng T F P + 0,42 x chenh lech t a n g trudng von binh quan dau ngUdi + 2 x 0,4 x chenh lech t a n g trUdng