VI II N HCTNG GIATR IV ANHO AVA NHUNG NHAN TO D O N G L i r e D U O C V A N D U N G D E X A Y D U N G X A H O I H O C T A P
a) Ton trgng vahau dai Men ta
NgUdi xUa s6m nhan ra rkng, nhan t a i luon g i n vdi van
menh cua quóc gia, cua dan tpc. Cac đi vua hien da luon luon tarn niem dieu naỵ
"Hien tai la nguyen k h i cua dat n\idc, nguyen k h i t h i n h
t h i the nUdc manh va len cao; nguyen k h i suy t h i the nifctc yeu ma di xuong thap. Bdi le do cac bac thanh de m i n h vUdng khong ai khong coi viec gay diing nhan t a i , tuyen dung ke si, boi dSp nguyen k h i lam viec quan trong hang daụ Ke si dói vdi nha nUdc
quan trong n h u vay, cho nen cai y ton sung khong biet the nao la
cung. Khong nhiing yeu chuong ban cap khoa danh lai ton sung
trao cho txidc trat, dn ban rat nhieu v i n c6 the la chua dụ Khong
nhiing de ten d thap Nhan""'-', con ban danh hieu tren bang vang. Yen tiec l i n h d i n h hoan h i , t r i e u d i n h mulng diidc ngUdi t a i . Moi nghi le deu lam t6i miic cao nhat""^^\
Til y thijfc ton trong va trong dung hien tai, cac vUdng trieu trong xa hoi co truyen cua nUdc ta da c6 nhiing chinh sach dói x\i
v6i tai nang kha mem deo, l i n h hoat, c6 t i n h hieu qua caọ Ngiidi CO tai t h i do cao diidc trao quyen chiic cao, ngUdi phan dau triidng
(142) Thap N h a n . T e n gon thap d chua Tut A n thupc huyen Tracing Tan, t i n h
Thiem Tay, T r u n g Quoc. T\i đi vua DUdng T r u n g Tong (705-707), ho ten cac v i
t a n khoa dUdc khac len thap naỵ
(143) Bia van M i e u H a Noị T r i c h bai k y ghi ten tien si khoa N h a m TuSft, nflm D a i Bao 3 (1442), Than N h a n Trung.
thanh trong thuc nghiep dUdc cat nhac vao chiic v u cao, pham ham Idn. Rat nhieu ngUcii tre c6 tai dUdc sii dung, khong b i rdi vao t i n h trang xa hoi "song lau len lao lang".
Nhiing nhan t a i c6 tam nguyen phuc vu dat nutctc va che do
thiJdng dUdc nha nUdc phong kien quan chu svL dung, khong c6 sU
hep hoi có chap ve t i i tUdng chinh t r i hay ton giaọ Nhieu trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam da sii dung nhan tai v6i mot tinh than khoan dung van hoa, khong phan biet ho da la be toi cua vifdng trieu naọ
Chinh sach dai ngo nhan tai cua cac trieu dai phong kien liing CO nhieu diem ma ngay nay ta ciing can tham khaọ ChSng lan, nhiing ngUdi do tien si (va sau nay, ca ngiidi do Pho bang) trieu dinh ton vinh bang nhieu each: xUdng danh trUdc Ngo
Mon, ghi ten vao bang vang, k h i c ten vao bia da, dai yen d vxlbn
Thifdng Uyen, dao chdi danh lam th^ng canh k i n h do, v i n h quy bai tọ K h i nhiing ngiidi nay ve dia phiidng, nha niictc lenh chd dia phUdng phai don riidc l i n h dinh, nghenh tiep long trong. Ho diidc cat dat cong lam loc dien, hudng hoạ Nhiing ngUdi co cong thi k h i ve gia diidc hiidng che do h i i u t r i , dUdc phong titdc v i cao quy (tu6c cong, hau) hoac diidc ban quóc t i n h (ho vua), k h i chet diidc trieu dinh hoac chinh quyen, to chiic le tang long trong, diidc lap mieu thd, dUdc phong lam than hoang ciia lang hoac ca viing de nhan dan thd phung.
Trong dan gian, nhiing ngiidi t a i đc cao ca, cong danh sU nghiep 16n lao thiidng diidc ton vinh nhii nhiJng bac tien cong khai khoa, md lói cho sU hoc cua dan, khai nguyen cho dong họ Ho diidc tham gia Hoi dong ky muc, diidc ban viec 16n ciia lang, diidc ngoi ndi trang trong k h i le hoi chón dinh trung, diidc hu^ng qua bieu thinh soan, dUdc chiic dich trdng lang xa ne trong, dUdc dan chung tin cay trong moi viec. K h i mat, ho dUdc lang xom lap t i i dUdng, ttiieu thd, dUdc cap ruong hUdng hoa de thd cung quanh nam.
fr b) De cao sif hoc
De cao hoc la mot y t h i i c s6m dUdc h i n h t h a n h d nMdc t a . Cai
t r i e t ly cua N h o hoc ve sii hoc da dUdc nen giao due co t r u y e n v u n
dap va p h a t huỵ M 5 i ngUdi d a n deu dUdc giao due theo t i n h ihkn:
Ngoc b a t t r a c b a t t h a n h k h i N h a n b a t hoc b a t t r i l y
(Ngoc k h o n g diidc che tac t h i k h o n g t h a n h v a t p h a m N g i l d i m a k h o n g hoc t h i k h o n g h i e u dildc n g h i a l y ) .
L e T h a n h T o n g , m o t m i n h v i f d n g ciia d a t nu:6c, r a t c h a m lo den viec hoc h a n h cua d a n . N h a v u a doi h o i cao ve each hoc, chat l i i d n g hoc:
"Co d i n h c6 t i n h , c6 \\i co d i e t h a n h qua m d i cao
N h i i t h i e t n h i f t h a , n h u t r a c n h i f m a cau t i e n bo m a i " .
(Chieu du hoc)
D a i y n o i r a n g : T a p t r u n g t u tUdng (co d i n h co t i n h ) , dao
sau suy n g h i (co 1\ co dac) t h a n h qua hoc t a p m d i cao; n h u cat
nhU cua ( n h u t h i e t nh\i t h a ) , n h u m a i n h i f r u a ( n h i i t r a c n h u ma)
t h i m 6 i m o n g t i e n bo m a i .
NgUdi xUa de cao sU hoc, n h u n g hoc k h o n g de m a hoc, hoc de l a m .
" N e n t h d , n e n t h a y n h d co hoc
No a n no mac bcii h a y l a m "
(Nguyen Trai)
Co n h a n l a i c6 cau n o i : "Co h o m v a n g day, k h o n g b a n g day cho con m o t cuon sach. Cho eon n g a n d o n g v a n g , k h o n g b a n g day cho con m o t nghe".
N h a bac hoe L e Q u y D o n v i e t :
"Dao chang d a u xa m a ngay t r o n g svf v a t , sil v a t nao cung cọ Dao xa den t a n t r d i , dao I a n k h i p m a t dat. Dao gan t h i h a n g ngay thUdng ci cac cong viec, chang eong viec gi k h o n g co l y cua daọ
D o i v 6 i dao ay, ngUdi q u a n til c u n g k h o n g t h e k h o n g biet.
Hoc dao la cot de t r a u doi t r i t h i i c , h o i dao la cot de p h a n biet, on cu biet m 6 i , don h a u de t r o n g l l , t u n h i e n t h o n g suót, xet k y cac le
h i e u biet tH t i n h den m e n h cua t r d i d a t p h i i cho, t i n h n g h i a n h a p
t h a n ve d e m ap d u n g , t a t ca deu do stf hoc h o i ay".