earth s surface the ocean has remained to us until recently with technology we have now made important about the of marine life we have learnt that whether tiny or all the of the sea are
earth science changes to earth''s surface
... press on the rocks that are stuck If the pressure becomes strong enough, the rocks break The plates shift quickly An earthquake is the sudden movement that makes Earth s crust shake The focus is ... moves slowly, big pebbles in the water sink first Then smaller bits, such as sand, sink Finally the smallest pieces of soil, called silt, fall to the bottom Rivers deposit material where they ... them into steps, called terraces Rain forms puddles on the steps instead of washing soil downhill Crops can then soak up more water Erosion can be a problem along the seashore as well Waves that...
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From the Earth’s Core to Outer Space docx
... presents an extensive synthesis of the drift history of the lithospheric plates showing how these movements have, several times during the geological history of the Earth, led to amalgamation of ... tectonic model, the surface of the Earth consists of rigid plates where the uppermost layer is composed of oceanic crust, continental crust or a combination of both The lower part consists of the ... planet to further out in the Solar System, Risto Pellinen discusses physical conditions on Mars The latest measurements conducted by Mars rovers show that there indeed is water ice on the surface of...
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Báo cáo khoa học: The natural mutation by deletion of Lys9 in the thrombin A-chain affects the pKa value of catalytic residues, the overall enzyme’s stability and conformational transitions linked to Na+ binding pdf
... cluster, was used for the MD simulations and analysis of the trajectories Using the gromacs utilities, the ED analysis was carried out in to separate the motions of the examined protein models ... the intrinsic fluorescence of the DK9 variant, the higher the surface exposure and flexibility of their side-chains to the solvent the smaller the intrinsic fluorescence of the enzyme The smaller gain ... respectively The vertical bars are the standard errors of the measurements 162 compared with those of the WT form In other words, in the mutant thrombin the binding of sodium is not intrinsically...
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![physics of space storms [electronic resource] from the solar surface the earth](https://media.store123doc.com/images/document/14/y/sz/small_szs1401474143.jpg)
physics of space storms [electronic resource] from the solar surface the earth
... processes in the solar corona are essential elements of space storms Of particular importance to space storms are the solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which will be discussed in ... book the term “space storm” is not limited to storms in the magnetosphere but includes stormy weather on the Sun, in the solar wind, and in the Earth s magnetosphere and ionosphere Space storms ... other planets form an interesting and intriguing complex of physics issues, the discussion of which, however, is beyond the scope of the present treatise 1.1 Source of Space Storms: the Sun Space...
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The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the Twentieth Century+ pdf
... sample-return missions that collected 321 g of soil samples The USA shared Apollo samples with Russian scientists and they shared their Luna samples with the USA, to the great advantage of all Every sampling ... Carson 's Silent Spring (1962) is seen as a milestone - along with Harry Hess 's 'History of ocean basins' (Hess 1962) The authors' 'annals' of twentieth century earth science thus refer to issues traditionally ... in the Descartes region of the highlands was chosen because the mountains there are so precipitous and the intermontane plains are so smooth that astrogeologists concluded the peaks must consist...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 1 pot
... Safety of the Russian Academy of Science For about twenty years has been working in the Department for Atmospheric Physics of the Research Institute for Physics of St Petersburg State University She ... atmosphere are shown in detail The authors have described both the instruments were used, as well as the special features of the measurements Observational error analysis with the ways to minimizing the ... method is chosen in the clear sky cases and the analytical method of the asymptotic formulas of the theory of radiation transfer is used for the overcast sky cases Special attention is paid to the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 2 ppsx
... Nimbus stratus (Ns); the stratiform clouds of the medium level are Alto-stratus (As), Alto-cumulus (Ac); the high stratiform clouds are Cirrus-stratus (Cs); and also the Frontal cloud systems are ... considered theoretical methodologies to the real cloudiness Remember the classification of the stratiform clouds: the stratiform clouds of the lower level are Stratus (St), Stratus-cumulus (Sc), ... brightness of the luminous object Actually, it is well known that the viewing brightness of stars decreases with the increasing of distance It is evident that as the star is further, then the solid...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 3 doc
... (1.52)–(1.55) also during the consideration of the radiance The case of simulating the photon trajectories with weights w corresponds to the coordinated transformation of operators K and Ψ taking into account ... Uncertainties and Applicability Ranges of the Asymptotic Formulas The asymptotic formulas of the transfer theory presented in this chapter are obtained rigorously It is necessary to take into consideration ... similar to the internal ones (the spectra of the incandescent bulb installed outside of the instrument) were registered to correct for a factor of the transparency variations of the opal glass...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 4 potx
... possibility of using it as a starting one For this spectrum, the number of the spectra of the same class is determined together with the average distance to the spectra of this class expressed ... distance to the starting spectrum of the class is used The spectrum will be attributed to the class if the distance is less then 3, i e according to the known statistical rule the allowed deviation ... profiles of the SBC Such observations were also conducted but their amount in the total quantity of the spectra was not large thus, the authors have confined themselves to the analysis of the SBC,...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 5 pptx
... clear or cloudy atmosphere The results of the airborne observations are seen to allow fixing of the effect of the strong shortwave anomalous absorption (fs > 1) in a set of cases In other cases there ... thesis are given: The excessive absorption of SWR is defined just by the optical properties of cloudiness and is not caused by the observational or processing uncertainties as some investigators ... and the demand to the closeness of corresponding values yi and yi is weaker The other important case of using ˜ the weights is passing to the relative value of the discrepancy, i e summarizing of...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 6 pdf
... thus the observations cause the decreasing of the a priori SD of the parameters, which has a clear physical meaning: the observations cause precision of the a priori known values of the desired ... of the calculation results with a subject to reflection anisotropy and without it has been accomplished for the cases of the water and sand surfaces, while the snow surface has been assumed as ... matrices is needless Usually the comparison of the diagonal elements (dispersions) or of the sums of these elements (the invariant under the coordinates conversion (Ilyin and Pozdnyak 1978)) is enough...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 7 pptx
... for statistical analysis of the results and for presenting them as models Nevertheless, it is possible to limit our consideration with the most typical results because they are the robust (statistically ... the aerosols was Results of the Retrieval of Parameters of the Atmosphere and the Surface 193 used there The aerosols microphysical parameters were specified and the total set of the desired optical ... used as well These observations were accomplished by the team of the Laboratory for Aerosols Physics of the Atmospheric Physics Department of the Physical Institute of the Leningrad University...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 8 pps
... Cloudiness The cloudy system consisting of the separate cloud layers has been discussed in Sect 2.3, and the model of multilayer cloudiness together with the set of the formulas solving the direct ... experiment for the bottom sublayer the negative values of s2 have been obtained because the absorption was strong and the optical thickness was too small Thus, the asymptotic formulas are off the applicability ... F↑ F↓ The expression in the numerator of the first formula is the difference of squares of the net fluxes at the top and bottom of the cloud layer in units of the solar incident flux at the top,...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 9 pot
... edges of the image, especially for the single pixels with the strong absorption However, the other parts consist of several pixels with the higher absorption and could correspond to the industrial ... details of the accomplishment of radiation observations, as we hope, could be useful for specialists The sources of observational and processing errors have been analyzed, and the possibilities for ... compared to the photon path within the clear sky, and the number of collisions with air molecules (more rigorous with fluctuations of the molecular density) increases as well The radiation absorption...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 10 docx
... Formulas Derivation Derivation of formulas for the determination of the cloud optical parameters from the data of observations of solar irradiances at its boundaries The initial formulas for the ... Appendix B: Formulas Derivation Substitute to (B.5) the following expansions over powers of small parameter s for values: 3.6 m = 8s2 + s − 7.5g + + O (s4 ) , 1+g l = − 6q s + 18q s2 + O (s3 ) , (B.6) ... 223, 245 – of the system 94 – of the system of atmosphere plus surface 33 – plane 58, 208 – single scattering 57, 134, 223 – snow 100 – spectral 33, 200 – spherical 58, 71, 209 – surface 33,...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 1 pptx
... sunlight is reflected back to space from their tops The dark areas show where skies are clear The largest of the organized cloud masses are the sprawling storms One such storm shows as an extensive ... and (most of the time) invisible, it protects us from the scorching rays of the sun and provides us with a mixture of gases that allows life to flourish Because we cannot see, smell, or taste air, ... combines with other Overview of the Earth s Atmosphere FIGURE 1.1 The earth s atmosphere as viewed from space The thin blue area near the horizon shows the shallowness of the earth s atmosphere substances,...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 2 pdf
... the north side of a hill usually have a steep pitched roof, as well as a reinforced deck to withstand the added weight of snow from successive winter storms The seasonal change in the sun s position ... winter, the sun rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest During the summer, it rises in the northeast, reaches a much higher position in the sky at noon, and sets in the northwest Clearly, ... millibars (mb).* The total air pressure inside the parcel is due to the collision of all the molecules against the walls of the parcel In other words, the total pressure inside the parcel is equal to...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 3 ppt
... accumulations A more intense snow shower is called a snow squall These brief but heavy falls of snow are comparable to summer rain showers and, like snow flurries, usually fall from cumuliform clouds A more ... dome- or tower-shaped top as opposed to the generally flat tops of the stratocumulus Cumulus clouds that show only slight vertical growth (cumulus humilis) are associated with fair weather; therefore, ... between them can be made by observing the base of the cloud Often, stratus has a more uniform base than does nimbostratus Also, a deck of stratus may be confused with a layer of altostratus However,...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 4 pdf
... Mountain/Valley breeze Thunderstorms Chinook wind Tornadoes Santa Ana wind Waterspouts Dust devils Small turbulent eddies Seconds to minutes Minutes to hours Hours to days Days to a week or more LIFE SPAN ... from west to east However, where the flow aloft is meridional, as we will see in Chapter 8, surface storms tend to move more slowly, often intensifying into major storm systems As we can see from ... regions of hundreds to even thousands of square kilometers and, although the life spans of these features vary, they typically last for days and sometimes weeks The largest wind patterns are seen...
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