... depletion of ocean and coastal fisheryresources in some areas has led to the development of marine cage culture. The earliest record of cage culturepractices dates back to the late 1800s inSoutheast ... (Chapter3) are only briefly mentioned in Chapter 4 because of their lesser importance to freshwaterfish.There are books on infectious and on non-infectious diseases/ disordersof fish (e.g. Fish Diseases ... Asian Fisheries Society and World Aquaculture Society – SoutheastAsian Chapter, Bangkok, pp. 1–12.Hoffman, L.C. and Prinsloo, J.F. (1992) The use of holding cages for the spawning of Clariasgariepinus....
... ankylosis, and then continue a productive life. Disorders ofthe digital skin and heelsWhereas hoof disorders arise from the corium andare largely managemental in origin, diseasesofthe interdig-ital ... 7. 149 has severe atrophy ofthe hindquarters. The forefeet are placed caudally andthe hindfeet cranially to increase the proportion of weight borne by the forequarters. The acetabulum of ... incorrect hoof paring.Clinical features: they may present as larger areas of hemorrhage in zone 5 (7.20) or more commonly simply as a softening ofthe sole, as in 7.21. Note how the hoof wall has...
... Cleft palate (Holstein calf) (USA) ACOLOR ATLAS OFDISEASESANDDISORDERSOF CATTLE 54 4In utero infection in the second trimester, before the age of immunological competence ofthe fetus, can lead to the birth of a persistently ... Warble fly infestation showing several encysted subcutaneous larvae COLOR ATLAS OFDISEASESANDDISORDERSOF CATTLE 48 3Ear necrosis from frostbite The tips of both ears ofthe Limousin cow (3.73) are missing: the cause was neonatal frostbite. ... COLOR ATLAS OFDISEASESANDDISORDERSOF CATTLE503contracts, constricts the blood flow and produces swell-ing and ulceration, as seen on the left ofthe fecolith in 3.80. When removed, the full...
... Their diagnosis is obvious when they are visible as glittering particles upon the surface ofthe optic disc. However, in many patients they are hidden beneath the surface, producing pseudo-papilledema. ... (Fig. 29-13). They are unrelated to drusen ofthe retina, which occur in age-related macular degeneration. Optic disc drusen are most common in people of northern European descent. Their diagnosis ... to the diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension). The majority of patients are young, female, and obese. Treatment with a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as...
... Cataracts are acquired in a variety of genetic diseases, such as myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis type 2, and galactosemia. Radiation therapy and glucocorticoid treatment can induce cataract as ... Chapter 029. DisordersoftheEye (Part 14) Stroke This occurs when interruption of blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery to the visual cortex is prolonged. The only finding ... viewing light reflected from the fundus with an ophthalmoscope or by examining the dilated eye using the slit lamp. The only treatment for cataract is surgical extraction ofthe opacified lens. Over...
... by administration of panretinal laser photocoagulation at the appropriate point in the evolution ofthe disease. For further discussion ofthe manifestations and management of diabetic retinopathy, ... detachment ofthe retinal pigment epithelium andthe neurosensory retina. These detachments produce acute or chronic symptoms of metamorphopsia and blurred vision when the macula is involved. They are ... Chapter 029. DisordersoftheEye (Part 16) Central Serous Chorioretinopathy This primarily affects males between the ages of 20 and 50. Leakage of serous fluid from the choroid causes...
... 029. DisordersoftheEye (Part 17) Melanoma and Other Tumors Melanoma is the most common primary tumor oftheeye (Fig. 29-18). It causes photopsia, an enlarging scotoma, and loss of vision. ... atrophy of retrobulbar fat, or fracture ofthe orbital floor. The position ofthe eyes within the orbits is measured using a Hertel exophthalmometer, a hand-held instrument that records the position ... to a therapeutic trial of systemic glucocorticoids indirectly provides the best confirmation ofthe diagnosis. When the globes appear asymmetric, the clinician must first decide which eye...
... stretching and redundancy of eyelid skin and subcutaneous fat (dermatochalasis). The extra weight of these sagging tissues causes the lid to droop. Enlargement or deformation ofthe eyelid from infection, ... insertion of its aponeurosis into the eyelid. Acquired ptosis can develop so gradually that the patient is unaware ofthe problem. Inspection of old photographs is helpful in dating the onset. ... ptosis that worsens late in the day is typical of myasthenia gravis. Chapter 029. DisordersoftheEye (Part 18) Orbital Cellulitis This causes pain, lid erythema, proptosis, conjunctival...
... spectrum of systemic diseases caused by mutations of mitochondrial DNA. Asthe name implies, the most prominent findings are symmetric, slowly progressive ptosis and limitation ofeye movements. ... suppressed from the nonfixating eye. In some children, this leads to impaired vision (amblyopia, or "lazy" eye) in the deviated eye. Chapter 029. DisordersoftheEye (Part 19) ... restrictive diplopia. The diagnosis of restriction is usually made by recognizing other associated signs and symptoms of local orbital disease in conjunction with imaging. Myasthenia Gravis (See...
... testing. Most cases are thought to result from microvascular infarction ofthe nerve, somewhere along its course from the brainstem to the orbit. Usually the patient complains of pain. Diabetes, ... hypertension, and vascular disease are major risk factors. Spontaneous recovery over a period of months is the rule. If this fails to occur, or if new findings develop, the diagnosis of microvascular ... meningioma, metastasis), herpes zoster infection, andthe Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. The etiology of an isolated, pupil-sparing oculomotor palsy often remains an enigma, even after neuroimaging and extensive...
... palsy, most cases are assumed to represent microvascular infarcts because they often occur in the setting of diabetes or other vascular risk factors. Some cases may develop as a postinfectious ... sampling ofthe cerebrospinal fluid. The cancer-associated Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome can also produce ophthalmoplegia. Giant cell hemorrhage, vascular malformation, and multiple sclerosis are ... generally have the opposite effect: the eyes deviate conjugately away from the irritative focus. Parietal lesions disrupt smooth pursuit of targets moving toward the side ofthe lesion. Bilateral...
... abduction oftheeye on the other side. Figure 29-19 nucleus of Cajal cause supranuclear paresis of upgaze, downgaze, or all vertical eye movements. Distal basilar artery ischemia is the most ... level ofthe midbrain. The neuronal circuits affected in disordersof vertical gaze are not fully elucidated, but lesions ofthe rostral interstitial nucleus ofthe medial longitudinal fasciculus ... ofthe eyes, usually constant in all positions of gaze. The finding has poor localizing value because skew deviation has been reported after lesions in widespread regions ofthe brainstem and...