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MARITIME ENGLISH EXERCISES MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl Index UNIT FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK UNIT DEADWEIGHT AND FREIGHT CARRYING CAPACITY UNIT THEORETICAL MEAN DRAUGHT “dH” AND DRAUGHT MARKS UNIT SHIP STABILITY UNIT FREE SURFACE EFFECT UNIT HULL STRENGTH UNIT STEERING SYSTEM UNIT STEERING GEARS 11 UNIT RUDDERS 13 UNIT 10 ANCHORING EQUIPMENT 15 UNIT 11 MOORING WINCHES 17 UNIT 12 MOORING GUIDELINES 19 UNIT 13 HATCH COVERS 21 UNIT 14 CARGO CRANES 23 UNIT 15 LIFEBOATS 25 UNIT 16 LIFERAFTS 27 UNIT 17 RESCUE BOATS 29 UNIT 18 GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS SYSTEM 31 UNIT 19 PROPULSION SYSTEMS 32 UNIT 20 INTEGRATED PROPULSION SYSTEM 34 UNIT 21 DIESEL- ELECTRIC PROPULSION 36 UNIT 22 AZIMUTHING PROPULSORS 37 UNIT 23 PODDED PROPULSORS 39 UNIT 24 VOITH-SCHNEIDER PROPELLER (VSP) 40 UNIT 26 DIESEL ENGINES 43 UNIT 27 CONSTRUCTION OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINE 45 UNIT 28 FUEL OIL SYSTEMS 47 UNIT 29 FUEL OIL SEPARATION PROCESS 49 UNIT 30 ALFA LAVAL FUEL CONDITIONING MODULE 52 UNIT 31 FILTERS 54 UNIT 32 COMMON-RAIL INJECTION SYSTEM OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINES 56 UNIT 33 GARBAGE DISPOSAL 58 UNIT 34 BILGE WATER SYSTEM 59 UNIT 35 OILY WATER SEPARATOR 60 UNIT 36 TANK CLEANING IN PRODUCT TANKER 62 UNIT 37 INERT GAS SYSTEMS 63 Index Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK 1.1 Vocabulary – study definitions below and label sketches Block coefficient – The block coefficient of a ship at any particular draught is the ratio of its underwater volume to the volume of a rectangular block having the same overall length, breadth and depth Draught – The vertical distance from the moulded baseline to the waterline Moulded breadth Bmld - The maximum breadth of a ship with a metal shell measured amidships to the moulded line of the frame Moulded depth Dmld - The vertical distance measured from the moulded baseline to the top of the freeboard deck beam at side Sheer – The longitudinal curve of the vessel deck in a vertical plane Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl 1.2 Translate into your native language: For the Panama Canal the air draught is to be no greater than 57.91m The freeboard deck is normally the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and sea A superstructure is a decked structure on the freeboard deck, extending from side to side of the ship or with the side plating not being inboard of the shell plating more than 4% of the breadth B A flush deck ship is one which has no superstructure on the freeboard deck _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Load lines mark Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Photo J Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT DEADWEIGHT AND FREIGHT CARRYING CAPACITY 2.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 2.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below Displacement – It is the mass of water displaced by the vessel at any waterline It is the product of the volume of its underwater portion and the density of water in which it floats Displacement = Lightship mass + Deadweight Lightship mass – This is the mass of the ship itself when completely empty Deadweight - This is the mass that a ship carriers It can be made up of fuel oil, fresh water, ballast water, stores, crew, lashing equipment and cargo 2.3 Translate into your native language: In order to decrease the lightship mass, hull structure should be designed with great care, and light, compact equipment installed Lightship mass is evaluated by conducting a draught survey normally just prior to delivery of the new vessel Loose equipment such as loose lashing, removable tweendeck panels, strong beams are not part of the lightship mass The actual weight of a ship and location of the centre of gravity depends on her loading condition _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT THEORETICAL MEAN DRAUGHT “dH” AND DRAUGHT MARKS 3.1 Vocabulary – study definitions below Centre of flotation (LCF) – The geometrical centre of the waterplane It may be aft, forward or even at amidships LCF is the point about which the ship trims Hydrostatic data – The various items of hydrostatic information Trim - The difference between the draught at the forward perpendicular (FP) and the draught at the aft perpendicular (AP) 3.2 Translate into your native language: The theoretical mean draught “dH” does not change if the vessel is trimmed by shifting weights fore and aft The mean draught amidships “dM” changes with trim unless the centre of flotation is at amidships Theoretical draught is used mainly by naval architects Draught extreme is used mainly by masters, mates, port authorities and dry-dock personnel When a ship moves from water of one density to the water of another density, without there being a change in her mass, the draught will change _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Photo J Babicz Shell plating Fender Underwater part Draught marks amidships and “All Seasons Load Lines” mark as used for vessels with enlarged freeboard Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT SHIP STABILITY 4.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 4.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below Metacentric height GM – The vertical distance between the centre of gravity G and the metacentre M GM = KB + BM – KG Vertical centre of buoyancy KB and metacentric radious BM depends on geometrical form of ship, vertical centre of gravity KG depends on loading of ship Stiff ship – A stiff ship is one with very large GM The ship will return to the upright very quickly causing excessive strain on cargo lashings Such ship is uncomfortable for crew Tender ship – A tender ship is one with a very small GM caused by KG being too large 4.3 Match the words with correct definition Angle of heel - _ _ Angle of list - Angle of loll - _ • The angle at which a ship with negative initial metacentric height will lie at rest in still water • The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an external force, such as wind or waves • The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an internal force 4.4 Translate into your native language: The height of metacentrum M above the base plane depends on geometry of ship The mass and location of the centre of gravity KG of loaded ship are calculated by summing up the masses of the empty ship, cargoes, stores, spare parts, lashing etc., and ballast water and their moments about a horizontal, transverse and longitudinal plane Ships under ballast and ships loaded with steel have a large metacentric height GM The result is such ships are “stiff”: they have short roll period and will roll quickly and violently Such a condition is not desirable When the GM is too small, for example 0.16m to 0.20m the ship has the long roll period (25 to 35 second) and is said to be “tender” As before, this condition is not desirable and steps should be taken to increase the GM _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT FREE SURFACE EFFECT 5.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 5.2 Translate into your native language: For all loading conditions, the initial metacentric height and the righting lever curve should be corrected for the effect of free surfaces of liquids in tanks Free surface effects should be considered whenever the filling level in tank is less than 98% of full condition Where water ballast tanks are to be filled or discharged during the course of a voyage, the free surface effects should be calculated to take account of the most onerous transitory stage relating to such operations When ballasting the vessel only one transverse pair or a single centerline ballast tank shall be filled up At sea, as far as possible, ballast tanks shall be 100% full or empty When ballasted wide double bottom tanks must be always 100% full _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings If the tank is partially filled, the position of the centre of gravity _ _ A liquid in partially filled tank always decreases _ _ The free surface effect can _ _ • the initial metacentric height, the righting lever and the range of stability • lead to a negative metacentric height • of the liquid will change as the ship is inclined Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT HULL STRENGTH 6.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 6.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below Midship section – A drawing showing standard cross sections of the hull at, or near, amidships and presenting the scantling of the primary structural members Sheer strake – The top strake of a ship side shell plating Shell expansion – A plan showing the seams and butts, thickness and associated welding of all plates 6.3 Choose the correct words or phrases and label marked components: Inner bottom, Tranverse bulkhead, Floor, Longitudinal bulkhead, Sheer strake, Bilge plating Transverse section in way of cargo hold Photo J Babicz _ _ _ _ _ _ Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl 6.4 Translate into your native language: The total buoyant force is equal to the total weight but the distribution of the weight and buoyancy along the length of the ship are not similar The difference between the weight and buoyancy at any point is the load at that point In some cases the load is an excess of weight over buoyancy and in others an excess of buoyancy over weight If the buoyancy amidships exceeds the weight, the ship will hog If the weight amidships exceeds the buoyancy the ship will sag _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 29 FUEL OIL SEPARATION PROCESS 29.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 29.2 Principles of separation Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings A liquid mixture in a tank will clear slowly as the heavy particles _ Heavier particles in the liquid mixture will settle _ A lighter liquid rises while _ In a rapidly rotating bowl, the force of gravity is replaced _ The centrifugal force in the separator bowl can _ • • • • • a heavier liquid and solids sink and form a sediment layer at the bottom of the tank by centrifugal force, which is many times grater achieve in a few seconds that which takes many hours in a settling tank in the liquid mixture sink to the bottom due to gravity 29.3 HFO Service Tank Translate into your native language The fuel oil cleaned in the separator is transferred to service tanks Two HFO Service Tanks are to be arranged, each with a capacity sufficient for at least hours of operation at maximum fuel consumption The service tanks should have a sloped bottom for proper draining The service tank shall be designed so that accumulation of sludge near the suction pipe is prevented The sludge must be drained from the service tank at regular intervals _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl 29.4 Match the words with the correct definitions Viscosity – _ _ Sludge removal kit – _ _ _ Heating Unit – _ • A heater in steam, electric, hot water or thermal oil plus a three-screw pump designed as a unit and connected to the Separation Unit • A fluid resistance against movement, low viscosity facilitates separation Viscosity can be reduced by heating • A sludge handling unit which takes care of the discharged sludge and water with its own small tank and a pump set 29.5 Look at the flow chart and complete the following sentences Choose the correct words and phrases from the list below: Feed pump, Separator, Process controller, Regulating valve, Water valve block, Heater, Changeover valve, Oil pressure transmitter _ feeds unprocessed oil to the separator _ heats unprocessed oil to the separation temperature _ leads the untreated oil to the separator or back for recirculation _ measures pressure in the oil inlet and signals the process controller _ supervises the P-separator _ regulates the back pressure in the cleaned oil _ distributes separator opening/closing water, water and displacement water _ cleans the oil by removing water and solid particles 50 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz seal Go to Index 51 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Illustration courtesy of Alfa Laval Flow chart of the Alfa Laval P-separator MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 30 ALFA LAVAL FUEL CONDITIONING MODULE 30.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 30.2 Fuel Condition Module (FCM) Translate into your native language Photos J Babicz Fuel conditioning is a system that treats heavy oil so that it meets the requirements for cleanliness, pressure, temperature, viscosity and flow rate The Alfa Laval FCM consists of components mounted on a frame, complete with piping, valves, electrical cabling and other accessories A centrally placed cabinet contains starters for all motors and the control unit The module is a two-stage pressurized supply system that uses viscosity as the primary control parameter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 52 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl 30.3 Look at the flow diagram of the FCM on page 64 and complete the following sentences Choose the correct phrases from the list below: Mixing tube, Automatic backflushing filter, Supply pumps, Circulation pumps, Heaters, Pump strainers, Viscosity sensor, Service tanks, _ store clean heavy fuel oil and diesel oil that is supplied to the three-way valve by means of gravity _ protect supply pumps by removing large particles from the fuel _ supply oils to the high-pressure stage _ cleans fuel by removing smaller particules _ combines fresh fuel from the supply pump with hot fuel returning from the engine _ circulate heavy fuel oil to the engine and back to the mixing tube _ raise the temperature of the fuel to the level required to achieve the correct viscosity _ measures fuel viscosity 30.4 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings Two-stage pressurized systems, such as the FCM, _ Two-stage systems also reduce the occurrence of the other problems, _ _ By introducing a supply stage with supply pumps and a closed pressurized mixing tube _ Fuel is then circulated in the high-pressure stage to obtain _ _ _ • • • • 53 such as gasification associated with the high fuel temperatures the required viscosity for injection which maintains a pressure of at least 4bar, cavitation does not occur eliminate control difficulties that are encountered with single-stage systems Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 31 FILTERS 31.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 31.2 Operating principle of an automatic backflushing fuel oil filter Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings The unfiltered fuel oil is fed into the filter by means of a distributor The distributor rotates on a regular basis, filling seven of the eight Solids collect on the filter surface and _ _ In the eighth column, the solids, which have been collected, _ _ • • • • full-flow filtering columns the filtered fuel oil flows to the engine are removed by backflushing a small amount of the filtered fuel oil driven by an electric motor on the top of the filter housing Photo J Babicz Boll Automatic Filter Type 6.64 54 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl 31.3 Read the unit and complete the sentences below The BOLL automatic filter is designed to enable simultaneous filtering and backflushing without interrupting operation The filter body houses a number of individual filter chambers Each chamber is fitted with its own filter element assembly providing a large filtration surface area Due to their robust construction the filter elements withstand high differential pressure A chamber containing a dirt loaded filter is isolated from the process and backflushed whilst a filter chamber with clean elements takes over the task of the isolated chamber The BOLL automatic filter helps _ and _ oil without _ its operation There are several _ housed in the filter body Every chamber has _ which altogether, thanks to which large _ is achieved The filter elements can work under _ thanks to their powerful construction The _ is separated from the process and the _ with clean elements takes over the task of the separated chamber 31.4 Filters Translate into your native language Fuel oil filters are to be fitted in the delivery line of the fuel pumps Mesh size and filter capacity are to be in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer of the engine Uninterrupted supply of filtered fuel has to be ensured during cleaning of the filtering equipment Fuel oil filters are to be fitted with differential pressure monitoring _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 55 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 32 COMMON-RAIL INJECTION SYSTEM OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINES 32.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 32.2 Wartsila RT-flex engine Translate into your native language The RT-flex engine is a standard RTA slow-speed engine with a number of mechanical parts replaced by the common rail system and by integrated electronic control The mechanical parts removed include the camshaft, the fuel injection pump units including the exhaust valve actuator pumps, and all their mechanical control gear These parts are replaced by four principal elements: the rail unit, the supply unit, a filter unit for the servo oil, and the electronic control system Common-rail systems allow the timing, rate and pressure of fuel injection and the exhaust valve operation to be fully controllable _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Photo J Babicz 56 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl 32.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings The volume of the common-rail system and the supply rate from the fuel supply pumps _ A key feature of the system is the complete flexibility in the timing, _ _ Another advantage of RT-flex engines is their ability to run stable _ _ At minimum speed, the engine runs on all cylinders but _ _ _ • • • • rate and pressure of fuel injection and in exhaust valve operation with just one injection valve in each cylinder at very low speeds, lower than engines with mechanically- controlled injection are such that the rail pressure is very stable with negligible pressure drop after each injection Illustration courtesy of MAN Diesel 57 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 33 GARBAGE DISPOSAL 33.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 33.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below “Garbage” means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational wastes generated during the normal operation of a ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically, but does not include fresh fish and parts thereof or sewage It also excludes substances and emissions prohibited or controlled under other Annexes to MARPOL “Operational wastes” means all maintenance wastes, cargo associated wastes and cargo residues except residues or wastes from oil or oily mixture, noxious liquid substances, non-polluting liquid substances or harmful substances in packaged form “Cargo residues” means the remnants of any cargo material on board in cargo holds or tanks which remain after unloading procedures and cleaning operations are completed and includes excesses and spillage from loading or unloading “Cargo-associated waste” means all materials which have become wastes as a result of use on board a ship for cargo stowage and handling and includes dunnage, shoring, pallets, lining and packing materials, plywood, paper, cardboard, wire and steel strapping “Plastics” includes, synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags, foam plastics and incinerator ashes from plastic products which may contain toxic or heavy metal residues 33.3 Translate into your native language: The garbage handling room shall be located in the area where most of the waste is being generated Systems for waste disposal include compactors and baling presses, shredders and crushers These can reduce the volume of the waste by approx 80% A system for dry solid waste could also include a shipboard incinerator for non-recyclable waste _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 58 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 34 BILGE WATER SYSTEM 34.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 34.2 Translate into your native language: A common-main bilge system consists of one or more main lines installed along the length of the vessel fitted with branch bilge suctions to various compartments Bilge lines in machinery spaces other than emergency suctions are to be fitted with strainers Bilge manifolds and valves in connection with bilge pumping are to be located in positions which are accessible at all times for maintenance To enable pipes of reception facilities to be connected with the ship’s discharge pipeline for residues from machinery bilges, both lines shall be fitted with a standard discharge connection _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 34.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings All vessels are to be fitted with an efficient bilge _ Bilge lines in machinery spaces, except of emergency suctions, _ _ All elements of the bilge system are to be tested _ _ Upon completion of the trials, the bilge strainers are to be _ _ • • • • 59 pumping system to drain various spaces opened, cleaned and closed up in good order to demonstrate satisfactory pumping operation, including emergency suctions and all controls are to be fitted with strainers easily accessible from the floor plates Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 35 OILY WATER SEPARATOR 35.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning Photo courtesy of RWO 15 ppm oil content monitor Polisher Two stage RWO Oily Water Separator SKIT/S-DEB5.0 35.2 Translate into your native language: Means to be provided to process oil contaminated water from machinery space bilges prior to discharging it overboard Oily water filtering equipment capable of processing oily mixtures to produce an effluent with oil content not exceeding 15 parts per million is to be provided A fail-safe oil content monitor with automatic shut-off ensures that no contaminated effluent can be discharged accidentally The oil content meter should be tested annually and calibrated by a factory technician at least once every five years 60 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings Emulsion is a mixture of oil and water, _ _ The 15ppm oil content monitor checks the water quality of the first stage separator and, _ An extra 3-way valve is installed in the overboard line _ _ _ • to recirculate the water to the bilge tank • if below 15ppm, the polisher is bypassed • where small oil droplets are dispersed in the continuous water phase 61 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 36 TANK CLEANING IN PRODUCT TANKER 36.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 36.2 Explain reasons for tank cleaning _ _ _ _ _ 36.3 Translate into your native language: Tank cleaning solutions are prepared with the help of shadow diagrams These are two-dimensional representations of a tank, in which “shadows” indicate the areas that will not be directly hit by cleaning jets During the washing operation, cargo residues mixed with washing water are stripped by the cargo pumps _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36.4 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings The cycle time of a machine takes usually from half an hour to an hour _ _ _ Simple hot or cold water wash is sometimes enough _ _ Water washing is a preventive measure _ Graduation markings serve as useful check _ _ “Bottom wash” normally takes place _ _ Water driven gearing moves revolving nozzles, _ • • • • • • 62 and depends on the size of the machine and its pump pressure to clean tank of various chemical substances for accumulating sediments when the machine is gradually lowered (in stages or drops) down the tank feet above the bottom of the tank which are part of both fixed and portable machines Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl UNIT 37 INERT GAS SYSTEMS 37.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook Use your dictionary to check the meaning 37.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below Inert gas – Inert gas is a gas such as nitrogen or a mixture of gases such as flue gas, containing a reduced level of oxygen, which will decrease corrosion rate and is insufficient to support the combustion of hydrocarbons Inert condition - An inert condition exists when the oxygen content throughout the atmosphere of a tank has been reduced to 5% or less by volume by addition of inert gas Inerting – Inerting refers to the process of the introduction of inert gas into a tank with the object of attaining the inert condition Gas-freeing - Gas freeing is the introduction of fresh air into a tank with the object of removing toxic, flammable and inert gases and increasing the oxygen content to 21% by volume Purging – Purging is the introduction of inert gas into a tank already in the inert condition with the object of: Further reducing the existing oxygen content Reducing the existing hydrocarbon gas content to a level below which combustion cannot be supported if air is subsequently introduced into the tank Topping up – Topping up is the introduction of inert gas into a tank which is already in the inert condition with the object of raising the tank pressure to prevent any ingress of air 37.3 Translate into your native language: The burner/scrubber unit requires less deck space due to the location of the combustion chamber inside the scrubber unit For systems requiring inert gas with less than 1% O2, fresh water may be injected into the combustion air Heat corrosion resistant steel is used for all surfaces exposed to heat and/or seawater As further protection against corrosion, fresh water rinsing is adopted _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 63 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index