Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Hàng hải Tập 2

Tài liệu được biên soạn để phục vụ học tập nâng cao trình độ về ngữ pháp cơ bản và kỹ năng giao tiếp bằng tiếng Anh, đặc biệt dành cho ngành hàng hải, thủy thủ hàng hải tham gia các hoạt động trên biển cũng như giao lưu quốc tế. Toàn bộ tài liệu gồm hai tập, vui lòng download để xem chi tiết.

CHÖÔNG I THÌ CUÛA ÑOÄNG TÖØ – (VERB TENSES) Baøi 1 THÌ HIEÄN TAÏI HOAØN THAØNH (THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE) (Baøi naøy duøng keøm vôùi unit 18 - Tieáng Anh Haøng Haûi - Taäp 1) 1.1 Ví duï tình huoáng - Taâm is looking for his key He can't find it He has lost his key "is looking" vaø "can't find" cho thaáy tình huoáng trong hieän taïi " He has lost his key " coù nghóa laø haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra roài nhöng vaãn coøn lieân quan ñeán hieän taïi Taâm ñaõ ñaùnh maát chìa khoaù vaø baây giôø vaãn chöa tìm ra ñöôïc “has / have lost” laø thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh cuûa ñoäng töø lose 1.2 Hình thöùc cuûa thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh ñöôïc taïo thaønh bôûi thì hieän taïi cuûa ñoäng töø have vaø quaù khöù phaân töø cuûa ñoäng töø chính Quaù khöù phaân töø laø hình thöùc ñoäng töø: - Taän cuøng baèng "ed" nhö worked, lived, stayed… neáu laø ñoäng töø coù quy taéc - Ñöôïc ghi ôû coät thöù ba trong baûng chia ñoäng töø baát quy taéc neáu laø ñoäng töø baát quy taéc nhö gone, come, left… Have / has + Quaù khöù phaân töø Baûng chia ñoäng töø "work" ôû thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh - Khaúng ñònh (Affirmative) (I, you, we, they) have/ 've worked (He, she, it) has/ 's worked - Phuû ñònh (Negative) (I, you, we, they) have not /haven't worked (He, she, it ) has not /hasn't worked - Nghi vaán (Interrogative) Have (I, you, we, they) worked? Has (he, she, it ) worked? 1.3 Caùch duøng cuûa thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh (Uses) Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh coù hai caùch duøng chính: 1 Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng baét ñaàu trong quaù khöù vaø vaãn coøn tieáp tuïc ñeán hieän taïi vaø coù theå tieáp tuïc trong töông lai nöõa Haõy ñoïc tình huoáng sau: A: Are you a naval officer, Minh? B: Yes, I am A: When did you join the Navy? B: In 1990 → Minh has been in the Navy since1990 " Minh has been in the Navy since1990." coù nghóa laø Minh tham gia quaân ñoäi vaøo naêm 1990 vaø hieän nay vaãn coøn phuïc vuï trong quaân ñoäi 1 2 Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ra nhöng khoâng roõ luùc naøo trong quaù khöù vaø coù moái quan heä naøo ñoù vôùi hieän taïi A: Have you read these instructions? B: Yes, I have They are easy to understand → Hai caùch duøng naøy seõ ñöôïc trieån khai chi tieát nhö sau: ● Caùch 1: Haønh ñoäng baét ñaàu trong quaù khöù vaø vaãn coøn tieáp tuïc ñeán hieän taïi a Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh ñöôïc duøng vôùi since, for ñeå dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ baét ñaàu trong quaù khöù vaø vaãn coøn tieáp tuïc cho ñeán hieän taïi - We began to live in this city 10 years ago Now we still live there → We have lived in this city for 10 years (Chuùng toâi soáng ôû thaønh phoá naøy ñöôïc 10 naêm roài) Ñieàu naøy coù nghóa laø chuùng toâi baét ñaàu soáng ôû thaønh phoá ñoù caùch ñaây 10 naêm vaø baây giôø vaãn coøn soáng ôû ñoù - I have studied English since I was at a secondary school (Toâi ñaõ hoïc tieáng Anh töø luùc toâi coøn hoïc caáp hai.) - He hasn't had a holiday for ten years (Ñaõ 10 naêm roài anh aáy khoâng ñi nghæ.) - I’ve known that wireless officer for ten years (Toâi bieát ngöôøi só quan voâ tuyeán ñoù 10 naêm nay roài.) - We’ve been on that ship since 2003 (Chuùng mình ñaõ ôû treân taøu naøy töø naêm 2003.) + Chuù yù: Hoïc vieân caàn phaân bieät caùch duøng cuûa since vaø for * Since + moác thôøi gian (a point of time) Since yesterday / Since August / Since 1995/ Since I was born / Since one o’clock / Since the beginning of the term / Since the third of March * For + khoaûng thôøi gian (a period of time) For a long time / For 4 hours / For ages / For a long time / For 20 years + Ngoaøi thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh "for" coøn coù theå ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc thì khaùc - I have lived here for 5 years [Toâi vaãn coøn soáng ôû ñoù.] - I lived here for 5 years [Baây giôø toâi khoâng coøn soáng ôû ñoù] - I will be here for 6 weeks [Toâi seõ ôû ñaây 6 tuaàn] + Haõy so saùnh thì quaù khöù vaø hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh duøng vôùi for trong hai ví duï sau: - (a) My father was in the army for 30 years Now he has retired - (b) My father has been in the army for 20 years Now he works at Navy Academy Caâu (a) duøng thì quaù khöù vì baây giôø boá toâi ñaõ nghæ höu Caâu (b) duøng thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh vì boá toâi vaãn coøn ñang coâng taùc taïi HVHQ b Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh coù theå keát hôïp vôùi caùc traïng töø nhö so far, up to now, up to the present (cho ñeán nay), before (now) (tröôùc ñaây) - Up to the present we have done every exercise in this book (Cho ñeán baây giôø chuùng toâi ñaõ laøm moïi baøi taäp trong saùch naøy.) -We've cleaned fourteen guns so far this morning 2 (Cho ñeán saùng nay chuùng toâi ñaõ lau xong 14 khaåu suùng.) -We have never read such an interesting book before (Chuùng toâi chöa bao giôø ñoïc moät quyeån saùch hay nhö theá tröôùc ñaây.) c Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh duøng vôùi ever trong caâu hoûi, never trong caâu khaúng ñònh ñeå dieãn taû moät kinh nghieäm, moät söï traûi qua cuûa ai ñoù trong khoaûng thôøi gian baét ñaàu töø quaù khöù vaø tieáp tuïc cho ñeán hieän taïi + Haõy ñoïc ñoaïn hoäi thoaïi sau: A: Have you travelled a lot? B: Yes, I've been to lots of places A: Really, have you ever been to China? B: Yes, I've been to China twice A: What about India? B: No, I have never been to India "Have you travelled ?", "Have you ever been ?" Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh duøng theo caùch naøy muoán nhaán maïnh trong cuoäc ñôøi mình töø luùc sinh ra cho ñeán baây giôø ñaõ töøng traûi qua nhöõng kinh nghieäm nhö theá chöa? + Moät soá ví duï khaùc: - Have you ever met Uncle Ho? - She's never eaten a mango before Have you ever eaten a mango? - We've never seen such a modern submarine (Chuùng toâi chöa bao giôø thaáy moät chieác taøu ngaàm naøo hieän ñaïi nhö theá.) + Soá thöù töï vaø hình thöùc so saùnh hôn nhaát cuûa tính töø cuõng thöôøng ñöôïc duøng cho yù nghóa naøy - It is the most interesting book we have ever read (Ñaây laø quyeån saùch thuù vò nhaát maø chuùng toâi ñaõ töøng ñoïc.) - This is the third time we’ve been to Truong Sa island (Ñaây laø laàn thöù ba chuùng toâi ñeán ñaûo Tröôøng Sa) + Hoïc vieân chuù yù söï khaùc nhau giöõa gone to somewhere vaø been to somewhere - Captain Nam is not here He has gone to Tröôøng sa Island (Thuyeàn tröôûng Nam khoâng coù ôû ñaây OÂng aáy ñi ñaûo Tröôøng sa roài.) - Hello, I've just been to the shore I've bought a lot of things (Xin chaøo, toâi vöøa môùi leân bôø veà Toâi mua ñöôïc nhieàu thöù.) * Caùch 2: Haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù nhöng khoâng bieát roõ thôøi gian a Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh thöôøng ñöôïc duøng khoâng coù traïng töø chæ thôøi gian ñi keøm, ñaëc bieät trong ñaøm thoaïi haøng ngaøy ñeå thoâng baùo moät thoâng tin môùi naøo ñoù; nhöng neáu tieáp tuïc noùi veà thoâng tin ñoù vôùi caùc caâu hoûi nhö: when?, where?, … ta phaûi duøng thì quaù khöù thöôøng (1) A: Have you passed your shooting test? Tuyø thuoäc vaøo ngöõ caûnh, caâu hoûi naøy coù theå vaøo moät luùc naøo ñoù cho ñeán nay hoaëc sau khi baïn ñöôïc hoûi thi baén xong B: Yes, I passed when I was 17 [Duøng thì quaù khöù vì thôøi gian roõ raøng.] (2) A: Ow! I've burnt myself (OÂi, toâi bò boûng roài) 3 B: How did you do that? (Sao caäu bò boûng vaäy?) A: I picked up a hot dish (Toâi caàm phaûi caùi ñóa noùng.) b Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh duøng cho moät haønh ñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra Caùc traïng töø trong caùch duøng naøy laø: + Just (vöøa môùi ) - Is your section leader here? No, he's just gone out (Tieåu ñoäi tröôûng baïn coù ñaây khoâng? Khoâng, anh aáy vöøa môùi ñi ra ngoaøi.) - Would you like something to eat? -No, thanks I've just had lunch (Baïn coù muoán aên chuùt gì khoâng? Caùm ôn, tôù vöøa môùi aên tröa xong.) Chuù yù : Just ñöùng giöõa have / has vaø quaù khöù phaân töø + Recently, lately (vöøa môùi ñaây, gaàn ñaây) - Have you heard from Captain Nam recently/ lately? (Gaàn ñaây baïn coù nghe gì veà thuyeàn tröôûng Nam khoâng?) - My brother's recently arrived from New York (Anh trai toâi vöøa töø New York trôû veà.) + Already (ñaõ …roài) hieám khi duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh, ñöôïc duøng vôùi thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh ñeå nhaán maïnh yù "sôùm hôn döï ñònh" - Have you typed my letter already? -Yes, I've already typed it (Coâ ñaõ ñaùnh maùy böùc thö cuûa toâi roài phaûi khoâng? Vaâng, toâi ñaõ ñaùnh maùy xong roài.) Chuù yù : Already coù theå ñöùng giöõa have/ has vaø quaù khöù phaân töø hoaëc cuoái caâu + Yet (chöa ) thöôøng duøng trong caâu hoûi dieãn taû yù chuùng ta ñang mong ñôïi bieát veà ñieàu gì ñoù - Have you passed your driving test yet? (Baïn ñaõ vöôït qua kyø thi laáy baèng laùi xe chöa?) "Yet" duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh nhaán maïnh yù chuùng ta chöa laøm gì ñoù nhöng chuùng ta thaät söï mong muoán laøm ñieàu ñoù - I haven't passed my driving test yet (Toâi chöa thi ñoã kyø thi laáy baèng laùi xe.) Chuù yù : "Yet " thöôøng ôû vò trí cuoái caâu + Moät vaøi ví duï khaùc: - A: Are Tieán and Nam here? B: No, they haven't arrived yet [B mong ñôïi hoï ñeán sôùm] - A: Has Linda started her new job yet? B: No, not yet She starts next week - Mai has bought a new dress but she hasn't worn it yet (Mai ñaõ mua moät chieác aùo môùi nhöng coâ chöa maëc noù.) 1.4 Phaân bieät thì quaù khöù ñôn vaø hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh 1 Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù nhöng vaãn coøn quan heä vôùi hieän taïi, coøn haønh ñoäng cuûa thì quaù khöù ñôn hoaøn toaøn thuoäc veà quaù khöù - Taâm is looking for his key He can’t find it He has lost his key now 4 - The Chinese invented printing - Shakespeare wrote Hamlet 2 “How long?” laø caâu hoûi ñaëc tröng cuûa thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh vaø “When?” laø caâu hoûi ñaëc tröng cuûa thì quaù khöù ñôn - How long have you known Taâm? Since we were at school - When did it start raining? It started raining an hour ago 3 Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh nhaán maïnh khoaûng thôøi gian chöa chaám döùt, coøn thì quaù khöù ñôn chæ khoaûng thôøi gian ñaõ chaám döùt trong quaù khöù - Did you see Ann this morning? [Caâu naøy noùi vaøo buoåi chieàu] - Have you seen Ann this morning? [Caâu naøy noùi vaøo buoåi saùng] - My father has been in the army for 20 years [Boá toâi vaãn coøn coâng taùc] - My father was in the army for 20 years.[Boá toâi giôø ñaõ nghæ höu] 4 Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù nhöng keát quaû vaãn coøn trong hieän taïi coøn thì quaù khöù thì khoâng - His car is clean He has just washed it - His car is dirty He washed it 2 weeks ago - He is still in hospital He has had a car crash - He is better again and he came back to work yesterday He had a car crash 5 Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi gian, coøn thì quaù khöù dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù coù thôøi gian roõ raøng - I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them - I read the instructions last night 1.5 Caùc daïng baøi taäp caên baûn 1.5.1 Chia ñoäng töø trong ngoaëc cho ñuùng Water ……………… (be) perhaps man's most important natural resource He ………………… (need) it for drinking and home use, for agriculture, for the power to run his machines and even for boating, fishing and relaxation But usable water…………………(be) not as abundant as the demand for it ……………… (be) For centuries men ……………………… (fight) each other over their rights to use the springs, streams and rivers which …………………(be) not distributed evenly One area ……………….(suffer) from floods while another ………………… (be) parched and dry and still another ……………………(enjoy) ideal conditions Much of man's energy ………………… (spend) in diverting rives and streams and digging well and canals Unfortunately, man ……………… (not) ……………… (be) very successful in his efforts to redistribute his water supply evenly 1.5.2 Put in “gone” or “been” 1 He's on holiday at the moment He's ………………………… to Spain 2 Where's Jill? She's not here I think she's ……………………… to the bank 3 Hello, Pat Where have you ………………………? I 've …………… to the bank 4 Have you ever …………………… to Mexico? No, never 5 My parents aren't at home this evening They've …………………… out 6 There's a new restaurant in town Have you ……………………… to it? 5 7 Paris is a wonderful city I've …………………… there many times 8 Helen was here earlier but I think she's …………………………… now 1.5.3 Vieát caâu ñaày ñuû duøng thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh 1 Jill is in London She ………………………… in London since Monday 2 I know George, I …………………………………… him for a long time 3 They are married They ……………………………………… married since 1983 4 Brian is ill He …………………………………… ill for a week 5 We live in this house We ……………………………… here for ten years 6 I know Tom very well I …………………………………… him for a long time 7 Alice works in a bank She ………………………… in a bank for five years 8 She has a headache She ………………… a headache since she got up 1.5.4 Ñieàn vaøo choã troáng duøng “for” hay “since” 1 She's been in London ……………………… Monday 2 She's been in London ……………………… four days 3 Mike has been ill ………………… a long time He's been in hospital ……………… October 4 My aunt has lived in Australia …………………… 15 years 5 Nobody lives in those houses They have been empty ……………… many years 6 Mrs Harris is in her office She's been there ……………… 7 o'clock 7 India has been an independent country …………………… 1947 8 The bus is late We've been waiting ………………………… 20 minutes 1.5 5 Chia ñoäng töø trong ngoaëc ôû thì quaù khöù hoaëc hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh 1 My friend is a writer She ……………………… (write) many books 2 We …………………………… (not/ have) a holiday last year 3 …………………………………… (you/ see) Alan last week? 4 I …………………………………… (play) tennis yesterday afternoon 5 What time ……………………………… (you/ go) to bed last night? 6 ………………………………………… (you/ ever/ be) to the United States? 7 My hair is clean I ……………………………… (wash) it 8 I ………………………………… (wash) my hair before breakfast this morning 9 When I was a child, I ……………………………… (not/ like) sport 10 Kathy loves travelling She …………………………… (visit) many countries 11 John works in a bookshop He …………………… (work) there for three years 12 Last year we ………………………… (go) to Finland for a holiday We …………… (stay) there for three weeks 1.5.6 Choïn giôùi töø cho ñuùng 1 I lived here (for/ since/ in) three months 2 I've worked in the factory (in /for/ since)1970 3 He's been abroad (during/ for/ since) five years 4 I studied French (for/until /since) twelve years 5 I've known her (for/ in/ since)1982 6 I've lived here (for/from/ since) I was a child 7 We've been in Paris (for/ on /since) we were married 6 8 I've known them (for/ by/since) years 9 We practised (for/ during/since) months 1.5.7 Chia ñoäng töø trong ngoaëc vaø choïn “since” hay “for” cho ñuùng 1 I (study) medicine (for/ since) three years, but then I stopped 2 She (work) for me (for/ since) she left school 3 I (work) in the restaurant (for/ since) six months, but then it closed 4 I (live) here(for/ since) was a little girl 5 He (be) in prison now (for/ since) three years 6 I (not see) him (for/ since) he left the office 7 I (not see) her (for/ since) several years, and then I met her again 8 We (be) in Vienna (for/ since) 1950 9 I (work) here (for/ since) seven years, but it's time to leave now 10 I (live) in England (for/ since) 1983 1.5.8 Ñieàn vaøo choã troáng duøng -AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE, WILL, HAS, HAVE, HAD, DO, DOES or DID Example: Everyone is looking at Tom now because he has just asked and interesting question 1 He ……………… waiting for his friends; they…………………… not arrived yet 2 Someone ………………… coming toward us now, but I …………… not know his name 3 Fred ……………… finish his homework soon; he ………………… already done most of it 4 …………………… Truc often go to the club these days? I ………………… seen him there only once or twice since Tet 5 ………………… Mr and Mrs Hudson already gone home? They ………………… standing right here just a few minutes ago 6 Mr Vinh …………………… buy his airplane ticket tomorrow afternoon; he …………………… already cashed a check for the right amount 7 While you and Long ………………… talking last night, I noticed that your English pronunciation …………………… improved a great deal 8 ………………… you planning to read this book soon, or …………………… you already finished it 9 I…………………… not write those exercises last night because I found that I…………………… forgotten to copy down the assignment 1.5.9 Söûa loãi sai trong caùc caâu sau 1 My man and I have been married for ten years 2 I stayed with my aunt what lives in Paris 3 She was born in Barcelona, a city from Spain 4 Tom has studied for three years tourism 5 I finished university with twenty-three years 6 We've had this car since five years 7 Where have you been on holiday last year? 8 I am never boring when I learn English 9 How long do you know your teacher? 10 They not have lived here for a long time 7 Baøi 2 THÌ QUAÙ KHÖÙ TIEÁP DIEÃN (THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE) (Baøi naøy duøng keøm vôùi unit 20 - Tieáng Anh Haøng Haûi - Taäp 1) 2.1 Ví duï tình huoáng Yesterday Taâm and Laâm played tennis They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11 o'clock - What were they doing at 10.30? - They were playing tennis at 10.30 - "They were playing": Coù nghóa laø hoï ñang ôû trong quaù trình chôi tennis Hoï ñaõ baét ñaàu chôi vaø chöa chôi xong - "Were playing" laø thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn cuûa ñoäng töø play 2 2 Hình thöùc cuûa thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn was / were + V– ing (Hieän taïi phaân töø) Baûng chia ñoäng töø “work” ôû thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn + Khaúng ñònh (Affirmative form) (I, He, She, It) was working (We, You, They) were working + Phuû ñònh (Negative form) (I, He, She, It) wasn't working (We, You, They) weren't working + Nghi vaán (Interrogative form) Was (I, he, she, it) working? Were (we, you, they) working? 2.3 Caùch duøng Thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn duøng ñeå dieãn taû: a Haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra taïi moät thôøi ñieåm trong quaù khöù - What were you doing at 8 o'clock last night? I was transmitting an SOS message to an area radio station (Baïn ñang laøm gì vaøo luùc 10 giôø toái hoâm qua? Toâi ñang phaùt moät böùc ñieän caáp cöùu cho ñaøi khu vöïc.) - This time last year I was living in Hai Phong (Giôø naøy naêm ngoaùi toâi ñang ôû Haûi Phoøng.) - The cadets were observing celestial bodies with a sextant at this time last week (Giôø naøy tuaàn tröôùc caùc hoïc vieân ñang quan saùt caùc thieân theå baèng kính 1/6.) b Haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra thì moät haønh ñoäng quaù khöù khaùc xaûy ñeán Trong caùch duøng naøy thì quaù khöù tieáp dieãn vaø quaù khöù ñôn ñöôïc duøng cuøng nhau Thì quaù khöù ñôn dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng ngaén hôn - When Giang arrived, it was raining heavily (Khi Giang ñeán, trôøi ñang möa raát to.) - When the captain got aboard the ship, they were loading cargo (Khi thuyeàn tröôûng leân taøu thì hoï ñang chaát haøng.) 8 - We were having dinner when the phone rang (Chuùng toâi ñang aên toái thì chuoâng ñieän thoaïi reo.) - When we were trying to localize the troubles of the marine transmitter, the alarm bell rang (Khi chuùng toâi ñang coá gaéng tìm ra nhöõng hoûng hoùc cuûa maùy phaùt thì chuoâng baùo ñoäng reo.) * Chuù yù: "when" ñöùng ñaàu caâu thì dòch laø "khi", coøn ñöùng giöõa caâu thöôøng dòch laø "thì" c Hai hay nhieàu haønh ñoäng ñoàng thôøi ñang xaûy ra trong quaù khöù “While” ñöôïc duøng trong tröôøng hôïp naøy - While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking dinner (Trong khi toâi ñang laøm vieäc trong vöôøn thì vôï toâi ñang naáu côm.) - We were listening to the music while my father was reading a newspaper (Chuùng toâi ñang nghe nhaïc trong khi boá toâi ñang ñoïc baùo.) - While he was checking the operation of the circuit, his friend was inspecting all the metre readings of the transmitter (Trong khi anh aáy ñang kieåm tra hoaït ñoäng cuûa maïch ñieän thì baïn anh aáy kieåm tra taát caû caùc soá ño hieän treân maùy phaùt.) + Chuù yù: Phaân bieät yù nghóa trong caùc caâu sau - When Tom arrived, we were having dinner Chuùng toâi ñaõ baét ñaàu aên côm toái tröôùc khi Tom ñeán vaø khi Tom ñeán chuùng toâi coøn ñang aên - When Tom arrived, we had dinner Chuùng toâi chöa baét ñaàu aên côm toái Khi Tom ñeán, chuùng toâi cuøng Tom aên côm toái 2.4 Caùc daïng baøi taäp caên baûn 2.4.1 Chia ñoäng töø trong ngoaëc duøng thì quaù khöù hay quaù khöù tieáp dieãn 1 When we …………… …(go) out, it ……………………………………………(rain) 2 I wasn't hungry last night I ………………………………………… (not/ eat) anything 3 ……………………………………… (you/ watch) television when I ……………… (phone) you? 4 Jane wasn't at home when I went to see her She…………………… (work) 5 I ……………………….(get) up early this morning I ……………………… (wash)…………………………….(dress) and then I ……………………(have) breakfast 6 The postman………………………… (come) while I……………… (have) breakfast 7 We…………………… (meet) Joan at the party She…………… (wear) a red dress 8 The boys…………… (break) a window when they …… ……… (play) football 9 I was late but my friends ……………… (wait) for me when I ……………(arrive) 10 I……………………………… (get) up at 7 o'clock The sun……………………… (shine), so I ………………………………… (go) for a walk 11 He ……………… (not/ drive) fast when the ccident …………………….(happen) 12 Margaret ………………………… (not/ go) to work yesterday, She was ill 13 What ……………………… (you/ do) on Saturday evening? I went to the cinema 14 What …………………………… (you/ do) at 9.30 on Saturday evening? I ………………………………… (watch) a film in the cinema 2.4.2 Vieát caâu hoûi duøng töø gôïi yù 1 What/ Tim / do / when you saw him? 2 What / you / do / at 11 o'clock / last night? 9 3 What / she / wear / yesterday? 4 Where / you / live / in 1981? 5 It / rain / when / you went out? 6 Your captain/ fix/ ship's position/ when / you / come? 7 While/ lieutenant Nam / read / nautical chart/ his sailor/ clean/ ship engine 2.4.3 Hoaøn thaønh ñoaïn hoäi thoaïi duøng hình thöùc ñuùng cuûa ñoäng töø 1 A: I ……………………… (call) you yesterday but you……………………… (not, be) in Where ……………………… (be) you then? B: I ……………………… (participate) in the local charity society to visit Nguyen Dinh Chieu Special School for the Blind in Ho Chi Minh City A: What ……………………… you ……………………… (do) there? B: Well, it ……………………… (be) a routine charity activity We often raise funds for the special school nationwide and bring donations to their students A: Great! Next time, call me if you have such an activity 2 A: What ……………………… the visually impaired students ……………………… (do) when you ……………………… (come)? B: Well, they……………………… (have) a music lesson A: Really? How ……………………… (can) they learn music without seeing? B: They ……………………… (listen) and ……………………… (use) their fingers to touch the music notes in Braille and ……………………… (sing) Don’t you know that the blind have very good auditory sense? Baøi 3 USED TO + ÑOÄNG TÖØ NGUYEÂN MAÃU (USED TO + INFFINITIVE) (Baøi naøy duøng keøm vôùi unit 25 - Tieáng Anh Haøng Haûi - Taäp 1) 3.1 Ví duï tình huoáng 1.a My father stopped smoking two years ago He doesn’t smoke any more But he used to smoke He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day “He used to smoke” coù nghóa boá toâi thöôøng xuyeân huùt thuoác trong quaù khöù nhöng baây giôø oâng thoâi khoâng huùt nöõa He used to smoke Past He doesn’t smoke 2 years ago now 1.b Now I live in Ho Chi Minh city But a few years ago, I lived in Nha Trang I used to live in Nha Trang “I used to live” dieãn taû moät tình traïng trong quaù khöù maø toâi ñaõ traûi qua nhöng baây giôø thì khoâng coøn nöõa 10 (d)Do they want to stay in the barracks or to go out? 2.3 Caùc caëp lieân töø song laäp ( Paired co-ordinating conjunctions) (a) Merchant ships are designed to - Trong caâu (a): both+ danh töø (taân ngöõ) carry both cargo and passengers + and + danh töø (taân ngöõ) (b) Not only the captain but also the - Trong caâu (b): not only + danh töø (chuû watch officer signs the log book ngöõ)+ but also + danh töø (chuû ngöõ) (c) That liner is neither modern nor - Trong caâu (c): neither + tính töø + nor + comfortable tính töø (taân ngöõ) (d) A cadet can train either as a deck - Trong caâu (d): either + cuïm giôùi töø + or officer or as an engineer officer + cuïm giôùi töø (e) Yesterday it not only rained but also snowed - Trong caâu (e): not only + cuïm giôùi töø + but also + cuïm giôùi töø (f) Both the upper deck and the lower + Khi hai chuû ngöõ noái vôùi nhau baèng deck are clean both… and duøng ñoäng töø soá nhieàu (g) Not only the sailors but also the + Khi hai chuû ngöõ noái vôùi nhau baèng captain is here either… or, neither… nor, not only… but (h) Either the boatswaints or the also ñoäng töø hôïp vôùi chuû töø gaàn noù nhaát captain is attending the meeting (i) Neither the boatswaints nor the captain is attending the meeting 2.4 Caùc daïng baøi taäp caên baûn 2.4.1 Ñieàn vaøo choã troáng duøng töø cho saün trong hoäp and as but for example however once or that whenwhose An endangered species is a species (1) ………………….population is so small (2) ……………………… it is in danger of becoming extinct Many countries have laws offering special protection to these species; (3) ………………., forbidding hunting or banning their sales Only a few of the many truly endangered species actually make it to the lists (4) ………………… obtain legal protection Many more species become extinct, (5) ………………… potentially will become extinct, without gaining public notice Many of these laws are controversial Typical areas of controversy include: criteria for placing a species on the endangered species list, and criteria for removing a species from the list (6) …………………its population has recovered A listing as an endangered species can backfire, (7) ……………….it makes a species more valuable and more desirable for collectors and poachers The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that endangered species continuing to survive Many factors are taken into account (8) ……………… assessing the conservation status of a species: not simply the number 96 remaining, (9) ………………… the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and so on The best-known worldwide conservation status listing is the World Conservation Union Red List (10) ………………, many more specialized lists exist 2.4.2 Gheùp caùc caëp caâu sau duøng töø gôïi yù trong ngoaëc 1 The taxi stopped at the station Two men in dark overcoats got out of it (and) The taxi stopped at the station and two men in dark overcoats got out of it 2 No one was in when we called We left a message (so) 3 The letter has been lost The mailman has delivered it to the wrong address (either….or) 4 Fido means faithful and loyal That is what Andrea named her dog (and) 5 The old lady was nervous She wasn’t used to strangers calling late at night (for) 6 I’ve always wanted to live in the country My wife prefers to live in town (but) 7 Public speaking isn’t too bad, but it’s bad enough You can make things easier for yourself by being ready (however) 8 The country had suffered greatly during the war It had no money for reconstruction projects (furthermore) 9 There has been no rainfall for some time The ground is very dry (therefore) 2.4.3 Cho hình thöùc ñuùng cuûa ñoäng töø trong ngoaëc 1 (know) Neither the students nor the teacher knows the answer 2 (know) Neither the teacher nor the students knows the answer 3 (know) Not only the students but also the teacher …………… the answer 4 (know) Not only the teacher but also the students …………………… the answer 5 (know) Both the teacher and the student ………………… the answer 6 (want) Neither Alan nor Carol ……………………… to go skiing this weekend 7 (like) Both John and Ted ……………………………to go cross-country skiing 8 (have) Either Jack or Alice …………………………….the information you need 9 (agree) Neither my parents nor my brother …………………… with my decision 10 (be) Both intelligence and skill ………………………essential to good teaching 11 (realize) Neither my classmates nor my teacher ………………………… that I have no idea what’s going on in class 12 (think) Not only Laura’s husband but also her children ………………………… she should return to school and finish her graduate degree 2.4.4 Noái caùc caëp caâu sau duøng töø gôïi yù trong ngoaëc 1 Many people don’t drink coffee Many people don’t drink alcohol (neither … nor) Many people drink neither coffee nor alcohol 2 Barbara is fluent in Chinese She is also fluent in Japanese (not only …… but also) 3 I’m sorry to say that Paul has no patience He has no sensitivity to others (neither …………nor) 4 She can sing She can dance (both … …and) 5 If you want to change your class schedule, you should talk to your teacher, or you should talk to your academic counsellor (either ……or) 97 6 Diana is intelligent She is very creative (both …… and) 7 You may begin working tomorrow or you may begin next week (either …… or) 8 Michael didn’t tell his mother about the trouble he had gotten into He didn’t tell his father about trouble he had gotten into (neither…….nor) 9 Success in karate requires balance and skill Success in karate requires concentration and mental alertness (not only ….…but also) 2.4.5 Hoaøn thaønh caùc caâu sau 1 Dennis has proven himself to be a sincere, hardworking, and efficient supervisor 2 The professor walked through the door and ………………………………………… 3 I was listening to music and ……………………….when I heard a knock at the door 4 I’m planning to stay here during the summer but …………………………in the winter 5 When I was a student, I would usually …………………………………… and then ………………………………… after dinner 6 …………………………………… and attending concerts in the park are two of the things my wife and I like to do on summer weekends 7 When you visit other countries, it is important to be able to speak at least a few words of the language, to understand the local customs, and ……………………… 8 I get up at seven every morning, eat a light breakfast, and ………………………… 9 Our whole family enjoys camping We especially enjoy fishing in mountain streams and …………………………………………………………… 10 My parent want me to either call or ………………….every week, but I’m so busy and … ……….by the end of each day that all I want to do is go to bed ………………… 11 You can pay the bill either ……………………………or ……………………….…… 12 I’m going to subscribe to either ………………… ……….or ……………………… 2.4.6 Choïn töø ñuùng trong ngoaëc 1 Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s finest and most (famous, famously) pays 2 On my vacation I lost a suitcase, broke my glasses and (missing, missed) my plane 3 Walking briskly for 30 minutes or (run, running) for 15 minutes will burn an approximately equal number of calories 4 Slowly and (cautious, cautiously), the firefighter ascended the charred staircase 5 The comedian made people laugh by telling jokes and (making, make) funny faces 6 Tina is always understanding, patient, and (speaks, sensitively, sensitive) when helping her friends with their problems 7 Not only the post office but also all banks (closes, close) on most national holidays 8 When tourists visit a new city, they often have trouble deciding where to go and how (they can get, to get) there 9 Both the Indian cobra snake and the king cobra (uses, use) poison from their fangs in two ways: by injecting it directly into their prey or (spit, by spitting) it into the eyes of the victim 3.6.4 Gheùp moät caâu ôû coät A vôùi moät caâu ôû coät B vaø moät caâu khaùc ôû coät C duøng and, or, but, so 98 A 1 It was raining 2 We went to the museum 3 I can paint the windows 4 Jane loved roses 5 He loves her 6 Mr Downs seems poor 7 The postman banged the gate B she grew them in her garden I can clean the door I felt cold She loves him It was closed He has a lot of money It stung me C we went to the movies I went indoors you must dry-clean it he lives in a very big house I can’t do both they are getting married he couldn’t do the homework Baøi 3 CAÙCH GIAÛM LAËP TÖØ VAØ CAÁU TRUÙC ÑÔN GIAÛN (REDUCTION OF WORDS AND SIMPLE STRUCTURES) (Baøi naøy duøng keøm vôùi unit 26 - Tieáng Anh Haøng Haûi - Taäp 2) Trong khi noùi Tieáng Anh chuùng ta thöôøng noái caùc caâu hoaëc caùc cuïm töø vôùi nhau ñeå traùnh laëp laïi töø vaø caáu truùc ñôn giaûn - The stern of the ship needs painting The bow of the ship needs painting → The stern of the ship needs painting and the bow of the ship does too Haõy nghieân cöùu caùc tröôøng hôïp sau: 3.1 Hai caâu keå laø caâu khaúng ñònh Ñeå khoâng phaûi laëp laïi töø vaø caáu truùc ñaõ duøng trong caâu tröôùc ta duøng Too/ So 3.1.1 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø “to be” - The upper deck is clean The lower deck is clean → The upper deck is clean and the lower deck is too - His ship is designed to carry dry cargo These liners are designed to carry dry cargo → His ship is designed to carry dry cargo and so are these liners - Today the sea is rough Yesterday the sea was rough → Today the sea is rough and yesterday it was too - The cadets were at the barracks The commanders were at the barracks → The cadets were at the barracks and so were the commanders 3.1.2 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø ñoäng töø hình thaùi - This sailor can read a marine chart Nam can read a marine chart → This sailor can read a marine chart and Nam can too - You should study the weather map carefully He should study the weather map carefully → You should study the weather map carefully and so should he 3.1.3 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø ñoäng töø thöôøng - This cruiser has a surface-to-air missile system That cruiser has a surface-to-air missile system 99 → This cruiser has a surface-to-air missile system and so does that one - The captain left the port at 11 a.m The sailor left the port at 11 a.m → The captain left the port at 11 a.m and the sailor did too - They use a parallel ruler to draw a line We use a parallel ruler to draw a line → They use a parallel ruler to draw a line and so do we Töø nhöõng ví duï treân ta coù keát luaän sau: + Ñoäng töø to be vaø ñoäng töø hình thaùi ñöôïc söû duïng laïi trong caâu giaûm laëp + Ñoäng töø thöôøng phaûi duøng trôï ñoängï töø do, does, did + Khi duøng so trong caáu truùc giaûm laëp phaûi ñaûo ngöõ Caâu keå khaúng ñònh + and+ chuû ngöõ+ be/ Modal+ too Caâu keå khaúng ñònh + and+ chuû ngöõ + do/does/ did+too Caâu keå khaúng ñònh + and + so+ be/ Modal + chuû ngöõ Caâu keå khaúng ñònh + and + so + do/does/ did + chuû ngöõ 3.2 Hai caâu keå laø caâu phuû ñònh Ñeå khoâng phaûi laëp laïi töø vaø caáu truùc ñaõ duøng trong caâu tröôùc ta duøng Either/ Neither 3.2.1 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø “to be” - The upper deck isn’t clean The lower deck isn’t clean → The upper deck isn’t clean and the lower deck isn’t either - His ship isn’t designed to carry dry cargo These liners aren’t designed to carry dry cargo → His ship isn’t designed to carry dry cargo and neither are these liners - Today the sea isn’t rough Yesterday the sea wasn’t rough → Today the sea isn’t rough and yesterday it wasn’t either - The cadets weren’t at the barracks The commanders weren’t at the barracks → The cadets weren’t at the barracks and neither were the commanders 4.2.2 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø ñoäng töø hình thaùi - This sailor can’t read a marine chart Nam can’t read a marine chart → This sailor can’t read a marine chart and Nam can’t either - You shouldn’t smoke He shouldn’t smoke → You should smoke and neither should he 4.2.3 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø ñoäng töø thöôøng - This cruiser doesn’t have a surface-to-air missile system That cruise doesn’t have a surface-to-air missile system → This cruiser doesn’t have a surface-to-air missile system and neither does that one - The captain didn’t leave the port at 11 a.m The sailor didn’t leave the port at 11 a.m → The captain didn’t leave the port at 11 a.m and the sailor didn’t either - They don’t use a parallel ruler to draw a line We don’t use a parallel ruler to draw a line → They don’t use a parallel ruler to draw a line and neither do we Töø nhöõng ví duï treân ta coù keát luaän sau: + Ñoäng töø to be vaø ñoäng töø hình thaùi ñöôïc söû duïng laïi trong caâu giaûm laëp 100 + Ñoäng töø thöôøng phaûi duøng trôï ñoängï töø do, does, did + Khi duøng Neither trong caáu truùc giaûm laëp phaûi ñaûo ngöõ Caâu keå phuû ñònh + and+ chuû ngöõ+ be/modal+ not either Caâu keå phuû ñònh + and+ chuû ngöõ + don’t/doesn’t/ didn’t+ either Caâu keå phuû ñònh + and+ Neither+ be/modal+ chuû ngöõ Caâu keå phuû ñònh + and+ Neither + do/does/ did+ chuû ngöõ 4.3 Hai caâu keå coù yù laëp töông phaûn 4.3.1 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø “to be” - The upper deck is clean The lower deck isn’t clean → The upper deck is clean but the lower deck isn’t - Today the sea isn’t rough Yesterday the sea was rough → Today the sea isn’t rough but yesterday it was 4.3.2 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø ñoäng töø hình thaùi - This sailor can’t read a marine chart Nam can read it → This sailor can’t read a marine chart but Nam can 4.3.3 Ñoäng töø trong caâu laø ñoäng töø thöôøng - This cruiser has a surface-to-air missile system That cruiser doesn’t have a surface-to-air missile system → This cruiser has a surface-to-air missile system but that one doesn’t - The captain didn’t leave the port at 11 a.m The sailor left the port at 11 a.m → The captain didn’t leave the port at 11 a.m but the sailor did Töø nhöõng ví duï treân ta coù keát luaän sau + Ñoäng töø to be vaø ñoäng töø hình thaùi ñöôïc söû duïng laïi trong caâu giaûm laëp + Ñoäng töø thöôøng phaûi duøng trôï ñoängï töø do, does, did Caâu keå phuû ñònh +but + chuû ngöõ + be/modal (khaúng ñònh) Caâu keå phuû ñònh + but + chuû ngöõ + don’t/doesn’t/ didn’t Caâu keå khaúng ñònh +but + chuû ngöõ + be/modal (phuû ñònh) Caâu keå khaúng ñònh + but + chuû ngöõ + don’t/doesn’t/ didn’t 4.4 Caùc daïng baøi taäp caên baûn 4.4.1 Gheùp caùc caëp caâu sau duøng “so/too Either/ neither” 1 They can play football We can play football 2 Mr Tam won’t come to the party tonight His wife won’t come to the party tonight 3 I write diary every night My sister writes diary every night 4 My father doesn’t drink beer My uncle doesn’t drink beer 5 She is learning English I am learning English 6.Hoa ate bread and beef for breakfast Her uncle ate bread and beef for breakfast 7 He didn’t meet her last night I didn’t meet her last night 8 I’m not a sailor They aren’t sailors 9 Milk is good for your health Orange juice is good for your health 101 10 They mustn’t stay up late You mustn’t stay up late 4.4.2 Hoaøn thaønh caùc caâu sau duøng “do/ don’t, does/ doesn’t, did / didn’t” 1 Her friend bought picture books, but she ………………………… 2 My mother didn’t watch that movie, but I ………………………… 3 Hoa likes carrots, but her uncle ……………………… 4 I don’t eat plenty of vegetables, but my sister …………………………… 5 We know how to use a computer, but they …………………………… 6 My father doesn’t drink coffee, but my uncles ……………………… 7 His parents didn’t eat spinach, but he …………………………………… 8 Ba does exercises every morning, but Nam ………………………… BAØI 4 CAÂU BÒ ÑOÄNG (PASSIVE SENTENCES) (Baøi naøy duøng keøm vôùi unit 22 - Tieáng Anh Haøng Haûi - Taäp 1) 4.1 Giôùi thieäu 4.1.1 Caâu chuû ñoäng vaø caâu bò ñoäng (Active and passive sentences) Trong caâu chuû ñoäng, ngöôøi hay vaät ôû vò trí chuû ngöõ (subject) thöïc hieän haønh ñoäng ñöôïc dieãn taû baèng ñoäng töø - The radio operator transmitted navigational warnings last night Ñaây laø caâu chuû ñoäng vì the radio operator (chuû ngöõ) thöïc hieän haønh ñoäng transmitted (phaùt caûnh baùo haøng haûi) Ngöôïc laïi, trong caâu bò ñoäng ngöôøi hay vaät ôû vò trí chuû ngöõ tieáp nhaän haønh ñoäng do moät taùc nhaân naøo ñoù gaây neân - The navigational warnings were transmitted last night by the radio operator Ñaây laø caâu bò ñoäng vì The navigational warnings (chuû ngöõ) tieáp nhaän haønh ñoäng transmitted (phaùt caûnh baùo haøng haûi) do the radio operator gaây neân 4.1.2 Hình thöùc cuûa caâu bò ñoäng So saùnh hai caâu sau: + Caâu chuû ñoäng: 1 This radio cadet tested the voltage Subject verb object + Caâu bò ñoäng: 2 Subject The voltage be past participle by object was tested by this radio cadet Nhö vaäy hình thöùc cuûa caâu bò ñoäng laø: Subject + be + past participle + by object 4.1.3 Caùc hình thöùc khaùc cuûa caâu bò ñoäng ôû caùc thì khaùc nhau 102 Thì Hieän taïi ñôn Hieän taïi tieáp dieãn Quaù khöù ñôn Hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh Quaù khöù tieáp dieãn Quaù khöù hoaøn thaønh Töông lai ñôn Moät soá Modals Chuû ñoäng teaches is, are, am, teaching taught has/ have taught was, were teaching had taught will teach can teach must teach Bò ñoäng is, are, am taught is, are, am being taught was, were taught has/ have been taught was, were being taught had been taught will be taught can be taught must be taught 4.2 Caùch duøng caâu bò ñoäng Caâu chuû ñoäng vaø caâu bò ñoäng khoâng phaûi laø nhöõng caáu truùc saùnh ñoâi, khoâng phaûi luùc naøo cuõng coù theå duøng laãn loän nhau ñöôïc Moãi caáu truùc phuïc vuï cho moät muïc ñích khaùc nhau Trong nhieàu tröôøng hôïp, chuùng ta chæ coù theå duøng duy nhaát caáu truùc bò ñoäng vaø ngöôïc laïi cuõng vaäy Caâu bò ñoäng ñöôïc duøng trong nhöõng tröôøng hôïp sau: a Khi ngöôøi thöïc hieän haønh ñoäng quaù roõ raøng vaø khoâng nhaát thieát phaûi nhaéc ñeán - The decks are swept everyday (Haèng ngaøy boong taøu ñöôïc queùt doïn saïch seõ.) Ngöôøi thöcï hieän haønh ñoäng ôû ñaây ai cuõng bieát laø caùc thuyû thuû treân taøu - This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible (Vaán ñeà naøy seõ ñöôïc giaûi quyeát ñeán caøng sôùm caøng toát.) -Your hand will be X-rayed (Tay cuûa baïn seõ ñöôïc chieáu X -quang) b Khi khoâng bieát chính xaùc ngöôøi thöïc hieän haønh ñoäng laø ai - The minister was murdered yesterday (Boä tröôûng ñaõ bò aùm saùt ngaøy hoâm qua.) - This school was built ten years ago (Tröôøng naøy ñöôïc xaây döïng caùch ñaây 10 naêm.) c Khi ngöôøi noùi noùi muoán nhaán maïnh vaøo haønh ñoäng hoaëc ngöôøi tröïc tieáp nhaän haønh ñoäng Yesterday the oil tanker was collided with a big sheet of ice (Hoâm qua taøu chôû daàu ñaâm phaûi moät taûng baêng lôùn.) 4.3 Caùch chuyeån töø caâu chuû ñoäng sang caâu bò ñoäng Phaân tích ví duï sau: + Caâu chuû ñoäng 1 This radio cadet tested the voltage Subject verb object + Caâu bò ñoäng 2 Subject The voltage * Nhaän xeùt: be past participle by object was tested by this radio cadet 103 - Taân ngöõ cuûa caâu chuû ñoäng chuyeån thaønh chuû ngöõ cuûa caâu bò ñoäng (Taân ngöõ thöôøng traû lôøi cho caâu hoûi what/ who? vaø ñöùng ngay sau ñoäng töø.) - Ñoäng töø cuûa caâu bò ñoäng theo maãu (Be + past participle) trong ñoù: + "Be" chia theo chuû ngöõ cuûa caâu bò ñoäng vaø cuøng thì (tense) vôùi ñoäng töø chính trong caâu chuû ñoäng + Quaù khöù phaân töø (past participle) laø quaù khöù phaân töø cuûa ñoäng töø chính trong caâu chuû ñoäng Trong ví duï treân be phaûi chia thì quaù khöù ñôn vì ñoäng töø trong caâu chuû ñoäng laø tested (quaù khöù ñôn cuûa test) vaø be phaûi chia ôû ngoâi thöù 3 soá ít phuø hôïp vôùi the voltage Quaù khöù phaân töø laø tested vì ñoäng töø chính ôû caâu chuû ñoäng laø test + Taân ngöõ cuûa caâu bò ñoäng laø chuû ngöõ cuûa caâu chuû ñoäng theâm giôùi töø by tröôùc noù * Chuù yù: + Neáu chuû ngöõ cuûa caâu chuû ñoäng khoâng roõ raøng nhö: people, they, someone, somebody, everyone… khi ta ñoåi sang bò ñoäng ta coù theå boû ñi - Somebody stole his wallet → His wallet was stolen (by somebody) - People speak English all over the world → English is spoken all over the world + Traïng töø chæ caùch thöùc thöôøng ñaët ngay tröôùc quaù khöù phaân töø - He wrote the book carefully → The book was carefully written by him 4.4 Moät soá tröôøng hôïp khoâng duøng hình thöùc bò ñoäng Khoâng phaûi caâu chuû ñoäng naøo cuõng chuyeån ñöôïc sang caâu bò ñoäng, vì vaäy hoïc vieân caàn löu yù caùc tröôøng hôïp khoâng duøng hình thöùc bò ñoäng sau: + Khi ñoäng töø trong caâu chuû ñoäng laø ñoäng töø khoâng coù taân ngöõ (intransitive verbs) - She walks slowly - They went to Hochiminh city + Khi taân ngöõ caâu chuû ñoäng laø ñaïi töø phaûn thaân hoaëc ñaïi töø hoã töông (reflexive pronouns/ reciprocal pronouns) - John could see himself in the mirror - We could not see each other in the fog + Khi ñoäng töø laø moät trong nhöõng ñoäng töø sau Have (coù): - They have a nice house Fit (vöøa, khôùp): - The coat doesn't fit you Resemble (gioáng): - John resembles his father Look like (gioáng nhö): - He looks like his father Hold (chöùa, ñöïng): - The room holds 100 people Mean (coù nghóa laø): - "Oculist"means “eye doctor" Contain (chöùa, ñöïng ): - The library contains a million books Nhöng cuõng coù theå noùi: A million books are contained in the library (khoâng noùi: by the library) 4.5 Caùc daïng caâu bò ñoäng ñaëc bieät 104 4.5.1 Caâu chuû ñoäng coù 2 taân ngöõ (giaùn tieáp vaø tröïc tieáp) Caâu chuû ñoäng coù 2 taân ngöõ (giaùn tieáp vaø tröïc tieáp) coù 2 caùch ñoåi sang caâu bò ñoäng He gave me a parallel ruler S V O1 O2 ● Caùch 1: O1 laø chuû ngöõ cuûa caâu bò ñoäng - I was given a parallelel ruler by him ● Caùch 2: O2 laø chuû ngöõ cuûa caâu bò ñoäng - A parallel ruler was given to me by him Chuù yù: caùch 2 coù giôùi töø to chen giöõa quaù khöù phaân töø vaø taân ngöõ + Nhöõng ñoäng töø thöôøng duøng vôùi maãu caâu naøy laø: - tell, give, offer, show, bring, throw, send… (ñi vôùi giôùi töø to) - get, buy, make, pay (ñi vôùi giôùi töø for) - My mother has bought me a new school bag → I have been bought a new school bag by my mother (Caùch1) → A new school bag has been bought for me by my mother (Caùch 2) + Giôùi töø trong caâu chuû ñoäng ñöôïc giöõ laïi khi chuyeån sang caâu bò ñoäng - We must write to him → He must be written to - They threw away the old newspapers → The old newspapers were thrown away - He looked after the children well → The children were well-looked after 4.5.2 Caâu bò ñoäng vôùi “It” - Chuû ñoäng: People say that the ship is 108 years old Coù hai caùch ñeå chuyeån caâu treân sang caâu bò ñoäng: ● Caùch 1: It + (be)+ past participle+ that + S + V - It is said that the ship is 108 years old Ñoäng töø to be (is) thì hieän taïi vì ñoäng töø say trong caâu chuû ñoäng ôû thì hieän taïi; quaù khöù phaân töø laø quaù khöù phaân töø cuûa ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà chính cuûa caâu chuû ñoäng ( say- said) Meänh ñeà taân ngöõ "that he is a spy" vaãn giöõ nguyeân ● Caùch 2: Chuùng ta coù theå ñoåi theo caùch chuyeån ñoäng töø trong meänh ñeà laøm taân ngöõ thaønh ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu vaø chuû ngöõ cuûa meänh ñeà laøm taân ngöõ ñöôïc chuyeån thaønh chuû ngöõ cuûa caâu thuï ñoäng Ñoäng töø cuûa meänh ñeà chính that the ship People sa y is 108 years old Ñoäng töø cuûa meänh ñeà taân ngöõ Chuû ngöõ cuûa meänh ñeà taân ngöõ 105 Chuû ngöõ cuûa meänh ñeà chính - The ship is said to be 108 years old Nhöõng ñoäng töø duøng vôùi caáu truùc naøy laø acknowledge (thöøa nhaän), believe (tin), claim (coâng boá), consider (nghó raèng), feel, find, know, report (töôøng thuaät), say, think, understant, explain, declare (coâng boá) 4.5.3 Ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu sau caâu bò ñoäng thöôøng coù TO Chuû ñoäng: We saw them go out Bò ñoäng: They were seen to go out Chuû ñoäng: He made us work Bò ñoäng: We were made to work 4.6 Caùc daïng baøi taäp caên baûn 4.6.1 Chuyeån caùc caâu sau sang caâu bò ñoäng 1 Bao sells Hondas on Dong Khanh Street 2 Mrs Han is fixing the hamburgers now 3 Jerry typed the paper in an hour 4 Tom reads the newspaper every evening 5 The board censored certain sections of the text 6 The Wright brothers flew the first airplane 7 Edison invented the phonograph 8 They will complete the course in three months 9 The Boeing 747 carried many people 10 Some people in San Francisco speak Chinese 11 Engineers must study trigonometry 12 The Boys Club washed cars last weekend to raise money 13 Snow covered the tops of the mountains 14 The Conservation Department stocks the streams with trout every year 15 Professional athletes play sports for money 16 Florist shops sell flowers 17 I clear the snow from the driveway every winter 18 The choir sang three popular hymns last Sunday 19 Many nations are studying possible solutions for peace 20 Uranium provides energy for atomic cells 4.6.2 Chuyeån caùc caâu chuû ñoäng sang caâu bò ñoäng vaø ngöôïc laïi 1 We clean the garages every day → The garages are cleaned every day 2 He has been given a lot of money → Someone has given him a lot of money 3 The police arrested two hundred people 4 We check every car engine thoroughly 5 We export this computer to seventy different countries 6 The meeting have been cancelled 7 We opened the factory at nine o'clock 8 Two million books are sent to America every year 9 All the students have been invited in the school 106 10 We have told him not to be late gain 11, They posted all the letters yesterday 12 The machine wraps the bread automatically 13 They paid me a lot of money to do the job 14 Fortunately, the machinery was damaged 15 The newspapers are sent to Scotland by train 4.6.3 Vieát laïi caùc caâu sau giöõ nguyeân nghóa vôùi caâu ñaõ cho 1 Someone's interviewing Dr Johnson at the moment Dr Johnson ………………………………………………………………………………… 2 You mustn't use this machine after 5.30 p.m This machine ……………………………………………………………………………… 3 We had warned him the day before not go too near the canal He………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 They were painting the outside of the ship when the accident happened The outside of the ship ……………………… …………………………………………… 5 You must clean this machine every time you use it This machine ……………………………………………………………………………… 6 You should keep the flowers in a warm sunny place The flowers ……………………………………………………………………………… 7 They're mending your shoes at the moment Your shoes …………………… ………………………………………………………… 8 Someone will drive your car to Edinburgh on Tuesday Your car ………………… ……………………………………………………………… 9 We don't allow smoking in this restaurant Smoking …………………………………………………………………………………… 10 You should pay your bill before you leave the hotel You bill …………………………………………………………………………………… 11 I have told the children about the party The children ……………………………………………………………………………… 12 About thirty million people are watching this programme This programme ………………….……………………………………………………… 13 We expect students not to talk during the examination Students ………………………………………………………………………………… 14 You mustn't touch this button while the experiment is in progress This button …………………………….………………………………………………… 15 Someone will blow a whistle if there is an emergency A whistle ………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Someone was carrying the bomb to a safe place when it exploded The bomb ……………………………… ……………………………………………… 18 Someone's moved my chair! My chair …………………………………………………………………………………… 19 The police are questioning Mr and Mrs Davidson 107 Mr and Mrs Davidson ……………………….…………………………………………… 20 Someone checks the water level every week The water level ………………………….………………………………………………… 21 We invited two hundred people to the wedding Two hundred people ……………………… …………………………………………… 4.6.4 Vieát caâu hoaøn chænh duøng töø gôïi yù 1 The house / build/ over 100 years ago 2 This road / not use/ very often 3 The machine / not use / for ages 4 The new drug / tested / at the moment 5 Payment / can / make / at any post office 6 How/ languages/ learn? 7 Oil / discover/ at the North Pole /so far 8 10,000 cars / will produce/ by / the factory next year 9 your house/ decorate/ recently? 10 You / disturb / the noise of the children/ playing? 4.6.5 Vieát caâu hoaøn chænh duøng töø gôïi yù 1 Dolphins/ think/ fascinating/ many people Dolphins are thought to be fascinating to many people 2 The puffer fish/ know/ poisonous species 3 The birth rate of the larger whales/ say/ very low 4 The shark/ believe/ one of the most dangerous sea animals 5 Fishing activities and polluted sea water/ suppose/ the causes of whales’ shortage of food 6 The undersea world/ say/ interesting world full of fascinating creatures 4.6.6 Chia ñoäng töø trong ngoaëc cho ñuùng 1 Last night my favourite TV program (interrupt) ……………………… by a special news bulletin 2 When I (arrive) at the airport yesterday, I (meet) ………… by my cousin and a couple of friends 3 Kim (write) ……………this composition last week That one (write) …………by Phi 4 I don’t have my bicycle today It’s with the repairman It (repair) ………………… right now 5 Someone has bought the small lot behind our house and a new house (build) ……………………….on it next year 6 A: Do you understand the explanation in the book? B: No, I don’t I (confuse) …………………………………………………… 7 A: (you, pay) ……………………………… your electricity bill yet? B: No, I haven’t, but I’d better pay it today If I don’t, my electricity (shut off) ……………………………………… by the power company 9 A: Did you hear about the accident? B: No What (happen) …………………………… ? A: A bicyclist (hit) ……………………………… by a taxi in front of the dorm 108 B: (the bicyclist, injure) ………………………… ? A: Yes Someone (call) ………………… an ambulance The bicyclist (take) ……………………… to City Hospital and (treat) …………………………… in the emergency ward for cuts and bruises B: What (happen) ……………………………… to the taxi driver? A: He (arrest) ……………………………… For reckless driving B: He’s lucky that the bicyclist (kill, not) …………………………………………… 10 The Eiffel Tower (be) …………………………… in Paris, France It (visit) ……………………… by millions of people every year It (design) ……………………………… by Alexandre Eiffel (18321923) It (erect) ………………………… In 1889 for the Paris exposition Since that time, it (be) ………………………… the most famous landmark in Paris Today it (recognize) …………………………… by people throughout the world 4.6.7 Ñieàn caùc töø thieáu vaøo choã troáng ñeå taïo thaønh moät caâu hoaøn chænh 1 Did Ann discover the mistake? Was the mistake ……………………… by Ann? 2 A famous author wrote that book That book …………………………… by a famous author 3 Jack won’t pay the bill The bill ……………………… be …………………… Jack 4 The waiter refilled my glass My glass ……………………… by the waiter 5 Did Sue knock that vase to the floor? …………………………… that vase …………………… to the floor by Sue? 6 Tommy didn’t break the chair The chair ………………………………………… by Tommy 7 Alan’s knowledge about art doesn’t impress me I ………………………………………………… by Alan’s knowledge about art 8 One of the parents is taping the children’s song The children’s song ………………………………… by one of the parents 9 Is a student pilot flying that airplane? …………………………… that airplane ……………………………… by student pilot? 10 The best chess player will win the match The match …………………………………by the best chess player 11 Your emotional appeals will not influence the judge The judge ………………………………………… by your emotional appeals 12 The voters are going to decide that issue That issue…………………………………… by the voters 13 The city attorney has discovered new evidence New evidence …………………………………………… by the city attorney 14 Mr Snow hasn’t taught that course since 1985 ……………… That course …………………………………… by Mr Snow since 1985 15 Had a special messenger delivered the package before you got to the office? 109 ……………………………the package ………………………………… by a special messenger before you got to the office? 16 The pollution in the city was affecting Tim’s breathing Tim’s breathing ………………………………… by the pollution in the city 4.6.8 Haõy xaùc ñònh caùc caâu coù theå chuyeån sang caâu bò ñoäng theo maãu 1 My uncle will meet you at the airport → You will be not at the airport by my uncle 2 Our plane will land at 6:03 (no change) 3 The chef will prepare the food 4 John is working at the bakery 5 Lightning didn’t cause the fire 6 We walked downtown after work yesterday 7 Thousands of people ride the subway every day 8 The baby was crying in his crib 9 I don’t agree with you 10 Joe fell down on his way to school this morning 11 George seemed unhappy yesterday 12 A special committee is going to settle the dispute 13 Our houseguests are going to arrive sometime tomorrow afternoon 14 Our plan succeeded at last 15 Barbara travelled to Uganda last year 16 Did the army surround the enemy? 17 What happened in class yesterday? 18 The Persians invented windmills around 1500 years ago 110 ... ngữ + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ + Mệnh đề danh từ Bài 26 MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ - MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ THỜI GIAN (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES - ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME) (Bài dùng cho học phầnV - Tiếng Anh Hàng Hải. .. quan Hải quân Cách năm anh thuyền trưởng Ban đầu anh thấy thứ khó khăn anh không thích Anh không quen biển dài ngày, phải vài tháng anh dần quen Bây sau năm anh hoàn toàn tự tin vui vẻ Anh quen... MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ NGUYÊN NHÂN (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON) (Bài dùng cho học phầnV - Tiếng Anh Hàng Hải - Tập 2) 3.1 Các liên từ dùng mệnh đề trạng ngữ nguyên nhân Mệnh đề trạng ngữ nguyên