Kiến tạo tính hấp dẫn không gian khu đô thị mới ở hà nội TT TIENG ANH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NGUYEN THANH HUNG CREATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SPACE IN HANOI’S NEW URBAN AREAS Major: Architecture Code number: 9580101 DOCTORAL THESIS ABSTRACT Hanoi - 2021 The thesis was completed at Hanoi University of Civil Engineering Supervisor No 1: Prof Dr NGUYEN QUOC THONG Supervisor No 2: Dr TRAN MINH TUNG Reviewer No 1: Prof Dr Nguyen To Lang Reviewer No 2: Assoc Prof Dr Vu Thi Vinh Reviewer No 3: Dr Le Thi Bich Thuan The thesis will be defended in front of the Thesis Judging Committee at Hanoi National University of Civil Engineering at hour minute day month year The thesis can be found at the National Library and the Library of Hanoi University of Civil Engineering INTRODUCTION The importance of research Vietnamese cities were previously planned merely on a basis of economic and technical criteria, without taking social factors into consideration Currently, that perspective has considerably changed, with the desire that the city should not only be a physical environment, but also a place where spiritual values, such as identity and culture, can be clearly reflected Thereby it is possible to affirm the quality of urban habitat Cities are also places where most human social interactions happen most frequently through activities, namely communication, transaction and transport Interactions in person are decreasing as a result of the progress of technologies The communication between people depends so largely on the internet that researchers have to divide the evolution of human communication into two periods only: (1) pre-internet interaction (with the traditional ‘face-toface’ meeting) and (2) internet-dependent interaction (with the modern type of communication - ‘distant’ or ‘remote’) City residents tend to live in virtual space, rather than in real-life situation Consequently, their relationships with physical environments today are becoming not as close as they were in the past There are three important places (and spaces as well) to all city dwellers: (1) The first place is ‘a place to live’; (2) the second place is ‘a place to work/study’; and (3) the third place is ‘a place to relax, to refresh oneself, to communicate with people in public’ - satisfying their needs for interactions, exchange and entertainment Thus, the more diverse third place - also known as public space is, the better it can meet the needs of the people in their daily lives, spiritually speaking In the past, Vietnam city planning depended immensely on zoning with specific functions Currently, there is almost no distinction among these three types of space Any third space can contain some elements from the other two On the other hand, in order to improve human life comfort, the home today has taken many elements from the other two, although it still remains the most important space to people, and such integration has become a new trend in shaping the built environment in Vietnam New urban areas (Khu Do Thi Moi in Vietnamese language or abbreviated to KDTM) emerged in Vietnam at the end of the 20th century, are primarily considered from the perspective of physical construction, a group of houses or buildings, or a site where real estate projects are offered to people Over the years, KDTMs have become a prevailing housing concept, attracting a greater number of city inhabitants However, many KDTM projects show that there is a lack of technical and social infrastructure systems, making the habitat incomplete and without identity From a social standpoint, each KDTM, with its population size and relatively autonomous role in the city, can be regarded as a miniature of a society with certain cultural, historical and social characteristics Therefore, the attractiveness of a KDTM for city residents is closely related to the quality of living environment, and at the same time dependent on a variety of factors that continue to change in the course of socio-economic development A KDTM must be designed and built so systematically that it should provide people with both physical environment (residence, office, school, public buildings, etc.) and social environment in which the location and place spirit are essential If the spirit of the place is properly incorporated into the design of a KDTM, it will contribute significantly to the people’s positive perception of the cultural and spiritual values of that place, and that KDTM will become more attractive However, in Hanoi, ‘location’ as a key factor has not yet been investigated in order to increase attractiveness of a KDTM, spatially considered As a result, the attractiveness of space is recognised as a kind of ‘specially added value’, as well as a ‘goal’ to reach for most of the KDTMs in Hanoi today, in terms of urban planning and design, as far as modernity and identity are concerned Research objectives (1) To identify the values of the attractiveness of space as a social (nontechnical) indicator, apart from technical and architectural criteria in the design of KDTMs in Hanoi in particular, and in Vietnam in general; (2) To elaborate a complete system of criteria to help evaluate the attractiveness of space in KDTMs in Hanoi by way of shaping public space as the third location; (3) To propose principles, concepts and solutions to create attractiveness of space in KDTMs in Hanoi Objects and scope of research (1) Object of research: The attractiveness of space in KDTMs in Hanoi (2) Scope of research: KDTMs in Hanoi, such as Linh Dam, Ecopark, Viet Hung, Van Quan, Ciputra, Gamuda, Times City Research Methods (1) Data collection (documents and experience); (2) Site survey; (3) Analysis and collation of data; (4) Expert consultation; (5) Interview and sociological investigation; (6) Case studies New contributions of the Thesis (1) Identifying the attractiveness of space in KDTMs in Hanoi by determining the impact factors based on the location theory; (2) Theoretical significance: recommendation of a full set of criteria to help evaluate the attractiveness of space and application of the attractiveness pyramid to KDTMs in Hanoi; (3) Practical significance: suggestion of principles, concepts and solutions to create the attractiveness of space in KDTMs in Hanoi by way of shaping public space in KDTMs Terms and concepts used in the thesis (1) Urban attractiveness; (2) New urban area (KDTM); (3) Attractiveness of space in KDTMs; (4) Place; (5) Third place; (6) Living place; (7) Identity of living place; (8) Relationships to place; (9) Making/building/creating of place, Place creating/making, KDTM place attractiveness Creating attractiveness of space in KDTMs Thesis structure INTRODUCTION Chapter OVERVIEW OF CREATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SPACE IN KDTMs IN HANOI Chapter SCIENTIFIC BASES OF CREATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SPACE IN KDTMs IN HANOI Chapter CREATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SPACE IN KDTMs IN HANOI CONCLUSION CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF CREATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SPACE IN KDTMs IN HANOI 1.1 Overview of the attractiveness of space in the living environment 1.1.1 Attractiveness Attractiveness refers to the ability of an object or phenomenon to arouse and capture the attention and interest of people with its qualities, particularly positive and admirable qualities Creating the attractiveness can be controlled with three factors: (1) Establishing values; (2) Developing interactions; (3) Leaving a long-lasting impact and emotion 1.1.2 Attractiveness and spirit of place within the living environment Place attractiveness is the ability to attract people to a particular place with its physical values (visible values) and spiritual values (potential value) values that are created by means of human perception of that place, as well as their ability to satisfy their needs The attractiveness of place can be determined with the following three factors: (1) Morphology of space; (2) Function and convenience; and (3) Visual perception of place (to have experiential memories) People will feel emotional about a place after they have experienced it with the values they discovered while interacting with it As a result, the spirit of place can take root 1.1.3 The attractiveness of public space in a living environment Public space in the living environment is defined as a place where people take part in diverse activities In addition to the so-called ‘traditional’ attraction of the habitat with the quality of housing (comfortable and convenient), many studies have demonstrated that the living environment is becoming more and more attractive, especially the outdoor space or space between buildings, where human social relationships take place, hereby creating a third place, a kind of home-like place with the following characteristics: (1) familiarity, (2) sense of ownership, (3) spiritual revitalisation, and (4) feeling ‘comfortable and warm’ 1.1.4 Attractiveness of space and quality of life in the living environment The attractiveness of space determines a gravitational force of a place, allowing for an increase in input materials for living Currently, the quality of life is determined not only with the physical quality of space but also by the opportunities for people in their daily lives (such as public space, access to services, etc.) There are two important factors in terms of quality for new housing projects: (1) the quality of life that the project can offer the city residents and (2) the quality of business that the project can bring the investor(s) 1.2 KDTMs in Hanoi 1.2.1 Characteristics of KDTMs as a new living paradigm Four major factors define a KDTM: (1) Novelty; (2) Independence; (3) Synchronicity; (4) Structure The establishment and development of KDTMs in Vietnam can be divided into four main phases: (1) Before 2003; (2) From 2003 to 2006; (3) From 2006 to 2013; (4) From 2013 to date In Hanoi, phase (3) is subdivided into two periods: (3a) From 2006 to 2008; (3b) From 2008 to 2013 1.2.2 Current situation of KDTM development in Hanoi In 1990 - 1992, Hanoi City and the Ministry of Construction set up a new orientation plan for the Capital City development until 2010 In 1996, seven pilot KDTM projects were established In 2008, Hanoi was adjusted to expand its administrative boundaries In 2011, a Construction Master Plan to 2030 with a vision to 2050 for Hanoi City was approved In 2013, Decree No 11/2013/ND-CP on the management of urban development investment was issued in place of the 2006 KDTM Regulation Before 2003, KDTMs were established on remaining unbuilt land areas, interspersed in the city Because investors would like to explore the demand for housing of city residents first, KDTMs in Hanoi were constructed on a small scale at the beginning with a high building density and they often made use of the surrounding urban infrastructure systems After 2003, with the promulgation of a new Land Law, more KDTMs were built in the suburbs based on the conversion of farmland, thus project owners had to build new technical infrastructure systems KDTM projects became larger, 40% for low-rise houses and 60% for high-rise apartment buildings as stipulated Most KDTMs were built along main city roads and new roads were constructed at the same time to ensure accessibility and attract city residents: (1) Concentric city ring roads; (2) Radial main city roads; (3) Secondary roads linking main city roads and (4) Intersections KDTMs were categorised in several groups: Some KDTMs quickly became densely populated while others failed to attract residents and would be called ‘ghost KDTMs’ There were also many pending KDTM projects Some KDTMs were carried out when other types of city land were converted in the course of urban redevelopment 1.3 Current situation of attractiveness of space in Hanoi's KDTMs 1.3.1 Premise of attractiveness in the title of a model KDTM In 2008, the Ministry of Construction issued regulations for KDTMs to be considered ‘model’ In 2009, Linh Dam KDTM was recognised as a model KDTM In 2014, Linh Dam did however not renew this title From Linh Dam KDTM, the attractiveness of KDTMs were mentioned more frequently and considered more carefully 1.3.2 Problems regarding the attractiveness of space in Hanoi’s KDTMs Gaps between technical infrastructure, social infrastructure and housing: Many KDTMs not have services or support for people in their daily lives The so-called uniformity in the construction of KDTMs has always been emphasised in legal documents, but in reality, very few KDTMs can fulfill this requirement This makes KDTMs less attractive and competitive Marketability in public space design of KDTMs: When a planning is established and approved, public space KDTMs is fully included However, in fact, the following problems arise in public space design of KDTMs: (1) Approved planning is adjusted from time to time; (2) Building density is higher with a greater number of storeys in some apartment buildings; (3) Some public spaces are privatised; (4) Public spaces and public services no longer play a central role in the spatial planning of KDTM The lack of identity and spatial disruption: KDTM projects have ‘redefined’ landmarks by creating a ‘brand new’ physical context on the existing natural environment Project developers decide whether or not to take advantage of this setting, but sometimes they prefer an artificial environment to a natural one for ‘more convenience’ Maintenance of the attractiveness of space in the management and operation of KDTMs: In many KDTMs, management is not properly considered As a consequence, unexpected changes may occur, such as conversion of land use, construction of new (initially unplanned) high-rise buildings, and rapid population growth KDTMs will therefore no longer be attractive 1.3.3 How to establish and enhance the attractiveness of space in KDTMs Diversification of housing types, including space for services: There are three main types of housing in KDTMs for residents to choose: (1) Villa; (2) Rowhouse; and (3) Apartment Attractiveness of real estate products: A large number of real estate products has been put into operation and transaction in the market as a result of the development of KDTMs a new housing production and provision Emergence of a new urban culture and promotion of daily life activities as well as community connection: A new urban cultural trend is emerging in Hanoi In terms of habitat conditions, KDTMs play an important role, as demonstrated in: (1) Changes in urban architecture; (2) Diversity of population; (3) Changes in the lifestyle of KDTM residents Emphasising differences, identifying elements in architectural styles and lifestyle: The following trends can be found: (1) Westernisation, (2) Ecologicalisation, and (3) Symbolisation 1.4 Survey on the attractiveness of some typical KDTMs in Hanoi 1.4.1 The reason for choosing the survey sample (1) The Linh Dam KDTM is of the first generation and has become Hanoi's model urban area (2) The Ecopark KDTM aims to be a symbol of a new ecological living concept (3) The Viet Hung KDTM had the potential to become Hanoi's second model urban area, but it did not succeed (4) The Van Quan-Yen Phuc KDTM is the first KDTM project in Ha Dong, contributing to the area's urban development (5) The Times City urban area is a unique and controversial case of the new urban model 1.4.2 Survey content (1) Location and natural factors: (1.1) Location; (1.2) Environment; (2) Public spaces: (2.1) Open space; (2.2) Service space; (3) Traffic, travel in and to the KDTM: (3.1) Internal area; (3.2) Outliers; (4) Housing: (4.1) Design quality; (4.2) Space; (4.3) Facilities and equipment; (4.4) Surrounding amenities; (4.5) Initial costs; (4.6) Monthly expenses; (5) Technical infrastructure: (5.1) Clean water supply; (5.2) Drainage; (5.3) Power supply; (5.4) Garbage collection; (5.5) Contact information; (6) Living environment in the KDTM: (6.1) Pollution; (6.2) Security and safety; (6.3) Ease of living; (6.4) Employment, income improvement opportunities 1.4.3 Survey results The natural and social environments in KDTMs, which are very different from existing residential areas, make people feel more ‘interested’ However, the factors that people appreciate are mainly urban technical infrastructure, while the quality of the spaces inside the KDTM has not yet met people's expectations 1.5 Literature review on KDTMs and place attractiveness 1.5.1 Studies on KDTMs in Hanoi Doctoral theses: (1) ‘Planned housing production in Hanoi in the form of KDTMs: city from neighborhoods and/and city from projects’ by Tran Minh Tung (2014); (2) ‘Development of KDTMs in a sustainable way: a study in Hanoi’ by Nguyen Van Cuong (2015); (3) ‘Management of cultural life in KDTMs in Hanoi (The case of KDTMs Trung Hoa - Nhan Chinh and Nam Thang Long)’ by Dinh Duc Thien (2018); (4) ‘Development of KDTMs in Ho Chi Minh city in a sustainable way’ by Pham Ngoc Tuan (2015) 1.5.2 Studies of place, place spirit, and spatial attractiveness Doctoral theses: (1) ‘Housing and urban form in Vietnam: Research on improving housing in the center of Hanoi’ by Hoang Huu Phe (1997); (2) ‘Exploiting the element of place to create an urban identity with Da Nang as a case study’ by Nguyen Van Chuong (2012); (3) ‘Creating outdoor public spaces along the coast - Nha Trang city’ by Tran Thi Viet Ha (2016) 1.5.3 Literature reviews The research all confirms that the KDTM model is a reasonable model in the development of urban space and urban housing today Studies on urban attractiveness or urban areas' potential to increase competitiveness in the real estate market are still new and open 1.6 Research problem description 1.6.1 Evaluation of the attractiveness of KDTMs in Hanoi In the process of developing KDTMs, there are still some shortcomings and limitations related to placing attractiveness including: (1) a comfortable living environment has yet to be created; (2) the majority of it serves a well-off population; (3) many states have not been fully, comprehensively, and scientifically calculated; (4) a lack of synchronization and unity among the subjects; and (5) architectural appearance has not met the requirements of urban aesthetics 1.6.2 Research question (1) What are the potential criteria to quantitatively evaluate the spatial attractiveness of the Hanoi KDTM, which has many qualitative characteristics to serve as a premise for the creation and enhancement of the place attractiveness of KDTMs in Hanoi? (2) What are the principles for developing plans to create attractiveness for KDTMs in Hanoi according to the different development stages of those KDTMs and the different needs and purposes of other stakeholders? (3) What solutions are there to create place attractiveness for KDTMs in Hanoi through the organization of public space - the third important place in those KDTMs? CHAPTER SCIENTIFIC BASES OF CREATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SPACE IN KDTMs IN HANOI 2.1 Theory 2.1.1 Theory of attractiveness of a city Attractiveness of a city is a term that derived from the concept of attractiveness of a territory The attractiveness of the place is related to (1) The physical and material aspect of the place; (2) Potential users; (3) Mobilisation of assets for ‘territorial capital’ as a kind of ‘potential asset’ of a territory to develop its attractiveness A territory will become attractive when it must have a distinctive and outstanding character as presented in the following formula: Regional identity = Cultural identity + Functional identity + Strategic identity 2.1.2 Arguments on creating the attractiveness of habitat From a number of studies on the attractiveness of habitat, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The attractiveness of an urban settlement should focus on the residents’ quality of life; (2) To improve the quality of life, the principles of sustainable urban design and planning with community participation need to be widely promoted; (3) Good urban design is central to creating highquality living environment; (4) A much higher quality of life can be achieved when a settlement is well managed 2.1.3 Arguments on human activities in their habitat The meaning and functions of the habitat to residents: The connection between humans and their habitat can be seen at three levels of meaning A habitat ensure that functions will work well with the following factors: (1) Natural environment; (2) Natural resources; (3) Built environment; (4) Security and safety; (5) Access to public services; (6) Economy; (7) Health; (8) Personal characteristics; (9) Lifestyle; (10) Culture; (11) Community A habitat is a combination of three places and the attractiveness of the third place: (1) The first place is a house to live in; (2) The second place is a work space; (3) The third place is the space for people to meet and communicate with one another These three places/spaces are often mixed together today, and no longer separated as before Attractiveness of a city from public spaces: The perception of an attractive city often begins with open spaces designed for multiple purposes of use Public 11 attractiveness of Hanoi comes from: (1) the land element; (2) the water element; and (3) the green tree element 2.3.2 Model of mixed functions and diversity in Hanoi urban architectural space Mixed spatial functions: Hanoi is characterized by ‘tube houses’ in the 36 streets and wards that are both residential and have traditional trade and business items Integrating people and living culture: The living culture of Hanoians also has differences: (1) Family and personal activities mainly depend on services; (2) The coefficient of using means of transport is large and increases with the process of modernization; (3) Living culture is increasingly differentiated and clear; (4) The relations of behaviour are multilateral, more diverse and in an increasingly open direction; (5) Living culture is a complex of scholarly culture, folklore and popular culture 2.3.3 Natural conditions and urban environment of Hanoi Natural potential: Hanoi is attractive to human settlement by (1) Potential topography and geomorphology; (2) Hydrological potential; (3) Climate potential; (4) Ecosystem potential Natural limitations: Hanoi shows the following disadvantages: (1) Flooding and inundation; (2) Environmental degradation and pollution; (3) Unusual natural phenomena 2.3.4 Opportunities to improve livelihoods and social security conditions in Hanoi Migration rates to Hanoi are relatively high in Vietnam for reasons related to work (new, better job opportunities) and economic (higher income), followed by reasons for studying and relating to the family Migrants' decision to move is largely due to the ‘pull force’ of the destination rather than the ‘pull force’ of the place of departure, so this city itself is showing the attraction of the second-largest city in Vietnam 2.4 Experience in place attractiveness creating for residential areas 2.4.1 Global experience Live My Hood Program in Kitchener City (Canada): Through platforms: Great Places, Connected People and Working Together, Love My Hood built attractive and livable neighbourhoods in Kitchener by providing residents with the tools, programs, and resources to create positive change ‘using assets, inspiration, and potential capabilities of local communities, and as a result create quality public spaces that contribute to the health, well-being and well-being of people’ Place-making in Northern Ireland: Spaces designed to protect and respect 12 natural habitats and heritage, encourage walking and cycling, provide convenient access to public transport, creating attractive and safe places that will serve the needs of residents of all ages, as well as for visitors and service providers Place-making in Singapore: Using art and culture to shape and enliven neighbourhoods through cultural programs and partnerships that communicate traditional history and heritage, embody Singapore's distinctiveness and identity is based on three components: (1) Location; (2) Programs; (3) Partnership - working with the community 2.4.2 Experience in Vietnam Phu My Hung KDTM is considered as one of the pioneering projects to create a completely new model residential community, becoming a bright spot of the real estate market, which is demonstrated through (1) Attraction through benefits brought to the city; (2) The attractiveness from the ability to adapt to changing market needs; (3) Attractive design and service; based on principles applied: 1) Accessibility; (2) Sustainability; (3) Open space; (4) Density; (5) Incentives; (6) Diversity; (7) Compatibility; (8) Adaptability; (9) Identity 2.4.3 Reviews The attractiveness of KDTMs through public spaces will be assessed from: (1) Perspectives from the residents of the KDTMs themselves (the ‘inside’ people); (2) Perspectives from visitors, visitors to, and use of spaces, services and facilities in KDTMs (the ‘outside’); (3) Perspectives from experts and specialists These assessments aim at (1) Facilities and images of public spaces; (2) Use and operate in public spaces; (3) The sociality of public spaces CHAPTER CREATING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF SPACE IN KDTMs IN HANOI 3.1 Perspectives and objectives for the place attractiveness creating of Hanoi's KDTM 3.1.1 Perspective Perspective - KDTMs mark a change in the perception of spatial attractiveness: KDTMs redefine landmarks, marking the transformation of the nature of physical places into spiritual places: (1) The period before the formation of the KDTM project; (2) The period after the formation of the KDTM project Perspective - Creating attractiveness based on the interaction between people and urban areas: The interaction between people and urban areas is a twoway process: (1) People's feelings towards the place; (2) Location functions that satisfy human needs Perspective - Exploiting the location value and urban attractiveness of 13 Hanoi for KDTMs: Hanoi is an attractive urban area in the Red River Delta Therefore, to enhance its spatial attractiveness, KDTMs need to exploit the spatial characteristics of Hanoi from both material and immaterial perspectives 3.1.2 Objective Objective - Contribute to the identity and general attractiveness of urban architecture: KDTM place attractiveness t Site materials, construction site values Urban visual perception feedback u The identity and attractiveness of urban architecture Objective - Improve the quality of public space in the KDTM: KDTM place attractiveness t Display and convey the message, the spirit of the space Developing, perfecting the public space system in the KDTM u Quality of public space in the KDTM u Create a new residential culture for Hanoi Objective - Create a new residential culture for Hanoi: KDTM place attractiveness t Responding to the new needs of people Forming a new lifestyle Figure 3.1 Objectives to create place attractiveness of new urban space in Hanoi 3.2 Assessing criteria set for the place attractiveness of Hanoi's KDTM 3.2.1 Criteria for evaluation of physical amenities Evaluation criteria for housing: includes four components: (1) Reasonable price; (2) Diversifying house types to increase choices; (3) High facilities; (4) Well managed and administrated Evaluation criteria for social infrastructure: includes five component criteria: (1) Full range of services and utilities integrated inside the KDTM; (2) There are open spaces; (3) There are public works; (4) There are utility facilities attached to the spaces and buildings; (5) There are community spaces Evaluation criteria for technical infrastructure: includes five components: (1) Ensuring the supply of clean water; (2) Ensuring water drainage and drainage; (3) Ensuring power supply; (4) Secure communication; (5) Ensuring garbage collection Evaluation criteria for traffic: includes four components: (1) Safe internal traffic network; (2) Convenient public transportation; (3) Design of designated areas for ‘soft’ traffic (non-motorized traffic); (4) There are static traffic areas 14 3.2.2 Criteria for evaluating mental well-being comfort Evaluation criteria for safety and comfort: including six-component criteria: (1) There are artificial, fee-based measures to protect residents; (2) There are natural, no-cost measures to protect residents; (3) Limiting the access of non-residents to the residential area; (4) Public areas have measures to ensure safety in use and are properly lit; (5) There are specific designs for specific objects; (6) There are mechanisms for warning and responding in case of an emergency Evaluation criteria for friendliness and social construction: include four components: (1) Enhancing the liveliness of interactive spaces, connecting the community; (2) Organizing interactive activities, connecting the community; (3) Social diversity and population composition; (4) The friendliness and convenience of on-site and nearby services Criteria for evaluating image and brand creation: including four components: (1) Building the image of a KDTM in the direction of ‘model’; (2) Creating the image of KDTMs in the direction of ‘ecology’; (3) Creating the image of a KDTM in the direction of ‘premium’; (4) Creating the image of a KDTM in the direction of ‘privated’ 3.2.3 Evaluation criteria set for location and destination Evaluation criteria for site history exploitation: includes two criteria: (1) Political history - history of the land and area; (2) Legendary history, epic history - legends and myths of the place Evaluation criteria for the exploitation of human culture of the site: including two components: (1) Feng Shui; (2) Place name Evaluation criteria for exploiting social conceptions of places: include two components: (1) Geographical point of view; (2) Crowd psychology 3.2.4 Transforming the evaluation criteria set into the attractive tower model of the KDTM in Hanoi Table 3.1 Summary and percentage of criteria evaluating the KDTM attractiveness Composition criteria Rating Index Score A Group of evaluation criteria for material amenities of the KDTM (showing the process of building facilities) Percentage 50% A1.1 Good price? A1 Housing A1.2 Diversify house types to increase choice? A1.3 High amenities? Average of scores 12% Average of scores 13% A1.4 Well managed, administered? A2 Social infrastructure A2.1 Full of services and utilities integrated inside the new urban space? A2.2 Are there open spaces? 15 Composition criteria Rating Index Score Percentage Average of scores 13% Average of scores 12% A2.3 Are there public buildings? A2.4 Are there utility facilities attached to the spaces and buildings? A2.5 Are there community spaces? A3.1 Guaranteed clean water supply? A3 Infras tructure A3.2 Ensure the drainage, drainage and flooding? A3.3 Guaranteed power supply? A3.4 Guaranteed communication? A3.5 Guaranteed garbage collection? A4.1 Is the internal traffic network safe? A4 Traffic A4.2 Convenient public transport? A4.3 Are there designated areas for ‘soft’ traffic? A4.4 Are there static traffic areas? B Group of evaluation criteria for the mental comfort of the KDTM (through the process of creating resident life) 30% B1.1 Are there artificial, fee-based measures to protect residents? B1.2 Are there natural, no-cost remedies to protect residents? B1 Safety and Convenience B1.3 Restricting non-resident access to residential area? B1.4 Are public areas safe to use and properly lit? Average of scores 12% Average of scores 9% Average of scores 9% B1.5 Are there specific designs for specific audiences? B1.6 Are there mechanisms for warning and responding in case of an emergency? B2.1 Enhance the vibrancy of interactive spaces, connecting the community? B2 Friendliness B2.2 Organizing interactive activities, connecting the community? and Social ConstrucB2.3 Social diversity and population composition? tivism B2.4 The friendliness and convenience of on-site and nearby services? B3.1 Creating the image of a KDTM in the direction of ‘model’? B3 Create image, brand B3.2 Creating an image of a KDTM in the direction of ‘ecology’? B3.3 Building the image of a KDTM in the direction of ‘high-end’? B3.4 Creating the image of a KDTM in the 16 Composition criteria Rating Index Score Percentage direction of ‘privated’? C Group of evaluation criteria for the location and destination of the KDTM (through the process of exploiting the site's potential) C1 Site history C1.1 Political history - history of the land and area C1.2 Legendary history - legends and myths of the place C2 Humanistic culture of the place C2.1 Feng Shui C3 Social conception of place C3.1 Geographical perspective C2.2 Place name C3.2 Crowd Psychology 20% Average of scores 6% Average of scores 7% Average of scores 7% Each component criterion is evaluated through rating indicators on a 10point scale with five levels from low to high, which are (1) to < points - very negative; (2) to < points - negative; (3) to < points - intermediate; (4) to < points - positive; (5) to 10 points - very positive The scores for the component criteria are the average of the scores of the assessment indicators multiplied by the weights (percentage) suggested based on the expert opinion survey Level Level C Satisfying the need to be proud of the place of residence Level B Satisfying residents’ need for ‘attachment to the place of residence’ Level A Satisfying residents’ needs for ‘material’ life of the habitat Evaluation Criteria Crucial point of creation C3 Social perception of place C2 Humanity and culture of place C1 History of place Creating spirit of space (image capital of space) B3 Image building and name branding B2 Friendliness and social development B1 Safety and comfort Creating emotions of space (social capital of space) A4 Giao thông A3 Hạ tầng kỹ thuật A2 Hạ tầng xã hội A1 Nhà Creating resources of place (material capital of space) Figure 3.2 Original pyramid concept with three levels of creating the attractiveness of space for KDTMs 17 The criteria for evaluation of the attractiveness are demonstrated in the pyramid concept of the attractiveness of space based on the satisfaction of residents’ needs for the habitat, from the bottom to the top of the pyramid This pyramid is divided into three levels: A, B and C However, level B is considered an in-between level and the criteria for this level can be converted into two levels: A and C Thus, this pyramid can be redivided into two levels only Level Level II / The ‘sufficient’ level Satisfying the spiritual needs of the habitat Level I / The ‘basic-need’ level Satisfying the physical needs of the habitat Evaluation Criteria II-C3 Social perception of place II-C2 Humanity and culture of place II-C1 History of place Crucial point of creation Creating ‘proud of place’ values I-B3 Image building and name branding II-B2 Friendliness and social development II-B1 Safety and comfort I-A4 Traffic I-A3 Infrastructure I-A2 Social infrastructure I-A1 Housing Creating ‘fundamentals of place’ values Figure 3.3 Transformation pyramid concept with two levels of creating the attractiveness of space for KDTMs The level of the attractiveness of space for KDTMs will be calculated on the basis of the total score and divided into five levels: (1) 85 - 100 points: very attractive; (2) 70 - less than 85 points: attractive; (3) 55 - less than 70 points: relatively attractive; (4) 40 - less than 55 points: not attractive; (5) Below 40 points: very unattractive 3.3 Principles and concepts of creating the attractiveness of space for KDTMs in Hanoi 3.3.1 Principles Principle - Creating the attractiveness of space from material amenities of KDTMs: The physical facilities of KDTMs focus on four key factors: (1) Housing; (2) Social infrastructure; (3) Technical infrastructure; (4) Traffic Principle - Creating the attractiveness of space from spiritual amenities of KDTMs: The spiritual facilities of KDTMs consist of two groups with six elements The group of mental amenities that directly affect residents’ daily lives 18 include: (1) Safety and comfort; (2) Friendly and social development; (3) Image and name branding The group of potential mental amenities that have impacts on site development include (4) Site history; (5) Humanity and culture of place; (6) Social conception of place Principle - The mutual transformation between material comfort and spiritual comfort in KDTMs: It requires a systematic development of facilities and also a transformation between amenities in KDTMs: (1) Transformation from material comfort into mental comfort; (2) Transformation from mental comfort into material comfort 3.3.2 Concepts The subjects: include (1) Project investor (building KDTMs targeted at: Customer group in general; Middle-class customer group; High-class customer group); (2) Designers (Housing designers in KDTMs; Public building and public space designers in KDTMs; Urban designers and master planners in KDTMs); (3) Communities in KDTMs (Building attitudes and behaviour; Shaping lifestyles; Creating consumerism) The objects: include (1) Investors, secondary project owners (KDTM = an attractive investment space and environment); (2) Residents (KDTM = an attractive living space and environment); (3) Managers and authorities (KDTM = an attractive urban cultural space and environment) The relationships in the activities of creating the attractiveness of space in KDTM: will be based on determining the relationships between subjects and objects by answering the question: ‘WHO and HOW will the attractiveness of space be created for KDTMs?’ so that those KDTMs will become attractive to WHOM and because of WHICH factors? Stages: There are three major stages: (1) Project investment phase and formation of the built environment; (2) Commercialising of space and shaping the habitat; and (3) Project operation and development of culture of living Levels: (1) Creating the attractiveness of KDTMs at the basic level; (2) Creating the attractiveness of KDTM at an advanced level Solution: The attractiveness of space for KDTM shall be created with a combination of the following factors: (1) Solutions for the creation of attractiveness; (2) Solutions for the place making, with nine levels from bottom to top: (1) synchronisation; (2) participation; (3) diversity; (4) aesthetics; (5) amenities; (6) characteristics; (7) excitement; (8) satisfaction; (9) coherence 3.4 Solutions to creating the attractiveness of space for KDTMs in Hanoi based on development of public spaces 3.4.1 Hierarchy and classification of public spaces in Hanoi’s KDTMs 19 It is recommended that public spaces in Hanoi’s KDTMs should be divided into three levels of influence: (1) Public space at the level of buildings and groups of houses; (2) Public space at the level of zoning in the KDTM; and (3) Public space at the level of the entire KDTM [1] Public space at the level of buildings and groups of houses - a common space adjacent to the houses that can be used for daily activities (space for interaction, play games, relaxation, entertainment, etc.), serving small groups of residents in the surrounding area [2] Public space at the level of zoning in the KDTM - a community space (cultural activities, sports, entertainment, etc.) for residents living within the KDTM to enhance social interaction for the local community It can be limited to nonKDTM residents (from neighbouring residential areas) Figure 3.4 Hierarchy of public spaces in a KDTM [3] Public space at the level of the entire KDTM - a central space to be used for public services and activities for all the KDTM residents (including commercial facilities, services, event centres, open spaces, etc.) in order to attract more people from the neighbouring areas and enhance social interaction between KDTM and non-KDTM residents 3.4.2 Solutions to organisation of public space at the level of buildings / groups of houses Determining the characteristics of public space: At this level, public space can be established: (1) between the buildings; (2) in gardens; vacant (unbuilt) land plots; and (3) along internal road Figure 3.5 Layout of buildings in one land plot and combination of the building blocks in several land plots to maximise sufficient open areas for mixed use Figure 3.6 Mixing different housing types to create and increase privacy for large communal spaces Solutions to organisation of public space: (1) Enhancing flexibility in controlling building density and land use coefficient; (2) Maximising the area of public space within a building; (3) Developing multi-purpose public space; (4) Diversifying the planning of different housing types 20 3.4.3 Solutions to organisation of public spaces at the level of zoning in a KDTM Determining the characteristics of public space: At this level, public space can be established (1) in public daily life service buildings; (2) in open public spaces for the local community; (3) along the internal roads linking groups of houses and buildings together Figure 3.7 Layout of public spaces at the zoning level and inter-zoning levels in a KDTM Solution to organisation of public space: to ensure efficiency of activities, public spaces at this level should be divided into two groups: (1) Group of public spaces for commercial public services; (2) Group of public spaces for non-commercial public services 3.4.4 Solutions for organizing public space at the KDTM level Determining the space essence: Public space at this level mainly serves the enhanced needs Periodically, at the urban level, it will be divided into two groups: (1) the group of urban-level public spaces of the KDTM; (2) the group of urbanlevel public spaces of the city Space organization solution: (1) urban public spaces of the city are located at the gateway and border of the KDTM with the urban area; (2) urban public spaces of KDTMs are arranged on central traffic axes with limited circulation speed Public space at this level is considered an opportunity to create urban highlights through building architecture, representative space, and image symbolism for the KDTM 3.5 Experimental application in Viet Hung KDTM 3.5.1 Issues about the attractiveness of Viet Hung KDTM Currently, although people have come to live there, Viet Hung KDTM is 21 not attractive Many land plots and land plots transferred by the investor to secondary investors are still fenced and waiting for deployment Many villas and townhouses, although built for many years, are not synchronized, abandoned, and uninhabited Many land plots in the Viet Hung KDTM are still under construction, with much technical infrastructure work yet to be completed, which has gone to waste for many years Figure 3.8 Illustrating the design of the total plan of the KDTM to create place attractiveness through the public space at all levels in the KDTM Figure 3.9 Illustrating the layered design of architectural and landscape elements to create spatial attractiveness for KDTM in Hanoi based on a network of open spaces, public spaces and houses 3.5.2 Assess the attractiveness of Viet Hung KDTM according to the set of criteria 22 Commenting on the results of assessing the attractiveness of Viet Hung KDTM, three problems have been identified: (1) building asynchronous facilities and many architectural connection problems between areas due to different ways and perspectives on project construction; (2) creating an unsatisfactory life for residents due to waiting for a large number of people to come and complete the facilities; and (3) the potential exploitation of the site has not been clearly demonstrated 3.5.3 Solutions to improve the attractiveness of Viet Hung KDTM Overall solution and exploitation of the spirit of Hanoi location: (1) adjusting the image of the KDTM; (2) mining the spirit of nearby famous places Organization of the internal public space: (1) Developing the space on both sides of Nguyen Cao Luyen street to become a public space connecting the public spaces running along the Viet Hung KDTM; (2) Developing the space on both sides of Van Hanh street to become an inter-subdivision public space in Viet Hung KDTM Figure 3.10 Principles of organizing internal public space to improve the attractiveness of Viet Hung KDTM Other solutions to increase attractiveness: (1) Exploiting a safe strip of green trees under high-voltage power lines to create green space along the KDTM; (2) Exploiting internal street names in Viet Hung KDTM 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Discussion 1: Is attractiveness determined by the set of evaluation criteria constant in the development process of KDTMs? The evaluation criteria for material comfort will change drastically according to the development of material needs in society The evaluation criteria for mental comfort will also change depending on each criterion, such as image and brand criteria, which will change much more towards modern, intelligence technology-integrated KDTMs, while safety, friendliness, and social construction will 23 change relatively little because this is always the desire of people in any society 3.6.2 Discussion 2: Are KDTMs necessary to be attractive when Hanoi is already an attractive city? In Hanoi, there is a phenomenon of ‘fake’ attractive KDTMs, which is shown by: (1) the quality of housing and living environment of KDTMs, regardless of their level, houses are still sold out due to the large number of people living in Hanoi (2) price is considered a prerequisite factor to creating attractive housing when the income level of immigrants is not high enough to be able to have more options; and (3) people buy houses to save for the future and are only interested in the value of profit that can be obtained when reselling that house This leads to the difference in the concept of spatial attractiveness of KDTMs between the theory of designing the ideal model and the actual implementation of the operation of the KDTM This is due to the location advantages of the existing KDTMs when located in Hanoi That means KDTMs that not need to create attractiveness are still ‘attractive’ 3.6.3 Discussion 3: Does the new attractiveness of KDTMs conflict with the traditional attractiveness of the existing residential environments in Hanoi? Hanoi needs new attractive residential models according to the trends and views of modern urban space creation in the world, but they must be consistent with the cultural and historical characteristics of the city This can only be achieved when the criteria of human values of space are recognized more respectfully, so that KDTMs are really organically attached to their location CONCLUSION Conclusion KDTMs are pioneering models in creating new residential ‘standards’ based on the synchronization of three factors: (1) technical infrastructure, (2) social infrastructure, and (3) alternative housing instead of a juxtaposition of three separate areas in the way of the development of the former habitats The attractiveness of the KDTM is not only determined in terms of material aspects, but also through both mental aspects and potential location factors that need to be elici New urban perspectives mark a change in perception about the attractiveness of the place, create attractiveness based on the interaction between people and the KDTM, and exploit the place value and urban attractiveness of Hanoi The creation of the attractiveness of the KDTM in Hanoi will contribute to the identity and general attractiveness of urban architecture, improve the quality of public space in the KDTM, and create a new residential culture for Hanoi Creating the attractiveness of the new urban space is not only separate from the material 24 amenities and the spiritual amenities of the KDTM but also has a mutual transformation between the two factors above The KDTM place attractiveness should be considered as an important tool in creating a residential environment through the models that the subjects build to attract the objects in the reciprocal relationship of the properties according to the desired stages and levels of new urban projects Therefore, the evaluation criteria set of the place attractiveness of the KDTM in Hanoi is established based on the groups of assessment criteria for the material amenities of the KDTM through housing, social infrastructure, technical infrastructure, and traffic; a group of criteria to evaluate the spiritual comfort of KDTMs through safety and comfort, friendliness and social construction, image and brand creation; and a group of criteria to evaluate the location and location of the KDTM through the site's history, the human culture of the site, and the social concept of the place This is the basis for establishing the original two-level pyramid model to create the place attractiveness of the KDTM (creating spatial resources, creating spatial emotions, creating spatial spirit) and the transformation pyramid model to develop two levels of creating spatial attractiveness in KDTMs (creation of spatial foundational values and proud spatial values) Specific solutions for Hanoi KDTM place attractiveness will be determined through the creation of the third place: the system of public space in the KDTM at the level of buildings and groups of houses; the urban area subdivision level; and the whole urban area level The answers are applied depending on the context and characteristics of each KDTM, so it is necessary to identify the problems and find their causes through the organization of the spatial and architectural structures inside that KDTM Recommendations Attractiveness and residential attraction are important criteria for sustainable residential environments Therefore, for the existing KDTMs, those that are shaping or will develop in the future, it is necessary to evaluate, orient, and reorient the way of development To implement models and proposals on creating spatial attractiveness for Hanoi's KDTMs, some recommendations are proposed, such as (1) managers need to improve the legal framework system; (2) professional agencies need to propose the title of ‘attractive KDTM’; (3) the city government needs to determine that Hanoi is still a pioneer in promoting an attractive new urban model, and (4) communities in KDTMs need to be propagated and disseminated about the factors affecting the quality of life For these KDTMs to become proud heritages of Hanoi in the future, KDTMs must be built in a different way instead of merely physical Other cities in Vietnam can completely refer to and apply the case study of Hanoi based on the adjustments to suit the local characteristics and context LIST OF ARTICLES PUBLISHING THE RESEARCH RESULTS OF THE THESIS THEME IN SPECIALIZED SCIENCE JOURNALS Nguyen Thanh Hung (2017), Assessing city attractiveness - a tool for urban planning towards sustainable development, Construction Planning Journal, 89+90/2017, 106-109, ISSN 1859-3054 Nguyen Thanh Hung, Tran Minh Tung (2018), Creating attractive settlements for urban residential areas, Construction Planning Journal, 94/2018, 72-77, ISSN 1859-3054 Minh Tung Tran, Thanh Hung Nguyen, Ngoc Huyen Chu (2019), Evolutionary Livability of New Urban Areas in Hanoi: from Plan(ning) to Market(ing), The 15th Asian Urbanisation Conference (AUC 2019) ‘Urban Futures: Critical Transformation in Asian Cities’, 28-30 November 2019, Binh Duong, Vietnam Minh Tung Tran, Ngoc Huyen Chu, Tien Hau Phan, Thanh Hung Nguyen, Thi My Lan Pham (2020), Attractiveness and Livability in New Urban Areas of Hanoi: When Their Public Spaces Are ‘Socialized’, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 869 022036 ... very attractive; (2) 70 - less than 85 points: attractive; (3) 55 - less than 70 points: relatively attractive; (4) 40 - less than 55 points: not attractive; (5) Below 40 points: very unattractive... HANOI 2.1 Theory 2.1.1 Theory of attractiveness of a city Attractiveness of a city is a term that derived from the concept of attractiveness of a territory The attractiveness of the place is related... on creating the attractiveness of habitat From a number of studies on the attractiveness of habitat, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The attractiveness of an urban settlement should