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Nghiên cứu tìm dung dịch nền và các điều kiện tối ưu để xác định đồng thời bốn ion kim loại nặng (Ca2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+) dung dịch bằng phương pháp Von-Ampe hòa tan anot

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Bài viết Nghiên cứu tìm dung dịch nền và các điều kiện tối ưu để xác định đồng thời bốn ion kim loại nặng (Ca2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+) dung dịch bằng phương pháp Von-Ampe hòa tan anot thông báo kết quả nghiên cứu tìm được các điều kiện tối ưu (đặc biệt là dung dịch nền) để xác định đồng thời cả 4 ion kim loại: (Ca2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+) bằng phương pháp Von-Ampe hòa tan anot. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

◆●❍■➊◆ ❈Ù❯ ❚➐▼ ❉❯◆● ❉➚❈❍ ◆➋◆ ❱⑨ ❈⑩❈ ✣■➋❯ ❑■➏◆ ❚➮■ ×❯ ✣➎ ❳⑩❈ ✣➚◆❍ ✣➬◆● ❚❍❮■ ❇➮◆ ■❖◆ ❑■▼ ▲❖❸■ ◆➄◆● (Zn , Cd , Pb , Cu ) ❉❯◆● ❉➚❈❍ ❇➀◆● P❍×❒◆● P❍⑩P ❱❖◆✲❆▼P❊ ❍➪❆ ❚❆◆ ❆◆❖❚ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ ❉÷ì♥❣ ◗✉❛♥❣ P❤ị♥❣✱ ◆❣✉②➵♥ ❱ơ ❚ị♥❣ ✈➔ ❍♦➔♥❣ ❚❤à ❍↕♥❤ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❙÷ ♣❤↕♠ ❍➔ ◆ë✐ r trữợ ✹❪ ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ✤➣ t❤ỉ♥❣ ❜→♦ ❦➳t q✉↔ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ữủ ỗ tớ (Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❱♦♥✲❆♠♣❡ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ❛♥♦t tr♦♥❣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ♥➲♥ ❑❈❧ ✈➔ ❍❈❧ ữ ỗ + ợ t ỡ ữ ✈➟② ð ❝❛t♦t ✭✲✮ ❝â sü ❦❤û✿ ✷❍+ ✰ ✷❡ → ❍2 ❀ ❩♥2+ ✰ ✷❡ → ❩♥ ✭✐♦♥ ❩♥2+ ❝➛♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ ✤➸ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤✮✳ ❍2 ❜→♠ ①✉♥❣ q✉❛♥❤ ❝❛t♦t ♥❣➠♥ ❝↔♥ ✐♦♥ ❝➛♥ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜→♠ ✈➔♦ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ü❝ ♥➯♥ ✈✐➺❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❩♥2+ ❜à ♠➜t ♥❤✐➲✉ ❣➙② s❛✐ sè ❧ỵ♥✳ ❈❤➼♥❤ ✈➻ ♥❤ú♥❣ ❧➼ ❞♦ tr➯♥✱ tr♦♥❣ ❜➔✐ ❜→♦ ♥➔② ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ t❤ỉ♥❣ ❜→♦ ❦➳t q✉↔ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ t➻♠ ✤÷đ❝ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✭✤➦❝ ❜✐➺t ỗ tớ ✹ ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐✿ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❱♦♥✲❆♠♣❡ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ❛♥♦t✳ ✷✳ ◆ë✐ ❞✉♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✷✳✶✳ ❍â❛ ❝❤➜t✱ t❤✐➳t ❜à✱ ♠→② ✤♦ ✲ ❚➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ ❤â❛ ❝❤➜t sû ❞ö♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤➲✉ ✤↕t ✤ë t✐♥❤ ❦❤✐➳t ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ✭P❆✮✳ ✲ ❈→❝ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ♥❤÷ ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) ✤÷đ❝ ♣❤❛ tø ố ỗ tr s t ữợ t ữủ sỷ ữợ t ữủ t tứ ❍❛❧♠✐♥t♦♥ ❞♦ ❆♥❤ s↔♥ ①✉➜t✳ ✶ ✲ ❈→❝ ❞ö♥❣ ❝ö t❤✉✛ t✐♥❤ ✤➲✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❤â❛ ❧↕✐ t❤➸ t➼❝❤ ✈➔ ❝â ✤ë ❝❤➼♥❤ ①→❝ t❤♦↔ ♠➣♥✳ ✲ ❈→❝ ❧♦↕✐ ♣✐♣❡t✱ ♠✐❝r♦♣✐♣❡t✱ ❜➻♥❤ ✤à♥❤ ♠ù❝✱ ❜➻♥❤ ✤ü♥❣✱ ❝è❝ ✤♦♥❣✱ è♥❣ ✤♦♥❣✱ ♣❤➵✉ ❧å❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✭❈→❝ ❞ư♥❣ ❝ư ✤➲✉ ✤÷đ❝ rû❛ s↕❝❤ ❜➡♥❣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ❍◆❖3 ❀ ❤é♥ ❤ñ♣ rû❛ K2 Cr2 O7 ✈➔ H2 SO4 ✤➦❝ s❛✉ ✤â tr→♥❣ ❧↕✐ ữợ t ♣❍ ✲ ▼❡t❡r ✭❚❖❆ ✲ ◆❤➟t ❇↔♥✮✳ ✲ ❚➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ ♣❤➨♣ ✤♦ ❞á♥❣ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ✤÷đ❝ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ tr➯♥ ♠→② ❝ü❝ ♣❤ê ✤❛ ❝❤ù❝ ♥➠♥❣ ✼✾✼ ❱❆ ❈♦♠♣✉tr❛❝❡ ❞♦ ❤➣♥❣ ▼❡tr♦❤♠ ✭❚❤ö② ❙➽✮ s↔♥ ①✉➜t✳ ✷✳✷✳ ❚❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠✱ ❦➳t q✉↔ ✈➔ ❜➔♥ ❧✉➟♥ ✷✳✷✳✶✳ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ t➻♠ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ tố ữ ũ tố ữ tợ ỗ tớ ỗ ✤➸ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❜➡♥❣ t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤➸ t➻♠ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ❬✶✱✷✱✻ ✈➔ ✼❪ ✈➔ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ①→❝ ỗ tớ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❱♦♥✲❆♠♣❡ ❤♦➔ t❛♥ ❛♥♦t✳ ❛✳ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♠ỉ✐ tr÷í♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ❝❤å♥ ♥➲♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐ tè✐ ÷✉ ❑❤✐ sû ❞ư♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❱♦♥✲❆♠♣❡ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ❛♥♦t ✤➸ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✈➳t ❝→❝ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ❝â tr♦♥❣ ♠➝✉ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ t❤➻ ♥➲♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐ trì ❝â t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ✈✐➺❝ ✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✐♦♥ ✤➳♥ ❜➲ ♠➦t ✤✐➺♥ ❝ü❝ ❝❤➾ ❞♦ ❤✐➺♥ t÷đ♥❣ ❦❤✉➳❝❤ t→♥✳ ▼➦t ởt ữủ ợ t trỡ tr ❞à❝❤ ❦❤æ♥❣ ♥❤ú♥❣ ✤â♥❣ ✈❛✐ trá ❧➔♠ ♥➲♥ ❞➝♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♠➔ ❝á♥ ❧➔ ❝❤➜t ❝❤❡✱ ❧➔ ♠ỉ✐ tr÷í♥❣ ❝❤♦ ❞✉♥❣ t ỗ tớ õ t ♥❤↕② ✈➔ t➼♥❤ ❝❤å♥ ❧å❝ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣✳ ❉♦ ✈➟② ✈✐➺❝ ❧ü❛ ❝❤å♥ ♥➲♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐ ❝➛♥ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ❝→❝ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠✿ t➼♥❤ trì❀ ❝â ✤ë ê♥ ✤à♥❤ ❝❛♦ ✈➲ ✤ë ❞➝♥ ✤✐➺♥❀ ❧ü❝ ✐♦♥ ✈➔ ♣❍✳ ❚r➯♥ ❝ì sð ✤â ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ❦❤↔♦ s→t tr➯♥ ♠ët sè ❧♦↕✐ ♥➲♥ ❧➔✿ ♥➲♥ ❑❈❧✱ ◆❛❈❧✱ ✤➺♠ ✭◆❛❆❝ ✰ ❍❆❝✮✱ ♥➲♥ ✤➺♠ ✭◆❍4 ❆❝ ✰ ❍❆❝✮✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❝❤♦ t❤➜②✿ ❑❤✐ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ỗ ỗ ❝❤✉➞♥ ✈➔ ♣❍ ❝õ❛ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ t❤➻ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ♣✐❝ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ✭■p ✮ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ s➩ ❝❤➾ ♣❤ö t❤✉ë❝ ✈➔♦ ❜↔♥ ❝❤➜t ❝õ❛ ♥➲♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐✿ ❑❈❧ ✵✱✶ ▼❀ ◆❛❈❧ ✵✱✶ ▼❀ ✤➺♠ ✭◆❛❆❝ ✰ ❍❆❝✮ ✵✱✶ ▼❀ ♥➲♥ ✤➺♠ ✭◆❍4 ❆❝ ✰ ❍❆❝✮ ✵✱✶ ▼✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❦❤✐ sû ❞ö♥❣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ✤➺♠ ❧➔ ❤é♥ ❤đ♣ ❝õ❛ ♠ët ❛①✐t ②➳✉ ✈➔ ❜❛③ì ②➳✉✱ ♥â ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ❞✉② tr➻ ♠ỉ✐ tr÷í♥❣ ♣❍ ê♥ ✤à♥❤✿ ❚❤ù ♥❤➜t ❧➔ ❦❤✐ t❤➯♠ ✈➔♦ ❤➺ ♠ët ❧÷đ♥❣ ➼t ❛①✐t ♠↕♥❤ ❤❛② ❜❛③ì ♠↕♥❤ t❤➻ ♣❍ ❝õ❛ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸❀ ❚❤ù ❤❛✐ ❧➔ ❦❤✐ t ỗ t ❧➝♥ ❜❛③ì ✤➲✉ ❣✐↔♠ ♥❤÷ ♥❤❛✉ ❞♦ ✤â ♣❍ ❝ơ♥❣ ➼t ❜à t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ✈➻ ✈➟② ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ ✤÷đ❝ ♥➲♥ ◆❍4 ❆❝ ✰ ❍❆❝ ❧➔♠ ♥➲♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐ trì ỗ tớ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ )✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ❝❤å♥ ♣❍ tè✐ ÷✉ ✷ ▲➜② ❝❤➼♥❤ ①→❝ ✷✱✺ ♠❧ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) ✵✱✷ ♠❣✴❧ ✈➔ ✺ ♠❧ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ✤➺♠ ✭◆❍4 ❆❝ ✰ ❍❆❝✮ ✵✱✶ ▼ ✈➔♦ ❜➻♥❤ ✤à♥❤ ♠ù❝ ✷✺ ữợ t ũ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ◆❍3 ✶✱✵ ▼ ❤♦➦❝ ❍❆❝ ✶✱✵ ▼ ✤➸ tợ st ũ ữợ t ❧➛♥ ✤à♥❤ ♠ù❝ tỵ✐ ✈↕❝❤ ✤à♥❤ ♠ù❝✳ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ✤♦ ❞á♥❣ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ð ✽ ❣✐→ trà ♣❍ ộ rỗ ❧➜② ❦➳t q✉↔ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✭s❛✉ ❦❤✐ ✤➣ ❤✐➺✉ ❝❤➾♥❤ ♥➲♥✮✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ✤÷đ❝ ❣❤✐ ð ❜↔♥❣ ✶✿ ♣❍ ■ ✭♥❆✮ p ❇↔♥❣ ✶✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ✤♦ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ♣❍ tè✐ ÷✉ ❩♥ ❈❞2+ P❜2+ ❈✉2+ 2+ ✷✱✾✸ ✸✱✶ ✷✸✽✱✺ ✾✵✱✺ ✾✾✱✺✺ ✶✹✼✱✺ ✶✾✼✱✺ ✼✵✱✹ ✻✼✱✽✺ ✶✹✾✱✺ ✸✱✻ ✸✾✹ ✶✶✾ ✽✶✱✶✺ ✶✾✷✱✺ ✹✱✵ ✷✽✹ ✼✺ ✹✸ ✶✶✼ ✹✱✺ ✷✾✶ ✾✷✱✾ ✻✵✱✸ ✶✺✹ ✺✱✵ ✸✶✼ ✾✵✱✼ ✹✷✱✽ ✶✸✵ ✺✱✾ ✷✵✼ ✻✺✱✻ ✶✶✱✶ ✺✹✱✾ ✻✱✺ ✷✽✽ ✽✺✱✾ ✷✼✱✷ ✼✶✱✺ ❚r♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ♣❍ ❂ ✷✱✾✸ ✤➳♥ ♣❍ ❂ ✸✱✶ t❤➻ ❣✐→ trà ❞á♥❣ ❤♦➔ t❛♥ ✭■p ✮ ❣✐↔♠ ❞➛♥✳ ❑❤✐ ♣❍ t➠♥❣ tø ✸✱✶ ✤➳♥ ✸✱✻ t❤➻ ❣✐→ trà ■p ❝õ❛ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ♥❣✉②➯♥ tè ✤➲✉ t➠♥❣ ✈➔ ✤↕t ❝ü❝ ✤↕✐ ✭♣❍ ❂ ✸✱✻✮✳ ❑❤✐ ♣❍ t➠♥❣ tø ✸✱✻ ✤➳♥ ✹ t❤➻ ❣✐→ trà ■p ❝õ❛ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ♥❣✉②➯♥ tè ✤➲✉ ❝â ữợ ố s õ ú t t ổ ỗ ũ ủ ❦❤✐ ♣❍ t➠♥❣ ❧➯♥ t❤➻ sü ❤➻♥❤ t❤➔♥❤ ♣❤ù❝ ❤✐❞r♦①♦ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ❝ơ♥❣ t➠♥❣ ❧➯♥ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ t↕♦ ♣❤ù❝ ❝õ❛ ❝❤ó♥❣ ❧➔ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❚r➯♥ ❝ì sð ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ ♣❍ ❂ ✸✱✻ ❝❤♦ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ♣❤➨♣ ✤♦ s❛✉ ♥➔②✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ st ỗ tố ữ st t ỗ ✤ë ♥➲♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ❦❤✐ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❦❤→❝ ✤÷đ❝ ỳ ố trứ ỗ t tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✵✱✵✵✵✹ ▼ ✤➳♥ ✵✱✵✺✵✵ ▼✳ ❈→❝ ❦➳t q✉↔ t❤✉ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ tr➯♥ ❤➻♥❤ ✶✿ ❍➻♥❤ ✶✳ ❙ü tở p ỗ ứ ỗ tr ❝÷í♥❣ ✤ë ❞á♥❣ ❤♦➔ t❛♥ ✭■p ✮ ❝õ❛ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ♥❣✉②➯♥ tè ✤➲✉ t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ê♥ ✤à♥❤✳ ❈❤ù♥❣ tä ❞á♥❣ ✤✐➺♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ❦❤✐ ✤â ❤➛✉ ♥❤÷ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ❝á♥ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ữớ ỏ t ỗ ♥➲♥ ❝❤♦ ♣❤➨♣ ❧➔ tø ✵✱✵✷ ▼ trð ❧➯♥✳ ◆➳✉ ỗ t t ù t ỗ õ ợ ◆❤÷♥❣ ♥➳✉ ✤÷❛ ✈➔♦ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ♠ët ❧÷đ♥❣ ❧ỵ♥ ❝❤➜t ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐ trì ❝â t❤➸ ❣➙② ♥❤✐➵♠ ❜➞♥ ❝❤♦ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤✳ ❱➻ ✈➟② tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ♣❤➨♣ t s ú tổ ỗ ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐ ❧➔ ✵✱✵✹ ▼✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t❤➳ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ ❑❤✐ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ t❤➳ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ q✉➨t t❤➳ tø ✲ ✶✱✺✵ ❱ ✤➳♥ ✲ ✵✱✼✵ ❱ ❦❤✐ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ Pờ ỗ ỏ ỏ t tr ❝→❝ ❦➳t q✉↔ t❤✉ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ tr➯♥ ❤➻♥❤ ✸✿ Pờ ỗ P st ữớ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥ ✸ t❤➳ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ sü ♣❤ö t❤✉ë❝ ■p ✈➔♦ ✕❊✤♣ ❚ø ❦➳t q✉↔ tr➯♥ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ t❤➜② ❦❤✐ ❣✐↔♠ ❞➛♥ t❤➳ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ t❤➻ ■p ✭♥❆✮ t➠♥❣ ❞➛♥ ✈➔ ✤✐ ✤➳♥ ê♥ ✤à♥❤ tø ❊✤♣ r t ỗ tớ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ )✱ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ ❝❤å♥ t❤➳ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ð ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ♥❤ä ❤ì♥ ✲✶✱✷❱✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ ✤➸ tr→♥❤ ❦➳t tõ❛ ❝→❝ t↕♣ ❝❤➜t❀ tr→♥❤ sü ❦❤û ✐♦♥ ❍+ ✈➔ ✤➦❝ ❜✐➺t ✤➸ tr→♥❤ s❛✐ sè ❦❤✐ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✐♦♥ ❩♥2+ ❝â ♠➦t tr♦♥❣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ ❣✐→ trà t❤➳ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ tr♦♥❣ ♣❤➨♣ ỗ tớ ố ✲✶✱✸ ❱✭ ❊✤♣ ❂ ✲✶✱✸ ❱ ✮✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ t÷ì♥❣ tü ♥❤÷ ❝→❝ ♠ư❝ tr➯♥ ✭❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉✮✱ ❦❤→❝ ð ❝❤é ❦❤↔♦ s→t tø ✺ ❣✐➙② ✤➳♥ ✸✵✵ ❣✐➙②✳ ❚ø t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤♦ t❛ t❤➜② ■p ❝õ❛ ❝↔ ✹ ✐♦♥ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) ❤♦➔♥ t♦➔♥ t✉②➳♥ t➼♥❤ t❤❡♦ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥✳ ❚❤ỉ♥❣ t❤÷í♥❣ ✈✐➺❝ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ t❤➸ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ tr♦♥❣ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ q✉→ ❞➔✐ ✈➻ ✈➟② ❝➛♥ ❝❤å♥ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤ị ❤đ♣ ✈ỵ✐ tø♥❣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤✳ ❱ỵ✐ ♥❤ú♥❣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ q✉→ ❧♦➣♥❣ t❤➻ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❝â t❤➸ ❦➨♦ ❞➔✐ ❤ì♥ ♥ú❛✳ ◆❤÷♥❣ ♥➳✉ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ q✉→ ❞➔✐ t❤➻ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ❜à ❦❤✉➳❝❤ t→♥ ✈➔♦ ❜➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ❣✐åt ❍❣ ❧➔♠ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ♣✐❝ ✭■p ✮✳ Ð ✤➙② ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔ ✶✽✵ ❣✐➙② ✤➸ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❦❤→❝ ✈➔ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ♠➝✉ t❤ü❝ t➳ ♣❤ị ❤đ♣✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✉ê✐ ♦①✐ tè✐ ÷✉ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✉ê✐ ♦①✐ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ sö❝ ❦❤➼ ◆2 ❦❤✐ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✈➔ ❝→❝ t❤❛♠ sè ❝❤♦ ♠→② ✤♦ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ð ❝❤é ❦❤↔♦ s→t tø ✵ ❣✐➙② ✤➳♥ ✸✻✵ ❣✐➙②✳ ❚ø ❦➳t q✉↔ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ♦①✐ ❤♦➔ t❛♥ ❝â ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ♣✐❝ ❦❤↔♦ s→t✳ ❚r♦♥❣ tr÷í♥❣ ❤đ♣ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ sư❝ ❦❤➼ ✤✉ê✐ ♦①✐ t❤➻ ♣✐❝ ❝❛♦ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝➙♥ ✤è✐✱ ❝❤➙♥ ♣✐❝ ❧➺❝❤ ❧➯♥ tr➯♥ ❝❛♦ ❞♦ ❝â ❧➝♥ sâ♥❣ ❦❤û ♦①✐✳ ❑❤✐ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ sư❝ ❦❤➼ tr➯♥ ✶✺✵ ❣✐➙② t❤➻ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ♣✐❝ ❞á♥❣ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ê♥ ✤à♥❤✱ ❝➙♥ ✤è✐✳ ❉♦ ✤â ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ q✉②➳t ✤à♥❤ ❝❤å♥ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ sư❝ ❦❤➼ ✤✉ê✐ ♦①✐ ❧➔ ✶✽✵ ❣✐➙② ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ s❛✉ ♥➔②✳ ❜✳ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❦➽ t❤✉➟t ✤♦ tè✐ ÷✉✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣ ❚✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ❣❤✐ ❞á♥❣ ❤á❛ t❛♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ❦❤✐ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ❝❤♦ ♠→② ✤♦ ð ❝→❝ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ✹✳ ❍➻♥❤ ✹✳ ✣÷í♥❣ ❜✐➸✉ ❞✐➵♥ sü ♣❤ư t❤✉ë❝ ■p ✈➔♦ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣ ❑❤✐ t➠♥❣ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣✱ ❣✐→ trà ■p ❝õ❛ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ✐♦♥ ✤➲✉ t➠♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸ ❞♦ ✤â ❧➔♠ t➠♥❣ ✤ë ♥❤↕② ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣✳ ●✐→ trà t❤➳ ✤➾♥❤ ♣✐❝ ✭❊♣✮✱ ❝õ❛ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ✐♦♥ ✤➲✉ ❞à❝❤ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✈➲ ✈ị♥❣ t❤➳ ➙♠ ❤ì♥✳ ❈❤✐➲✉ rë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❝❤➙♥ ♣✐❝ t➠♥❣ ❧➯♥✳ ❚❛ ❝â t❤➸ t❤➜② ❞♦ sü ♠ð rë♥❣ ❝❤➙♥ ♣✐❝ ✈➔ ❊♣ ❞à❝❤ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✈➲ ✈ị♥❣ ➙♠ ❤ì♥ ✭tr♦♥❣ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ ❦❤û t❤➳ ❦❤û ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✈➲ ♣❤➼❛ ❞÷ì♥❣✮ ❞➝♥ ✤➳♥ ❝❤➙♥ ♣✐❝ ❝õ❛ ❈❞2+ ✈➔ P❜2+ ❝â ❤✐➺♥ t÷đ♥❣ ✹ ❣✐❛♦ ♥❤❛✉ ❧➔♠ ✤ë ♣❤➙♥ ❣✐↔✐ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❣✐↔♠ ①✉è♥❣✳ ❚ø ❦➳t q✉↔ ❦❤↔♦ s→t tr➯♥✱ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣ ✤➣ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ ❣✐→ trà ❞✉♥❣ ❤á❛ ❧➔ ✵✱✵✺❱ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ♣❤➨♣ ✤♦ s❛✉ ♥➔②✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤➦t ①✉♥❣ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤➦t ①✉♥❣ tè✐ ÷✉ t÷ì♥❣ tü ♥❤÷ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣✳ ❈→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❣✐ú ❝è ✤à♥❤ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ð ❝❤é t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤➦t ♠ët ①✉♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ t❤✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❦➳t q✉↔ ♥❤÷ s❛✉✿ ❑❤✐ t➠♥❣ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤➦t ♠ët ①✉♥❣ t❤➻ ■p ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❣✐↔♠ ①✉è♥❣❀ t✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ ❦❤✐ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤➦t ①✉♥❣ ♥❤ä t❤➻ ♣✐❝ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❜à ❜✐➳♥ ❞↕♥❣ ✈➔ ✤÷í♥❣ ♥➲♥ ❜à ♥➙♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❧➯♥❀ r✐➯♥❣ ♣✐❝ ❝õ❛ ❈✉2+ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝á♥ ❝➙♥ ✤è✐ ✈➔ ❜✐➳♥ ❞↕♥❣ r➜t ♥❤✐➲✉✳ ✣➸ ✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ✤ë ✤ó♥❣ ✈➔ ✤ë ♥❤↕② ❝õ❛ ♣❤➨♣ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❧ü❛ ❝❤å♥ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤➦t ①✉♥❣ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ♣❤➨♣ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ s❛✉ ♥➔② ❧➔ ✵✱✵✻ ❣✐➙②✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t tè❝ ✤ë q✉➨t t❤➳ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ tè❝ ✤ë q✉➨t t❤➳ tè✐ ÷✉ t÷ì♥❣ tü ♥❤÷ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣ ✈➔ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ð ❝❤é tè❝ ✤ë q✉➨t t❤➳ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❦❤✐ t➠♥❣ tè❝ ✤ë q✉➨t t❤➳ t❤➻ ■p ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) ✤➲✉ t➠♥❣ ❧➯♥✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ ð tè❝ ✤ë q✉➨t ♥❤❛♥❤ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ t❤➜② ✤÷í♥❣ ♥➲♥ ❝õ❛ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝♦♥❣ ❝ü❝ ♣❤ê ❜à ♥➙♥❣ ❧➯♥✱ ♣✐❝ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝➙♥ ✤è✐✳ ❚ø ❦➳t q✉↔ ✤➣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✈➔ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ð tr➯♥ ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ q✉②➳t ✤à♥❤ ❝❤å♥ tè❝ ✤ë q✉➨t t❤➳ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ ♣❤➨♣ ✤♦ s❛✉ ♥➔② ❧➔ ✵✱✵✷ ❱✴❣✐➙②✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t tè❝ ✤ë ❦❤✉➜② ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ tè❝ ✤ë ❦❤✉➜② ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ tè✐ ÷✉ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ t÷ì♥❣ tü ♥❤÷ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣✳ ❈→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❣✐ú ❝è ✤à♥❤ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ð ❝❤é tè❝ ✤ë ❦❤✉➜② ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ t❤✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❦➳t q✉↔ ❧➔ ❦❤✐ t➠♥❣ tè❝ ✤ë ❦❤✉➜② trë♥ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ t❤➻ ■p ❝ò❛ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ✐♦♥ ✤➲✉ t➠♥❣✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ tø tè❝ ✤ë ❦❤✉➜② ≥ ✷✷✵✵ ✈á♥❣✴♣❤ót t❤➻ ■p ❤á❛ t❛♥ ❜✐➳♥ t❤✐➯♥ ❦❤æ♥❣ t❤❡♦ q✉② ❧✉➟t✿ ❈â ■p ❤á❛ t❛♥ ❝õ❛ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ♥➔② t➠♥❣ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❝â ■p ❤á❛ t❛♥ ❝õ❛ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ❦❤→❝ ❧↕✐ ❣✐↔♠✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟② ❝â t❤➸ t❤➜② ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝❤➜t ✤✐➺♥ ❤♦↕t ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤➳♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ü❝ ổ ỗ ❦❤✉➳❝❤ t→♥ ê♥ ✤à♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❝❤➜t ✤✐➺♥ ❤♦↕t ✤➳♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ü❝ ✭✤↔♠ ❜↔♦ ✤ë ❝❤➼♥❤ ①→❝ ❝õ❛ ♣❤➨♣ ✤♦✮✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ tè❝ ✤ë ❦❤✉➜② tè✐ ÷✉ ❧➔ ✷✵✵✵ ✈á♥❣✴♣❤ót✳ st tữợ ồt t ú tổ st t tữợ ồt t tố ữ t÷ì♥❣ tü ♥❤÷ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣✳ ❈→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❣✐ú ❝è ✤à♥❤ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ð ❝❤é ❝ï ❣✐åt t❤✉✛ ♥❣➙♥ tø ✶ ✤➳♥ ✾✳ t q t t tữợ ồt t ♥❣➙♥ t❤➻ ■p ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ✤➲✉ t➠♥❣✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟② sỹ ữ ỗ tr♦♥❣ ❣✐åt t❤✉✛ ♥❣➙♥ ❦❤✐ t➠♥❣ t❤➸ t➼❝❤ ❣✐åt ❝â t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ♠↕♥❤ tỵ✐ ■p s♦ ✈ỵ✐ ✈✐➺❝ t➠♥❣ ❞✐➺♥ t➼❝❤ ❜➲ ♠➦t ❣✐åt t❤✉✛ ♥❣➙♥✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ t❛ ❝â t❤➸ t❤➜② tr➯♥ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝♦♥❣ ❝ü❝ ♣❤ê ð ❝ï ồt ợ ữớ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ trì♥✳ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ ❝ï ❣✐åt ✹ ❧➔ t❤➼❝❤ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤♦ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ t✐➳♣ t❤❡♦✳ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❝➙♥ ❜➡♥❣ ✺ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❝➙♥ ❜➡♥❣ tè✐ ÷✉ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ t÷ì♥❣ tü ♥❤÷ ❦❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣✳ ❈→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❣✐ú ❝è ✤à♥❤ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ð ❝❤é t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❝➙♥ ❜➡♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❦❤✐ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❝➙♥ ❜➡♥❣ ❧➔ tr➯♥ ✶✺ ❣✐➙②✱ ■p ❝õ❛ ❝↔ ❜è♥ ✐♦♥ ✤↕t ✤÷đ❝ ❣✐→ trà ê♥ ✤à♥❤✳ ❱➻ ✈➟② ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝❤å♥ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❝➙♥ ❜➡♥❣ ❧➔ ✶✺ ❣✐➙② ❝❤♦ ❝→❝ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ t✐➳♣ t❤❡♦✳ ❝✳ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ❝õ❛ ♠ët sè ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ỗ tớ st ữ 3+ ú tổ st t ợ ❤↕♥ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ❋❡3+ ❦❤✐ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tố ữ ỏ ỗ 3+ t t q t ỗ 3+ ữ ổ ữ tợ p 2+ P2+ 2+ t ỗ 3+ ỗ ✤ë ❝õ❛ ❩♥2+ t❤➻ ■p ❝õ❛ ❩♥2+ ❜➢t ✤➛✉ ❣✐↔♠ p 2+ ỏ ỗ 3+ ỗ 2+ p 2+ t ỗ 3+ ỡ ỗ 2+ ✱ P❜2+ ✈➔ ❈✉2+ t❤➻ ■p ❝õ❛ ❈❞2+ ❣✐↔♠ ✸✱✹✪✱ ■p ❝õ❛ ❈✉2+ ❣✐↔♠ ✻✱✸✪✳ ❘✐➯♥❣ ■p ❝õ❛ P❜2+ t➠♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✺✱✻✪✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟② ♣❤➨♣ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝❤➾ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ỗ 3+ tr ổ ữủt q ỗ 2+ ữủ 3+ ợ t ọ trữợ ữủ ∗ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ❝õ❛ ▼♥2+ ❑❤↔♦ s→t t➻♠ ợ ữ 2+ ụ tữỡ tỹ ữ tr ✈➔ ❝è ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ♥❤÷♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ộ t ỗ 2+ t q t 2+ ữ ổ ữ tợ p 2+ P2+ 2+ t ỗ 2+ ỗ 2+ t p 2+ t t ỗ 2+ ỡ ỗ 2+ ✱ P❜2+ ✈➔ ❈✉2+ t❤➻ ■p ❝õ❛ ❈❞2+ ✱ P❜2+ ✱ ❈✉2+ ❤➛✉ ♥❤÷ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ t❤❛② ✤ê✐✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟② ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ỵ sỹ õ t 2+ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❈❞2+ ✱ P❜2+ ✈➔ ❈✉2+ ✳ ❈á♥ ❦❤✐ ữủ ỗ tớ ố 2+ 2+ P2+ 2+ t ỗ 2+ ổ ữủt q s ợ ✐♦♥ ❝➛♥ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷đ♥❣✳ ❞✳ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ q✉❛ ỳ ỗ t❤í✐ ❑➳t q✉↔ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ q✉❛ ❧↕✐ ❣✐ú❛ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) õ t ỗ tớ tr t t t ỗ s ợ ỗ ỏ t ■p ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ✤â t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸ ❤❛② ♥â✐ ❝→❝❤ ❦❤→❝ ❝❤ó♥❣ ❤➛✉ ♥❤÷ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ỗ 2+ 2+ ✱ P❜2+ ✱ ❈✉2+ t❤➻ ❈❞2+ ✱ P❜2+ t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸ ❝á♥ ❈✉2+ t➠♥❣ ✶✷✱✸✪ ✭①❡♠ ❜↔♥❣ ✷✮✿ ❇↔♥❣ ✷✿ ❑➳t q✉↔ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❩♥2+ ỏ ỗ ✴ ❈❞ ✴ P❜ ✴ ❈✉ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ ❩♥ ✻ ■ ✭♥❆✮ ❈❞ P❜ p 2+ 2+ 2+ ❈✉ 2+ ✶✿✶✿✶✿✶ ✺✿✶✿✶✿✶ ✷✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✹✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✻✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✽✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✶✵✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✿ ✶ ✶✹✷ ✼✺✾ ✶✶✷✵ ✶✸✸✵ ✶✺✵✵ ✶✻✷✵ ✶✻✸✵ ✺✶✱✾ ✺✹✱✹ ✺✾✱✼ ✺✾✱✶ ✻✵✱✷ ✺✾✱✶ ✺✽✱✺ ✸✻✱✺ ✸✾✱✽ ✹✺✱✻ ✹✶✱✾ ✹✾✱✼ ✹✾✱✾ ✹✻ ỗ ❈❞2+ ❣➜♣ ✶✵✵ ❧➛♥ ❩♥2+ ✱ P❜2+ ✱ ❈✉2+ t❤➻ P❜2+ t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸ ❝á♥ ❈✉2+ ❣✐↔♠ ✶✹✪✱ ❩♥2+ ❣✐↔♠ ✽✪✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥ q✉❛ t➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ t❤❛♠ ❦❤↔♦ ❬✸❀✹❀✺❪✱ q✉❛ ♠➝✉ t❤ü❝ t➳ t❤➻ ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❈❞2+ ❧✉ỉ♥ ọ ỡ ữủ 2+ 2+ ỗ ✤ë P❜2+ ❣➜♣ ✶✵✵ ❧➛♥ ❩♥2+ ✱ ❈❞2+ ✱ ❈✉2+ t❤➻ ❩♥2+ ✱ ❈❞2+ ✈➔ ❈✉2+ t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ỗ 2+ 2+ ❈❞2+ ✱ P❜2+ t❤➻ ❈❞2+ ✈➔ P❜2+ t❤❛② ✤ê✐ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸✱ ❝á♥ ❩♥2+ t➠♥❣ ✶✷✱✻✪✳ ❱➻ ✈➟② ❦❤✐ ✤à♥❤ ữủ ỗ tớ 2+ 2+ P2+ 2+ ✱ t❛ t❤➯♠ ✶ ❧÷đ♥❣ ●❛3+ ✈➔♦ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ✤➸ tr→♥❤ ✤÷đ❝ ❤✐➺♥ t÷đ♥❣ ❦❤✐ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤ó♥❣ ỗ tớ t từ tr t ỹ t ♥➯♥ ♥❤ú♥❣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ r➢♥ ❤♦➦❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t ❣✐❛♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ❬✷❀✻❪✳ ✷✳✷✳✷✳ ✣÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❚r➯♥ ❝ì sð ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ t➻♠ ✤÷đ❝✱ ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ữớ ỗ tớ ỗ ✹ ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) tr ỗ ữ ❈→❝❤ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤✿ P❤❛ ❞➣② ❝→❝ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à♥❤ ❦❤↔♦ s→t õ ỗ ✭◆❍4 ❆❝✰❍❆❝✮ ✵✱✵✹ ♠♦❧✴❧ ð ♣❍ ❂ ✸✱✻✳ ❚❤❛② ✤ê✐ ỗ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✭♥✳✶✵−9 ÷ ♥✳✶✵−7 ✮▼ ✈➔♦ ❜➻♥❤ ự t ữợ t ✈↕❝❤ ✤à♥❤ ♠ù❝✳ ▼é✐ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ✤♦ ❧➦♣ ✸ ❧➛♥ ❧➜② ❦➳t q✉↔ ❞á♥❣ ❤á❛ t❛♥ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♣❤ö t❤✉ë❝ ỗ s tr ❳û ❧➼ t❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ ❩♥2+ ❈❞2+ ✱ P2+ 2+ t ữỡ ỗ q t t ❬✺❪ tr➯♥ ❝❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ❚✉r❜♦✲P❛s❝❛❧ ✭✤➣ ✤÷đ❝ ❧➟♣ tr➻♥❤ s➤♥✮ t ữủ ữỡ tr ỗ q tữỡ ự Ip(Zn2+ ) = (39, 36 ± 1, 21)106 CZn2+ + (321 ± 21) ợ ỗ t t ÷ ✸✻✱✾✷✮✳✶✵−6 ▼✳ Ip(Cd2+ ) = (679, 92 ± 22, 15)106 CCd2+ + (13 2) ỗ ✭■■✮ t✉②➳♥ t➼♥❤ tø ✭✵✱✼✶ ÷ ✶✹✷✱✽✻✮✳✶✵−8 ▼✳ Ip(Cu2+ ) = (456, 16 ± 15, 66)106 CCu2+ + (67 ± 21) ỗ ỗ t t ÷ ✷✺✵✮✳✶✵−8 ▼✳ ✼ Ip(Pb2+ ) = (766, 35 ± 35, 17)106 CPb2+ + (27 14) ỗ ❝❤➻ ✭■■✮ t✉②➳♥ t➼♥❤ ❧➔ ✭✵✱✸✾ ÷ ✼✼✱✷✾✮✳✶✵−8 ▼✱ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ t❤✉ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ tr♦♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ✺✿ ❍➻♥❤ ✺✳ ỹ tở ỏ ỏ t ỗ ✤ë ❝❤➻ ✭■■✮ ð ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✽ ❙❛✉ ✤â ❝❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❦✐➸♠ tr❛ ✤ë ❝❤➼♥❤ ①→❝ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ữớ tr ợ tỹ t ✶✿ ❈Zn2+ ❂ ✸✻✱✾✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈Cd2+ ❂ ✼✱✶✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈P b2+ ❂ ✸✱✾✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈Cu2+ ❂ ✸✼✱✺✳✶✵−8 ▼✳ ✲ ▼➝✉ ✷✿ ❈Zn2+ ❂ ✼✸✱✽✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈Cd2+ ❂ ✶✹✱✸✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈P b2+ ❂ ✶✺✱✺✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈Cu2+ ❂ ✺✵✳✶✵−8 ▼✳ ✲ ▼➝✉ ✸✿ ❈Zn2+ ❂ ✷✵✵✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈Cd2+ ❂ ✽✺✱✼✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈P b2+ ❂ ✸✵✱✾✳✶✵−8 ▼❀ ❈Cu2+ ❂ ✶✺✵✳✶✵−8 ▼✳ ❈→❝ ❦➳t q✉↔ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✤÷đ❝ ❣❤✐ tr♦♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ ✸✿ ❇↔♥❣ ✸✳ t q ỗ tr t ữớ s ợ ữủ ✈➔♦ ❩♥ ✳✭✶✵ ▼✮ ❈❞ ✳✭✶✵ ▼✮ P❜ ✳✭✶✵ ▼✮ ❈✉ ✳✭✶✵ ▼✮ ❈❤♦ ❳→❝ ✈➔♦ ✤à♥❤ ✸✺✱✺ ✸✻✱✾ ± ✶✱✼ ✼✷✱✸ ✼✸✱✽ ± ✸✱✶ ✷✵✷✱✾ ✷✵✵ ± ✶✵✱✶ ❈❤♦ ❳→❝ ✈➔♦ ✤à♥❤ ✼✱✸ ± ✼✱✶ ✵✱✸ ✶✹✱✵ ✶✹✱✸ ± ✵✱✺ ✽✹✱✼ ✽✺✱✼ ± ✷✱✾ ❈❤♦ ❳→❝ ✈➔♦ ✤à♥❤ ✸✽✱✺ ✸✼✱✺ ± ✶✱✷ ✹✾✱✷ ✺✵✱✵ ± ✶✱✺ ✶✺✱✾ ✶✺✵✱✵ ± ✹✱✽ 2+ ▼➝✉ ✶ ✷ ✸ q✪∗ ✸✱✽ ✷✱✶ ✶✱✺ 2+ 2+ q✪ ✷✱✽ ✷✱✵ ✶✱✶ ❈❤♦ ❳→❝ q✪ ✈➔♦ ✤à♥❤ ✸✱✽ ± ✸✱✾ ✷✱✻ ✵✱✶ ✶✺✱✽ ✶✺✱✺ ± ✶✱✾ ✵✱✺ ✸✵✱✻ ✸✵✱✾ ± ✵✱✾✼ ✵✱✾ 2+ q✪ ✷✱✼ ✶✱✻ ✶✱✷ ❚r♦♥❣ ✤â q✪✯ ❧➔ s❛✐ sè t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ❣✐ú❛ ❧➼ t❤✉②➳t ✭❝❤♦ ✈➔♦✮ ✈➔ t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✭①→❝ ✤à♥❤ t❤❡♦ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥✮✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ t❤✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤♦ s❛✐ sè t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ♥❤ä ✭❁ ✺✪✮✱ ♥➡♠ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝❤♦ ♣❤➨♣ ❝õ❛ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✈➳t✳ ❙ü s❛✐ sè ❣✐ú❛ ❧➼ t❤✉②➳t ✈➔ t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤➾ ❧➔ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥✳ ✣➦❝ ❜✐➺t ❦❤✐ sû ❞ö♥❣ ❤➺ ✤➺♠ ♥➔② ①→❝ õ ỗ tớ ỗ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ ❜à ♠➜t✱ ♠➢❝ s❛✐ sè ♥❤ä ❤ì♥ ✹✪✳ ❱➟② ❝â t❤➸ sû ❞ư♥❣ ❝→❝ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ tr➯♥ ✤➸ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝→❝ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ♥➦♥❣ ✭❦➩♠✱ ỗ tr ữợ t ❧✉➟♥ ✲ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ✤➣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ t➻♠ ✤÷đ❝✿ ❞✉♥❣ õ ỗ ♥➲♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❧✐ ❧➔ ✵✱✵✹ ♠♦❧ ✈ỵ✐ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ü❝ ❧➔♠ ✈✐➺❝ ❍▼❉❊ ✭✤✐➺♥ ❝ü❝ ❣✐åt t❤õ② ♥❣➙♥ tr❡♦✮❀ ❝❤➳ ✤ë P tữợ ồt tố ✈á♥❣✴♣❤ót❀ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤✉ê✐ ỉ①✐ ✶✽✵ ❣✐➙②❀ t❤➳ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ ✲✶✱✸❱❀ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❧➔♠ ❣✐➔✉ ✶✽✵ ❣✐➙②❀ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ❝➙♥ ❜➡♥❣ ✶✺ ❣✐➙②❀ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ë ①✉♥❣ ✵✱✵✺ ❱❀ t❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ ✤➦t ①✉♥❣ ✵✱✵✹ ❣✐➙②❀ tè❝ ✤ë q✉➨t t❤➳ ✵✱✵✷ ❱✴❣✐➙②❀ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ q✉➨t t❤➳ ✭✲✶✱✸ ÷ ✵✱✷✮ ❱ s➩ ❜à ♠➜t ❦➩♠ ✭■■✮ ❦❤æ♥❣ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸ tr♦♥❣ q✉→ tr➻♥❤ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ✈➔ s❛✐ sè ♠➢❝ ♣❤↔✐ ð tr♦♥❣ ❣✐ỵ✐ ❤↕♥ ❝❤♦ ♣❤➨♣✳ ✲ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ❝ơ♥❣ ✤➣ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ữủ ữớ ỗ tớ ỗ ✤ë ❝õ❛ ✹ ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ (Zn2+ , Cd2+ , Pb2+ , Cu2+ ) tr ỗ ữ ♥✳✶✵−7 ✮✳ ✲ ❈❤ó♥❣ tỉ✐ ✤➣ ❦✐➸♠ tr❛ ✹ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ①➙② ❞ü♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ t❤ỉ♥❣ q✉❛ ✈✐➺❝ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ✤ë ❝❤➼♥❤ ①→❝ ❝→❝ ❦➳t q✉↔ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ♠➝✉ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ ❤➣♥❣ ▼❡tr♦❤♠ ✲ ❚❤ö② s➽✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② s❛✐ sè t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ♥❤ä ✭❁ ✺ ✪✮ ♥➡♠ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝❤♦ ♣❤➨♣ ❝õ❛ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✈➳t✳ ❙ü s❛✐ sè ❣✐ú❛ ❧➼ t❤✉②➳t ✈➔ t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤➾ ❧➔ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥✳ ❱➟② ❝â t❤➸ sû ❞ư♥❣ ❝→❝ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ tr ỗ tớ ữủ ỗ tr ữợ ▲➯ ◗✉è❝ ❍ò♥❣✱ ❚ø ❱å♥❣ ◆❣❤✐✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✤♦ ữủ ỗ t t tr ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❱♦♥✲❆♠♣❡ ❤á❛ t❛♥✳ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ❍â❛ ❤å❝✱ ✸✶✭✸✮✱ tr✳ ✷✶✲✷✸✳ ❬✷❪ ❚ø ❱å♥❣ ◆❣❤✐✱ ❚r➛♥ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ ❍✉②➳♥✱ P❤↕♠ ▲✉➟♥✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ▼ët sè ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ✤✐➺♥ ❤â❛ ❤✐➺♥ ✤↕✐✳ ❈❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ❤đ♣ t→❝ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ❦➽ t❤✉➟t ❱✐➺t ◆❛♠ ✲ ❍➔ ▲❛♥✳ ❬✸❪ ❉÷ì♥❣ ◗✉❛♥❣ P❤ị♥❣✱ ❱ơ ❱➠♥ ❚✐➳♥✱ ❚r➛♥ ▼✐♥❤ ❚❤à♥❤✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ q✉✐ tr➻♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤✱ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ✤ë❝ tè ✐♦♥ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ♥➦♥❣ ✭❈❞2+ ✱ P❜2+ ✱ ❈✉2+ ✮✱ ❝→❝ ✐♦♥ ❞✐♥❤ ❞÷ï♥❣ (NH4+ , NO2− , NO3− , PO4− tr ữợ ỗ ổ q ❍➔ ◆ë✐ ✈➔ ✤➲ ①✉➜t ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ①û ❧➼ s✐♥❤ ❤å❝ ✈➔ ❤â❛ ❤å❝✳ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ❍â❛✱ ▲➼ ✈➔ ❙✐♥❤ ❤å❝✱ ❚✲✶✷✱ sè ✶✱ tr✳ ✽✲✶✺✳ ❬✹❪ ❉÷ì♥❣ ◗✉❛♥❣ P❤ị♥❣✱ ❱ơ ❱➠♥ ❚✐➳♥✱ ❍♦➔♥❣ ❱➠♥ ❚❤✐➲✉✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ tè✐ ÷✉ ✤➸ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❤➔♠ ữủ ỗ tr ữợ ổ ỗ ❚➙② ✕ ❍➔ ◆ë✐ ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ✈♦♥ ✕ ❛♠♣❡ ❤♦➔ t❛♥✳ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝✱ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❙÷ ♣❤↕♠ ❍➔ ◆ë✐✱ sè ✹✱ tr✳ ✽✵ ✲ ✽✻✳ ✶✵ ❬✺❪ ❚↕ t❤à ❚❤↔♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❇➔✐ ❣✐↔♥❣ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ✤➲ t❤è♥❣ ❦➯ tr♦♥❣ ❤â❛ ♣❤➙♥ t➼❝❤✳ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝ tü ♥❤✐➯♥ ✲ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◗✉è❝ ❣✐❛ ❍➔ ◆ë✐✳ ❬✻❪ ❆✳ ❆❧✐ ❊♥s❛❢✐✱ ❚✳ ❑❤❛②❛♠✐❛♥✱ ❆✳ ❇❡♥✈✐❞✐ ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ▼✐r♠♦♠t❛③✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❙✐✲ ♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈♦♣♣❡r✱ ▲❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❈❛❞♠✐✉♠ ❜② ❈❛t❤♦❞✐❝ ❆❞s♦r♣t✐✈❡ ❙tr✐♣♣✐♥❣ ❱♦❧t❛♠♠❡tr② ❯s✐♥❣ ❆rt✐❢✐❝✐❛❧ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛✳ ❈❤✐♠✐❝❛✳ ❆❝t❛✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✺✻✶✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✷✺✲✷✸✷✳ ❬✼❪ ●✳ ●✐❧❧❛✐♥✱ ❏✳ ❘✉t❛❣❡♥❣✇❛✱ ✶✾✽✺✳ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❩♥✱ ❈❞✱ P❜✱ ❈✉✱ ❙❜ ❛♥❞ ❇✐ ✐♥ ▼✐❧❦ ❜② ❉✐❢❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ P✉❧s❡ ❆♥♦❞✐❝ ❙tr✐♣♣✐♥❣ ❱♦❧t❛♠♠❡tr② ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t✇♦ ✐♥❞✐♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♠✐♥❡r❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✶✸✭✶✵✮✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✼✶✲ ✹✼✸✳ ❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚ ❙t✉❞② t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦✉r ❤❡❛✈② ♠❡t❛❧❧✐❝ ✐♦♥s ✭❩♥ ✱ ❈❞ ✱ P❜ ✱ ❈✉ ✮ ❜② ❛♥♦❞✐❝ str✐♣♣✐♥❣ ✈♦❧t❛♠♠❡tr② 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ ❚❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✉♠ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛r❡✿ t❤❡ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❝ ❛❝❡t❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❡t✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ✭♣❍❂✸✱✻✮ ❛s t❤❡ ❜✉❢❢❡r❀ t❤❡ ✵✳✵✹ ♠♦❧✴▲ ❡❧❡❝tr♦❧②t✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡❀ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❍▼❉❊ ❛s t❤❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝tr♦❞❡❀ ❉P ♠♦❞❡❀ ❞r♦♣ s✐③❡ ✹❀ st✐rr✐♥❣ s♣❡❡❞ ✷✵✵✵ r♣♠❀ ♣✉r❣✐♥❣ ❞✐ss♦❧✈❡❞ ♦①②❣❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❢♦r ✶✽✵ s❡❝♦♥❞s❀ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✶✳✸❱❀ ❞❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✶✽✵ s❀ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✶✺ s❀ ♣✉❧s❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ✺✵ ♠❱❀ ♣✉❧s❡ t✐♠❡ ✵✳✵✹ s❀ s✇❡❡♣ r❛t❡ ✵✳✵✷ ❱✳s−1 ❀ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ r❛♥❣❡ ✭✲✶✳✸ ÷ ✵✳✷✮ ❱✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉r ❧✐♥❡❛r r❛♥❣❡s ♦❢ ❢♦✉r ✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ❢r♦♠ ✶✵−9 t♦ ✶✵−7 ♠♦❧✴▲ ✇✐t❤ s♠❛❧❧ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❡rr♦rs ✭❁ ✺ ✪✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ❡rr♦rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇❡r❡ r❛♥❞♦♠✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❢♦✉r ❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭❩♥2+ ✱ ❈❞2+ ✱ P❜2+ ❛♥❞ ❈✉2+ ✮ ✶✶

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