Nâng cao hiệu quả kinh doanh xuất nhập khẩu của các doanh nghiệp trên địa bàn tỉnh hà giang TT TIENG ANH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY HOANG CU IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF BUSINESS EXPORT IMPORT OF BUSINESSES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS Field of study: Business management Code: 9.34.01.01 SUPERVISORS Prof., Ph.D VU VAN HOA Assoc Prof., Ph.D NGUYEN HUY THINH HA NOI – 2021 WORK WAS COMPLETED IN: HANOI UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY SUPERVISORS: Prof., Ph.D VU VAN HOA Assoc Prof., Ph.D NGUYEN HUY THINH Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis shall be defended in front of the Thesis Committee at Hanoi University of Business and Technology At: …… Day …… Month …… Year 2021 The thesis can be found at: - National Library - Library of Hanoi University of Business and Technology PREAMBLE THE NECESSITY OF THE THESIS Ha Giang is a mountainous province in the northern border of Vietnam, 320 km from Hanoi capital, with a 277,556 km long border border with China, with a natural area of over 7,800 km2; population is about 900 thousand people, including 19 ethnic groups, mainly Mong, Tay and Dao The terrain is mainly rocky, which is a strategic area that is particularly important in terms of economy - society, defense - security and foreign affairs of the whole country Ha Giang also has many potential comparative advantages for development As the location of the northern "gateway" of the country, there are national highways passing through, bordering with China The management area includes 11 districts, including 07 border districts, and 34 border communes and towns; adjacent to the districts of Ma Quan, Ma Ly Pho, Phu Ninh (Van Nam, China) and part of Na Po district (Guangxi, China) Ha Giang also has Thanh Thuy international border gate as the "first point" leading to the following provinces such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh 01 bilateral border gate, 02 auxiliary border gates, 11 border gates The developed border gate system is a favorable condition for the import of developed goods Practices in Ha Giang in recent years show that border gate economic activities have been increasing in recent times and have been prioritized for development by local authorities Currently, out of a total of 998 operating enterprises, Ha Giang has only 178 enterprises and private traders engaged in import and export activities, of which 64 are regularly operating enterprises and traders (53 enterprises and traders) 11 private traders) The activities of import-export enterprises have also contributed to Ha Giang's GDP growth over the past two decades, contributing to the promotion of production development, especially the enrichment of agricultural products As a result, the import-export enterprises of Ha Giang are mainly small enterprises, operating irregularly; taxable import and export goods account for a small proportion of the total number of import and export goods; State budget revenue from import-export goods is not stable, the main source of revenue is imported machinery and equipment to create fixed assets… Thus, with the limitations of resources for development as mentioned above, business Ha Giang import-export industry will face difficulties in performing the role of "bridge", "transshipment" of import-export goods and services in order to take full advantage of its geographical position near the large Chinese market From the approach and assessment of the above situation, the author chooses the research topic: "Improving the efficiency of import-export activities of enterprises in Ha Giang province" as the topic of his doctoral thesis me OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION OF RESEARCH IN THE HOME AND OUTSIDE 2.1 Import-Export business theories The system of trade theory is an important theoretical basis for explaining the formation of commercial activities in the world including the theory of Adam Smith with the theory of "Absolute advantage", David Ricardo and Mill with the theory of "Absolute advantage" theory of “Comparative Advantage”, Heckscher-Ohlin, P Krugman (1980) with “New Trade Theory”, Helpman and P Krugman (1985) with “Integration Theory” and Michael Porter with “Diamond Models” 2.2 Theoretical foundations of business efficiency 2.2.1 Overseas research projects The first group: studies on the importance and necessity of business efficiency analysis and business efficiency evaluation criteria Research works by Robert Kaplan, Harvard University accounting professor and David Norton, on the strategic business efficiency evaluation system by the Balanced Scorecard Related studies include: - Book: “The balanced scorecard: Translating strategy into action” published by Harvard University Press in 1996 In this book, the author presented the measurement system Balanced scorecard including financial criteria and nonfinancial, related to each other in terms of cause and effect to translate strategy into specific operational goals in terms of financial, customer, internal business processes, awareness and growth The book focuses on industry research such as banking, oil, insurance and retail - Article: "The balanced scorecard - measures that drive performance" in Harvard Business Review, January and February 1992 (pp 71 - 79) The author has developed the "Balanced Scorecard", a new performance measurement system for businesses The author has built a system of indicators in which indicators reflect factors affecting the success of the strategy, including: staff quality, internal business processes, customer satisfaction … The topic "Integrated performance measurement systems: A development guide" by Bititci, Carrie, McDevitt (1997) The research has clearly shown the importance of business activities and the system of criteria for evaluating business efficiency of enterprises On the basis of the experience of previous studies in other countries, the author makes a proposal to build a system of criteria to evaluate business efficiency according to the model of linking business efficiency evaluation criteria in different aspects in the business process business of that enterprise The second group, the research works on business efficiency for enterprises operating in each industry, each specific field: Research by Singh and Raymond (2002) in the article "Analysis of financial ratios commonly used by US lodging financial executives" has shown the importance of business efficiency analysis criteria of enterprises, especially those that reflect efficiency of asset use, efficiency of operation management and indicators of profitability Performance and profitability ratios are the most important ratios for managers Research by Fang-Mei Tseng, Yu-Jing Chiu, Ja-Shen Chen (2007): "Measuring business efficiency in the high-tech manufacturing industry: A case study of Taiwan's large-sized TFT-LCD panel companies" The study identified a new set of financial and non-financial efficiency indicators that can be used by high-tech manufacturing companies and developed a business efficiency evaluation model The study also pointed out important factors when assessing business efficiency of enterprises, which are: financial efficiency, competitive efficiency, production capacity, innovation capacity and supply chain relationship From the point of view of evaluating business efficiency in Logistics enterprises, Yuen, Sheung Man (2006) "Performance measurement and management of third party logistics : an organizational theory approach", Thesis (Ph.D.) - Hong Kong Baptist University Business efficiency of logistics service providers is reflected in criteria: (i) Financial efficiency and market share; (ii) Productivity; (iii) Turnaround time; (iv) Customer service (v) Reputation and reputation The results of practical research with 742 questionnaires show that the important factors affecting the business efficiency of logistics enterprises are service quality, organizational efficiency and customer relations Zou et al (1998) to evaluate export efficiency, the author proposes a scale (EXPERF scale) including three aspects: financial (export profit, export sales and export sales growth) ), strategy (export's contribution to firm's competitiveness, strategic position and market share), and stakeholder satisfaction Research by Jorge Carneiro, Angela da Rocha, Jorge Ferreira da Silva (2007): “A Critical Analysis of Measurement Models of Export Performance” is a review of empirical studies on export efficiency for the period 1999-2004, have shown that there are flaws in the conceptualization and structure of performance Coelli, T., Rao, D., O'Donnell, C and Battese, G (2005) “An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis”, 2nd edition, Publishing House Springer & Science According to the author, the efficiency of enterprises consists of two parts: technical efficiency and allocative efficiency Technological efficiency represents the ability of a firm to achieve maximum output with a given input level Allocative efficiency represents the ability of a firm to use inputs at the most reasonable ratio for output and corresponding costs Combining the two factors of technological efficiency and distribution efficiency creates overall economic efficiency 2.2.2 Domestic research projects The first group, the studies on the theoretical basis of business efficiency and the system of criteria for analyzing business efficiency of enterprises in general Nguyen Trong Co, Nghiem Thi Tha (2017), Textbook of corporate financial analysis, Financial Publishing House The financial analysis textbook is approached according to the requirements of financial management in two areas: macrofinancial analysis and micro-financial analysis Financial analysis provides information to help managers have the necessary basis to make decisions on financial management and operations in a timely and effective manner Pham Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Lan Anh (2018), Financial report analysis, forecast and valuation, National Economics University Publishing House Chapter 8: Analyzing business efficiency Nguyen Nang Phuc, Nghiem Van Loi, Nguyen Ngoc Quang (2006) with the work "Financial analysis of joint stock companies" presented their views on the system of financial analysis indicators in general in joint-stock companies The indicator system also stops at the most basic financial indicators to help evaluate and analyze the efficiency of using assets, capital resources, etc The second group, the studies use the theoretical basis and the system of indicators to evaluate business efficiency for enterprises in a particular industry or field Doctoral thesis of author Do Huyen Trang (2012): "Complete analysis of business efficiency in export wood processing enterprises in the South Central region" The author concludes that improving business efficiency is always associated with the implementation of social goals The author gives groups of criteria to evaluate the business efficiency of enterprises: efficiency in using costs or inputs, turnover rate of costs or inputs, profitability of enterprises costs or inputs Especially in the topic, the author has proposed a number of indicators to evaluate social efficiency such as the ability to provide jobs, contribute to the state budget However, when giving the perfect solution, the author has not analyzed the indicators to measure and evaluate social effectiveness Doctoral thesis of author Le Cong Hoi (2017): "Business efficiency of logistics enterprises in the North Central provinces" Logistics enterprises are a specific type of business Because logistics activities are a series of activities from input to output of products, the business efficiency of logistics enterprises is not only considered within the enterprise but also takes into account the business efficiency of partners, including including partners in the supply chain and enterprises using logistics services From the above point of view, the author chooses an efficiency evaluation model based on two groups of criteria: i Business efficiency within logistics enterprises (ROA, ROE, ROS, ROC, Average labor productivity, Average income of employees); ii Effective spillover to enterprises using Logistics services and to socio-economic development (Impact of Logistics on business efficiency, on the rational use of resources, on business efficiency criteria of enterprises, the impact of logistics services on local socio-economic development) The common point of the above-mentioned dissertations is that they have applied their knowledge of business efficiency evaluation models in the world and applied them to specific business objects to choose a suitable business efficiency evaluation model fit However, most of the studies focus on perfecting the efficiency evaluation criteria model, rather than going into the analysis to find out the factors that directly affect the business efficiency of enterprises in the industry and field specific area The third group: research works related to import and export topics Doctoral thesis of author Nguyen Van Hoi (2014): "Vietnam's competitive advantage in exporting goods through Vietnam-China border gates" The author analyzes the factors affecting Vietnam's competitive advantage in exporting goods through Vietnam - China border gates, including: border gate conditions, Chinese market demand conditions, trade support services at the border gate, the competitive environment of traders, the Vietnamese government and China's policy mechanisms, etc The ministerial-level scientific project "Research and propose some solutions to promote the export of goods from Vietnam to China" was chaired by the Department of Mountain Trade - Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2009 In which , only focus on research on the small-scale export of Vietnamese goods across the land border to China, not to mention the import and export of goods across the border in general between Vietnam and China Doctoral thesis: "Impact of import and export of goods on Vietnam's economic growth", by Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy at the National Economics University: Based on an overview of empirical studies in the world to point out emerging problems and to choose an empirical research model on the impact of commodity exports on economic growth, applied to the specific case of Vietnam The thesis shows that the quality of export goods, including the structure of exported goods, is an important factor affecting economic growth From the research results, the thesis proposes a number of solutions to promote the export of goods, increase in quantity and improve in quality, towards sustainable export Doctoral thesis: "Policies to promote the export of goods to the EU market in terms of joining the WTO" by Nguyen Thi Thuy Hong at the National Economics University in 2014: researched on policies to promote exports of Vietnamese goods to the EU in the context of increased trade liberalization The study has also reinforced the assessment of the importance of proactive domestic raw materials to improve export efficiency and will be considered and included in the set of efficiency evaluation criteria Doctoral thesis in Economics: "Renovating the structure of import and export goods in trade relations with China to limit the trade deficit" by author Nguyen Thi Nhat Thu at Foreign Trade University in 2018: pointed out that the trade deficit between Vietnam and China is mainly caused by the structure of imports and exports between the two countries The thesis proposes some solutions to renovate the import-export structure, thereby limiting Vietnam's trade deficit with China in the long run (until 2030) The research orientation of the topic will mainly focus on the economic efficiency of the import-export businesses themselves, which is the decisive factor to the growth of local imports and exports 2.3 The research gap and the content of the thesis focus on solving In order to facilitate and have a clear direction for the research, the author describes the above-mentioned research issues through the following summary table: Diagram 1: Overview of the analysis problem model Economical ly Import and export business efficiency Socially In terms of the environmen t - Turnover, growth rate - Diverse import and export products - Contribution and GDP - Increase added value for domestic goods - Positive local economic restructuring Impact factors (Integration process, policy mechanisms, - Increase employment infrastructure - No influence, crowding, negative impact on other capacity, natural industries conditions, world market, human resources, … - Maintain environmental stability - Improve access to international environmental standards - Enhance access to international standards for goods quality (Source: Dao Thanh Huong (2018)1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND TASKS The research objective of the thesis is to focus on proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of import and export business of enterprises in Ha Giang province SUBJECTS AND SCOPE OF RESEARCH 4.1 Research subjects The research object of the thesis is the efficiency of import and export business of enterprises in Ha Giang province 4.2 Research scope - Research space: to study the actual status of import-export business efficiency of enterprises in Ha Giang province (enterprises producing import and export goods, enterprises dealing in import and export goods, enterprises in the area of Ha Giang province) both production and import-export business, import-export service enterprises) - Research period: Secondary data used to carry out the thesis was collected during the period from 2015-2019 Research question: What are the major issues that need to be focused on in the coming period and orientation for import and export of goods? What are the main solutions to improve the import and export efficiency of enterprises in Ha Giang province? RESEARCH METHODS 5.1 Research approach The thesis uses the approach to state governance, that is to consider the efficiency of import and export activities of enterprises in the overall economic development of Ha Giang, in comparison with the development of other industries other economic activities of the province and compare with import and export activities of localities in the region 5.2 Research Methods 5.2.1 Methodology - Methods of dialectical materialism and historical materialism of MarxismLeninism - Approach from theory to practice - Approach to systematic research 5.2.1 Research Methods - Qualitative research methods - Method of comparison over time, method of ratio - Descriptive statistics method SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEANINGS OF THESIS THEME 6.1 Academically Systematize basic issues such as: (i) general theory, (ii) evaluation criteria, (iii) influencing factors, (iv) pointing out lessons learned on improving efficiency import and export business of enterprises in the area Therefore, the research results will have certain contributions and complete the theoretical framework on improving the efficiency of import and export business of enterprises in a province 6.2 In terms of practicality - The thesis has drawn lessons from local experiences - Actual situation of import-export business efficiency of enterprises in Ha Giang province - Proposing a system of solutions to improve the efficiency of import and export business - This is also the first study conducted on the efficiency of import and export business in Ha Giang CONCLUSION OF THESIS In addition to the introduction, conclusion, table of contents, list and abbreviations, list of tables, figures, references, the thesis is organized in chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Basic theory of import-export business efficiency and importexport business enterprises Chapter 2: Actual situation of import-export business efficiency of enterprises in Ha Giang province Chapter 3: Solutions to improve import-export business efficiency of enterprises in Ha Giang province CHAPTER 1: BASIC THEORY ON EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS AND IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS ENTERPRISES 1.1 IMPORT-EXPORT ENTERPRISE BUSINESS AND IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS 1.1.1 Nature of import and export business Import-export business is the exchange of goods on the basis of international division of labor, production specialization and the balance of supply and demand of the economy, countries will improve their economic efficiency 1.1.2 Characteristics of import-export business and import-export business enterprises 1.1.2.1 Features of import and export business * Import * Export 1.1.2.2 Characteristics of an import-export business enterprise 1.1.4 The role of import and export business enterprises 1.1.3.1 Importance of exports to the economy a Exports create capital for imports to serve the country's industrialization b Export contributes to economic restructuring and promotes production development First, export creates favorable conditions for other industries to have favorable development opportunities Second, export creates the possibility to expand the consumption market Third, exports facilitate the expansion of input supply for production Fourth, export creates economic and technical premise to improve and enhance domestic production capacity Fifth, through the export of domestic goods, they will participate in the competition on the world market in terms of price and quality Sixth, exporting also requires businesses to always innovate and perfect their business management c Exports have a positive impact on creating jobs and improving people's lives d Export is to expand and promote foreign economic relations * The role of exports for businesses 1.1.3.2 The role of import activity First, imports will speed up the process of building material and technical foundations, transforming the economic structure in the direction of promoting the country's industrialization and modernization Second, imports will promptly supplement the imbalanced aspects of the economy, ensure a balanced and stable development, exploit to the fullest extent the potential and capacity of the economy in the cycle economy Third, imports ensure inputs for production, create stable jobs for workers, and contribute to improving and raising people's living standards Fourth, import plays an active role in promoting exports, contributing to improving the quality of export production, creating a favorable environment for the export of Vietnamese goods to foreign countries, especially to importing countries From the above, we can see that import and export activities have had the following positive roles: First, import and export is an active form of exchange Second, import-export business occupies an important position in social reproduction On the other hand, diversify or increase the level of use value for the national economy and at the same time increase national income Moreover, import-export will bring into full play the creative dynamism of people, organizations, industries and localities in society It meets the growing demand, and it is the diversity of production and consumption that will overcome the lack of supply and demand for goods In addition, import-export activities also create competition between domestic and imported goods Thus, import-export business plays an important role in the economic development of each country, bringing into play the strengths of each country and the strength of the whole world economy with the world economy 1.2 NEED AND ROLE OF ENHANCEDING THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORTEXPORT BUSINESS 1.2.1 1.2.1 Concept of import-export business efficiency The efficiency of goods import and export business of enterprises is a set of economic, social and environmental criteria, thereby reflecting the aggregate Inside: + Type of limited liability company with import-export activities: accounting for 35% + Joint stock companies operating in the field of import and export: 5% + Other types of companies: 60% 2.2.2.3 Size of capital of import-export enterprises Biểu đồ 2.6: Classification of surveyed import-export enterprises by size (Unit: %) 15.00% 40.00% 45.00% DN vừa DN nhỏ DN siêu nhỏ (Source: Ha Giang province statistical report from year 2015 - 2019) 'Medium' enterprises operating in the field of import and export accounted for: 45% 'Small' enterprises operating in the field of import and export accounted for: 15% 'Micro-enterprises' operating in the field of import and export accounted for: 40% 2.3 THE SITUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS OF ENTERPRISES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE 2.3.1 Economic efficiency analysis 2.3.1.1 Import-export turnover and growth rate of import-export turnover Bảng 2.4: Total value of imported and exported goods in Ha Giang province by type (Unit: million USD, %) Year TT 2016 2017 2018 2019 BQ Criteria Total value of imported and exported goods 1.593,1 4.157 576,2 588,3 (million dollars) 100 100 100 100 Proportion (%) 639,5 160,9 -86,1 2,1 179,1 1.1 Growth (%) 399,3 368,3 200,7 342,5 Value of exported goods (millions of USD) 25,1 8,9 34,8 58,2 31,7 Proportion (%) 232,9 -7,8 -45,5 70,7 62,6 1.2 Growth (%) 54,0 146,2 132,9 175,5 Value of imported goods (millions of USD) 3,4 3,5 23,1 29,8 14,9 Proportion (%) -43,4 170,7 -9,1 32,0 37,6 1.3 Growth (%) 1139,8 3642,5 242,5 70,3 Other types: Temporary import for re-export, Border gate transfer, Processing, tax exemption 71,5 87,6 42,1 11,9 55,8 (million USD) Proportion (%) 219,6 -93,3 -71,0 18,4 (Source: Report Source: Customs Summary Report of Ha Giang Province, Cao Bang, Lang Son from 2015 to 2019) The total value of goods imported and exported through Ha Giang border gate in the period 2015 - 2019 fluctuated greatly Specifically, the total value of imports 15 and exports in 2017 increased sharply, reaching $4,157 million, then fell sharply in 2018 to $576.15 million and $588.3 million in 2019 Regarding the structure of the total value of imports and exports: exports accounted for a higher proportion of imports, and other types of import and export decreased the proportion from 71.5% in 2015 to 11.9% in 2019 Chart 2.7: Import and export turnover of Ha Giang Compare with Northern Mountain Provinces (Unit: million USD) Cao Hà Giang Lào Cai Lạng Sơn 6000 5000 4157 4000 3000 1593 2000 1000 166 01 01 01 576 588 01 01 (Data source: Report summarizing the work of the Customs Department of Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lao Cai and Lang Son provinces in the period 2015-2019) Overall, Ha Giang's import-export turnover is only higher than Cao Bang's, although there was a breakthrough in 2017, the average import-export turnover is still lower than Lang Son and Lao Cai 2.3.1.2 Import and export structure * Structure of import and export by product Table 2.5: Some main export items of Ha Giang No Exports Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 Ore of all kinds Ton 22.194 25.966,2 1.944,5 3.367,6 All kinds of tea Ton 1.655,8 4.413,7 1.074,8 1.018,7 Peeled chipboard Ton 3.741,4 10.369 31.415,7 61.274,1 Beds cabinets The 828 Sliced dried cassava Ton 130 9.427 67.254,6 39.089 (Source: compiled from the report "Ha Giang Economic Strategy Action Program for the period of 2017-2020, with a vision to 2030" of the People's Committee of Ha Giang Province and website: hagiang.gov.vn) Ha Giang's main export products are: Ore, Tea of all kinds, Peeled Boards, Furniture, Handicrafts, Sliced Dried Cassava, mainly natural resources and raw materials with added value not tall Exports are mainly fruits (dragon fruit, longan, banana, ) and a number of agricultural products (fresh cassava, cassava chips, ) and this group is on an increasing trend Chipboard, ore and minerals tend to decrease due to the policy of restricting the export of raw resources and closing forests of the Central Government 16 Imports from China in 2019: USD 127.5 million, down 29% compared to the previous year, mainly including nitrogen fertilizers, electric energy, plumbing parts, fruits Bảng 2.6: Import value of Ha Giang (Unit: 1.000 USD) No Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 Average Items Import 11.172,4 32.688,5 33.298,1 35.297,8 Growth (%) 192,58 1,86 6,01 66,82 Production materials 9.697,2 19.294,6 22.534,2 24.059,6 Growth (%) 98,97 16,79 6,77 40,84 Devices 9.661,5 17.344,4 8.534,3 10.478,3 Growth (%) 79,52 -50,80 22,78 17,17 Raw materials 35,7 1.950,2 13.999,9 13.581,3 Growth (%) 5.362,75 617,87 -2,99 1.992,54 Consumer goods 1.475,2 13.393,9 10.763,9 11.238,2 Growth (%) 807,94 -19,64 4,41 264,24 Food 44,2 2.974,3 2.765,2 3.379,3 Growth (%) 6.620,67 -7,03 22,21 2.211,95 (Source: compiled from “Ha Giang economic planning to 2030” and website: hagiang.gov.vn) Table 2.7: Quantity of imported goods of Ha Giang No Items Fresh fruit Growth Car Growth Fertilizer Growth Automotive Parts Growth Electricity Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019 Average Tấn 1.449 12.990 22.786 9.781 % 796 75 -57 272 Cái 12 10 12 % -17 20 -100 -32 Tấn 11,7 2.258 6.078,80 6.379 % 19.199 169 6.458 Cái 1.618,70 125,3 % -92 -100 -96 million KWh 85,6 184,7 134,1 123,7 Growth % 116 -27 -8 27 (Source: compiled from “Ha Giang economic planning to 2030” and website: hagiang.gov.vn) In terms of import value, electric energy is still Ha Giang's largest import value, followed by machinery, water line equipment, fresh fruit, auto parts * Structure of import and export by object According to the statistics of Ha Giang Customs Department, the import and export turnover of goods of the Department in the period 2016-2019 is divided by localities as follows: Chart 2.8: Import and export turnover of Ha Giang in the period 2016-2019 by locality (Unit: million USD) 17 100.0% 90.0% 90.6% 82.5% 81.6% 80.0% 74.3% 70.0% 60.0% Kim ngạch XNK DN t rong t ỉnh 50.0% Kim ngạch XNK DN t ỉnh 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 18.4% 17.5% 25.7% 9.4% 10.0% 0.0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 (Source: Ha Giang Customs Department) The proportion of import and export turnover through Ha Giang border gate by locality, we see that mainly import and export goods come from enterprises outside the province The main export items of enterprises outside the province are mainly Dried and Fresh Fruits, Confectionery, Black Pepper, Tapioca Starch… Imported goods are machinery and equipment, automobiles and auto parts, coke, electric power; other types are electronic printed circuit boards, cigarette fibers, air blowers, cigarettes The main export items of enterprises in the province are mainly rice, corn, fresh fruit, peeled board, Antimo, tapioca, other goods; Imported products are processed zinc Angtimon ingots, machinery and equipment, auto parts, coke, Manganese ore 2.3.1.3 State budget revenue from import and export activities Table 2.8: Contribution from Import - Export activities of Ha Giang Province in state budget revenue (Unit: million đồng) Year No 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Aver Criteria Total state budget revenue of 10.355.151 10.783.378 12.509.542 14.042.064 15.776.941 Ha Giang Growth rate of state budget revenue compared to the 7,73 4,14 16,01 12,25 12,35 10,50 previous year (%) State budget revenue from 174.705 202.414 216.303 185.337 206.960 import and export activities Growth rate of state budget revenue compared to the -3,75 15,86 6,86 -14,32 11,67 3,26 previous year (%) Proportion of state budget revenue from import1,69 1,88 1,73 1,32 1,31 1,58 export activities / total state budget revenue (%) (Source: Statistical Report of Ha Giang Province in 2015-2019) 18 From the above table, we can see that the proportion of state budget revenue from import-export activities of Ha Giang accounts for an average of 1.58% of the total state budget revenue in the period 2015 - 2019 Reasons for structure and quantity goods are not diversified, mainly agricultural products with low turnover value; business activities, import and export of enterprises in the area is still limited Table 2.9: Proportion of state budget revenue from import and export activities In Ha Giang Province (Unit: million đồng, %) Year No 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2015 Criteria State budget revenue from import and export activities (million VND) Growth rate of state budget revenue (%) Export tax (million VND) Import tax (million VND) Special consumption tax on imported goods (million VND) Value-added tax on imported goods (million VND) 2016 2017 2018 2019 Aver 174.705 202.414 216.303 292.751 315.000 -3,75 15,86 6,86 35,34 7,60 12,38 15.261 23.577 14.680 15.391 23.562 13.477 7.348 12.604 14.129 17.148 32 34 40 60 145.828 171.432 188.909 263.191 274.230 (Source: Ha Giang Statistical Yearbook 2015-2019) State budget revenue from import and export activities tends to increase and decrease unevenly over the years The average growth rate of state budget revenue in the period 2015 - 2019 is 12.38%/year 2.3.2 Social efficiency analysis 2.3.3.1 Average labor productivity Average labor productivity is calculated on the basis of the total value or products consumed and the number of employees employed by the company; Table 2.10: Average labor productivity of some import-export enterprises In Ha Giang province (Unit: million đồng, man) Year No 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 BQ Criteria Total revenue (million VND) 990.950 1.036.400 1.215.780 1.352.400 1.442.020 1.207.510 Cost (million VND) 933.000 972.000 1.116.000 1.258.000 1.402.000 1.136.200 Number of employees (person) 551 563 569 594 570 569,40 Average labor productivity 105,2 114,4 175,4 158,9 70,2 124,8 (million VND/person) Labor productivity growth rate 8,76 53,30 -9,37 -55,82 -0,78 (Source: Survey statistics of Ha Giang import-export enterprises in the period of 2015-2019) Statistical survey results of 20 enterprises that regularly engage in importexport activities show that the current average labor productivity of enterprises is higher than the national average, but tends to decrease within years both in value and speed Specifically, in 2015, the labor productivity of the surveyed group of 19 enterprises was 105.2 million VND/person, by 2019 the labor productivity was only 70.2 million VND/person 2.3.3.2 Average salary Tble 2.11: Average salary of some import-export enterprises In Ha Giang province (Unit: million đồng, man) Ỷe No Criteria Salary Fund (million VND) Number of employees (person) Average salary (million VND/person/year) Average salary (million VND/person/month) Average salary growth rate 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Aver 52.340 441 54.340 448 54.360 439 61.160 454 59.870 425 56.414 441,4 118,7 121,3 123,8 134,7 140,9 127,8 9,9 10,1 10,3 11,2 11,7 10,7 2,20 2,09 8,79 4,57 4,41 (Source: Survey statistics of Ha Giang import-export enterprises in the period of 2015-2019) The average wage indicator also reflects the quality of labor The average salary of the surveyed import-export enterprises in Ha Giang shows a much higher level than the average salary of the whole country The average monthly income of employees in import-export enterprises in 2019 is 11.2 million VND/month, twice as much as the province's average income of 5.5 million VND/month and the average income of employees in Vietnam is 11.2 million VND/month Labor in import-export enterprises according to the survey is only behind the two highest sectors: Finance - Banking, production and distribution of electricity and gas 2.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS OF ENTERPRISES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE 2.4.1 Achievements 2.4.1.1 Enterprises specialized in import and export tend to increase over the years 2.4.1.2.The activities of import-export enterprises play an important role in the GDP growth of Ha Giang 2.4.1.3 Export-Import enterprises of Ha Giang have contributed to promoting production development, especially by enriching agricultural products 2.4.1.4 Import-export business activities contribute to strengthening international exchange cooperation between Ha Giang and China and countries around the world 2.4.2 Restrictions Although import-export enterprises contribute greatly to the economic development of Ha Giang, there are still some limitations as follows: 20 2.4.2.1 Firstly, the number of enterprises participating in import and export, import and export turnover through Ha Giang is still much lower than in the Northern provinces 2.4.2.2 Secondly, goods imported and exported through Ha Giang border gate are mainly goods temporarily imported for re-export and of enterprises outside the province 2.4.2.3.Thirdly, goods imported and exported through Ha Giang border gate are mainly fresh fruits and agricultural products 2.4.2.4.Fourth, the activities of enterprises in the field of border gate economy have not yet created a high surplus value 2.4.2.5.Fifth, the development of import-export enterprises in Ha Giang does not create spillover values for regions and economic sectors in the area 2.4.2.6.Sixth, about the ability to contribute to the budget in Ha Giang with the current border gate economic activities and models in the localities 2.4.3 Cause of restrictions - Regarding enterprises operating in border trade: - Regarding border policy: - Regarding border infrastructure - Regarding traffic, difficulties in connecting economic exchanges - Connection of transport infrastructure to markets and openings is still limited - Services to support cross-border economic development such as: - Impact of the Covid-19 epidemic CHAPTER 3: SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT-EXPORT BUSINESS OF BUSINESS IN HA GIANG PROVINCE 3.1 ORIENTATION FOR OUTDOOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENHANCE THE ROLE OF IMPORT-EXPORT ENTERPRISES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE TO 2030 3.1.1 Challenges and opportunities in external economic development of Ha Giang 3.1.1.1 Challenge * For Ha Giang province - Ha Giang province has a low economic starting point, low population income, capital, science and technology level; small production scale, low production level, and undeveloped consumer goods industry - The investment environment still has many limitations such as infrastructure, institutions, legal system, law enforcement, efficiency and effectiveness of management - The investment environment and investment policies at home and abroad are volatile - The biggest challenge for the commercial development of Ha Giang comes from the limited human resources 21 - Ha Giang's exports have not developed sustainably - Expansion of export is at risk of challenging natural resources and environment - Many social problems arise from import and export activities - Imports are not sustainable * For import and export enterprises of Ha Giang - Competition in the export market - Facility conditions for import and export activities: Traffic connection is not favorable (no expressway) both domestically and to China - Traffic infrastructure connection to markets and openings is limited Functional areas in Thanh Thuy International Border Gate Economic Zone have not been developed and logistics activities are still simple 3.1.1.2 Opportunities in developing import and export activities of enterprises in Ha Giang * International economic integration has brought Ha Giang opportunities to open the market as well as penetrate into foreign markets: * China's transport infrastructure development strategy brings advantages of border gate economic development to Ha Giang * The government prioritizes and cares about the import, export and circulation of goods in the region and the world * Local authorities support and create favorable conditions for importexport enterprises in terms of finance, investment in technical equipment and legal environment 3.1.2 Objectives and development orientation of import-export enterprises 3.1.2.1 Development goals of Ha Giang's import-export enterprises (1) Developing export on the basis of fully exploiting comparative and competitive advantages, ensuring high growth rate and quality, contributing to fast and sustainable economic growth (2) Developing exports on the basis of rational exploitation and regeneration of natural resources, limiting environmental pollution and resource depletion, improving the ability of goods to meet environmental regulations and standards export goods (3) Export development contributes to the realization of social goals such as hunger eradication and poverty alleviation, creation of many jobs to ensure social justice, and reasonable benefit sharing among export participants 3.1.2.2 Development orientation of import-export enterprises of Ha Giang On the basis of the above general orientation goals, some specific orientations for export development in the period 2020-2030 are: - Determining and developing export of new products in line with the changing trend of the world market and Ha Giang's advantages - Focus on developing environmentally friendly export products, limiting the use of energy and resources - Focus on developing the market for products with great competitiveness, high added value or product groups with a large proportion of turnover - Focus on developing Thanh Thuy international border gate economic zone 22 - Step by step invest in infrastructure development to promote goods exchange and trade at additional border gates and openings - To closely combine external economic development through border gates 3.2 SOME SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPORT AND EXPORT ACTIVITIES OF BUSINESSES IN HA GIANG PROVINCE 3.2.1 Improve the production capacity of enterprises in the province - Change business direction in line with the province's development orientation - Restructuring the agricultural sector and renewing the production model in agriculture - Building a production linkage model according to the value chain of agricultural products between enterprises and farmers - Invest in infrastructure and technology for efficient production development 3.2.2 Improve financial capacity Businesses that want to increase their financial capacity: You must first increase your equity Businesses can increase equity in many ways But one of those ways is: + Increase capital contribution of strategic shareholders + Increase the number of shareholders + Issuance of term bonds + Participate in the stock market But in order for businesses to participate in the financial market, the enterprises themselves must business effectively, profits increase steadily over the years Good product quality, trusted by consumers Businesses need to improve themselves, in order to access bank loans more easily Equitize some import-export enterprises with business capacity of Ha Giang 3.2.3 Improve management capacity Business capital management In order to effectively manage working capital, businesses need to divide this operation into three types: + Management of capit + Management of capital use + Business efficiency management Management of business relationships Business relationship management includes core contents, which are: + Select partners by region and business area + Choose a customer to perform each type of business service + Select the object and level of business cooperation Business relationship management is the strategic content of each enterprise, which has been implementing this strategy very successfully In the future, it is necessary to have many strategic partners in areas with great investment potential For staff in enterprises in Ha Giang province to work more effectively There should be more close attention of business leaders in assigning work: 23 - Training enterprise staff in a professional direction - Assign responsibilities according to capacity and forte - Building a group of high-quality staff to deal with unexpected business situations - The reward and punishment regime for officials must be fair, strict and public 3.2.4 Enhance scientific and technological capacity The application of science and technology in the management of importexport businesses will help Ha Giang import and export enterprises, which are mainly engaged in import and export services, operate more efficiently, cut costs and improve the quality of their products service quality in the context of increasingly fierce competition today Using new technology application software such as warehouse management system, transportation management in warehouse operation Applications of the 4.0 revolution in logistics 3.2.5 Understanding the market, international trade practices - About international laws and practices - Regarding policies and rules of transactions - Cultural background, customs - Participating in international trade, forming alliances in sharing market information, forecasting demand, allocating resources most effectively in meeting the needs of import and export goods with other countries, especially especially China 3.2.6 Cooperate and take advantage of Import-Export enterprises inside and outside the province, creating the strength of Ha Giang's border gate economy - Take advantage of its advantages in cooperation with import-export enterprises of Lao Cai (the province contiguous to the West), Cao Bang (the province contiguous to the East), and Lang Son (the province adjoining to the East) The province has a favorable location and has been selected as one of the three key border trade routes in the border-gate economic development project approved by the Prime Minister in 2008 - Take advantage of regional import-export enterprises to create advantages in cooperation in border-gate economic zones at the following points: First, enrich import and export goods Second, contributing to promoting the expansion of the import and export market of goods Third, promote the development of industry, services, tourism and improve infrastructure in border areas; Fourth, contribute to economic growth, hunger eradication and poverty reduction; 3.2.7 Building a model of specialization of import-export enterprises in Ha Giang province In order to improve the import-export efficiency of enterprises, Ha Giang needs to build a model to specialize in import-export enterprises To this, it is necessary to statistic, classify and arrange enterprises in the area from which 24 provides policy solutions to orient and prioritize the development of enterprises that import and export key local products, located in the region's linked value chain 3.3 Conditions for implementing solutions 3.3.1 Innovating the management of import-export enterprises in the area 3.3.1.1 Statistical classification of business system in Ha Giang province - Division of production and business according to the capacity of each type of enterprise for the purpose of ensuring specialization; Improve the quality of exported and imported goods; Improve the reputation of the business in the market - Exploiting the right potential of the business - Step by step specialize in the process of production - business and international economic exchange Categorize according to the following criteria: + Domestic production and business enterprises + Manufacturing and trading enterprises related to import and export + Enterprises specializing in Import-Export and import-export services 3.3.1.2 Evaluation and ranking of import-export production - business enterprises (referred to as foreign trade enterprises) The evaluation and ranking of businesses will help managers: - Establish policies, objectives and have a plan to allocate resources to serve import-export business activities of enterprises; - Check, classify and adjust business activities periodically; - Having orientation for foreign production and business according to export market demand The customs sector is considering to review legal documents, ensure that the regulations of the customs sector are transparent, apply risk management measures, and switch from pre-inspection to post-inspection Basically, Vietnam customs now applies main streams for inspection: Green, Yellow, and Red Each classified flow represents the extent to which the customs authority assesses the goods in the risk management process The assessment and classification of enterprises by Ha Giang Customs must clarify two factors: First, the relationship with the Chinese economy Second, the need for a strategic infrastructure 25 3.3.2 Creating conditions for import and export enterprises to access international markets 3.3.2.1 On border trade policy and administrative procedure reform 3.3.2.2 About connecting the transport network and logistics infrastructure 3.3.2.3 Strengthening foreign relations to strengthen friendship for socio-economic development 3.3.2.4 Developing services to support border economy 3.3.3.Strengthening the Government's direction on Ha Giang border gate economic model 3.3.4 Initial support from the State in terms of technology, finance, experts, etc to build a system of small and medium enterprises 3.3.5 The timely direction of the leaders of Ha Giang province 3.3.6 Policy, measures and direction of leaders of Ha Giang province 3.3.6.1 Continuing to innovate the growth model and restructure the economy towards rapid and sustainable development: 3.3.6.2 Continuing to perfect the socialist-oriented market economy institution: 3.3.6.3 Transforming growth models: 3.3.6.4 Science and technology development: 3.3.6.5 Policy for economic sectors: 3.3.6.6 Developing high-quality human resources, enhancing research and application of science and technology: 3.3.6.7 Infrastructure development: 3.3.6.8 Promoting international economic integration: 3.3.6.9 Maintain political and social stability: 26 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS The thesis "Improve the efficiency of import-export activities of enterprises in Ha Giang province" conducts an overview of domestic and foreign scientific works related to this topic; theoretical research on enterprises and import-export efficiency of enterprises in Ha Giang province through the methodology of dialectical materialism and other technical methods such as qualitative methods The thesis has completed the following tasks: First, systematize and further clarify the theory of enterprises and the efficiency of import-export activities in enterprises from the conceptual perspective, the role of import-export enterprises in terms of international integration, experience in import and export development of some countries Second, using qualitative and quantitative research methods, the thesis analyzes the current situation of the development of import-export enterprises in Ha Giang province in the period from 2015 to 2019 On that basis, evaluate the achieved results, limitations and causes of the situation Third, the thesis has proposed a number of solutions to improve the efficiency of import-export activities of enterprises in Ha Giang province, mainly improving the internal resources of import-export enterprises (enhancing the capacity of import and export enterprises) finance, management capacity, capacity in science and technology; understanding the market and international practices); cooperate and take advantage of import-export enterprises inside and outside the province; building models of specialization of import-export enterprises; create conditions for enterprises to access international markets; improve leadership capacity The thesis has clearly analyzed the recommendations to the Government, the State, and the leaders of Ha Giang province so that the proposed solutions can be implemented in practice 27 PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS The author's master's thesis in economics: “The current situation and some solutions to manage and develop the type of temporary import for re-export service”” Defended on 11/2/2016, at Hanoi University of Business and Technology Articles published by the author: 2.1 M.Econ Hoang Cu: "Solutions to improve export capacity for enterprises in Ha Giang" Magazine "Corporate Finance" No 07/2019 The financial 2.2 M.Econ Hoang Cu: "Inadequacies in management of imported goods affect the environment" Magazine "Business and Technology" No 07/2020 2.3 M.Econ Hoang Cu: "Solutions to promote Ha Giang province's economy in the era of industrial revolution 4.0" Financial magazine" December 2020 issue 2.4 M.Econ Hoang Cu: "Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on import and export activities in Ha Giang province" Financial magazine" March 2021 issue 28 ... import and export in Ha Giang 400 366 350 300 250 200 177 173 198 163 178 151 137 150 100 83 Doanh nghiệp tư thương tham gia hoạt động xuất - nhập Doanh nghiệp chuyên doanh xuất nhập 99 50 2015 2016... Nông, lâm nghiệp - thủy sản; 31.07% Thương mại Dịch vụ; 42.12% Công nghiệp Xây dựng; 25.14% Nông, lâm nghiệp - thủy sản; 36.39% Công nghiệp Xây dựng; 21.49% (The source: https://cucthongke.hagiang.gov.vn/)... Ha Giang province ♦ Distribution of enterprises by district/city in Ha Giang province Table 2.1: Distribution of enterprises in Ha Giang by locality (Unit: business) Year TT 10 11 Regon Ha Giang