Li Jaypee ’s Dental Dictionary p < 2„ - Idili n jd I'm a Verma Gupta 11 ale ) LC Guplu Sujaia Sura hi •-t * Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary www.ajlobby.com Disclaimer The material contained in the book (some of which) has been provided by contributing authors The publisher and editors disclaim any responsibility about the originality of contents www.ajlobby.com Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary Second Edition Priya Verma Gupta MDS FPFA Professor Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Divya Jyoti College of Dental Sciences and Research Modi Nagar, Niwari Road, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India (Late) LC Gupta MD (Rad) DMRE, MD (PSM), FAMS, DSC (Hon) Retd Director Medical, Border Security Force India Sujata Sarabahi MS, MCh, DNB, MNAMS Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgeon Associate Professor Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India The Health Sciences Publisher New Delhi | London | Philadelphia | Panama www.ajlobby.com Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com Overseas Offices J.P Medical Ltd 83 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0HW (UK) Phone: +44 20 3170 8910 Fax: +44 (0)20 3008 6180 Email: info@jpmedpub.com Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc City of Knowledge, Bld 237, 2nd Floor, Clayton Panama City, Panama Phone: +1 507-301-0496 Fax: +1 507-301-0499 Email: cservice@jphmedical.com Jaypee Medical Inc 325 Chestnut Street Suite 412, Philadelphia PA 19106, USA Phone: +1 267-519-9789 Email: support@jpmedus.com Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 17/1-B Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207 Bangladesh Mobile: +08801912003485 Email: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977-9741283608 Email: kathmandu@jaypeebrothers.com Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Website: www.jaypeedigital.com © DigitalVersion2017,Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Medical knowledge and practice change constantly This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary Second Edition: DigitalVersion2017 ISBN 978-93-85891-49-6 www.ajlobby.com Dedicated to Padma Shri (Late) Dr LC Gupta without whom the only existence of this compilation was not possible www.ajlobby.com www.ajlobby.com Contributors Anjula Bhagat, MBBS USA Gunjan Gupta, MDS Assistant Professor Department of Periodontics Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College and Research Centre Hapur Road, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India Harsh Mohan, MBBS, MD, FIC (Path), FUICC Prof and Head, Department of Pathology Government Medical College Chandigarh, India Jyoti Gupta, MDS Prof and HOD, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology Krishna Medical University and School of Dental Sciences Karad, Maharashtra, India Nishant Gupta, MDS Assistant Professor Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Shree Bankey Bihari Dental College and Research Centre Hapur Road, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India Pooja Ahmad, BDS, MFDSRCS (Eng) Dental Institute of Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’s Kings College London, United Kingdom www.ajlobby.com Rishab Malhotra, MDS Assistant Professor Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Jaipur Dental College Jaipur Rajasthan Ritu Sharma, MDS Associate Professor Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry Hindustan Institute of Dental Science Uttar Pradesh, India Sakshi Garg, MDS Reader Department of Periodontics Bhojia Dental College and Hospital Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India Shweta Bali, MDS Professor Department of Periodontics Santosh Dental College and Hospital Santosh Nagar, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India Subhadra H N, MDS DY Patil Dental College Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Sugandha Mohan, BDS Government Medical College Rohtak, Haryana, India Vivek Hegde, MDS Prof and Head, Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry MA Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India www.ajlobby.com Preface to the Second Edition It gives us immense pleasure to write the preface for the second edition of Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary We received copious correspondence from the readers commenting about the book and giving suggestions for improvement in past years since the first edition came in to existence We also kept a record of new researches and techniques that came up in past six years Second edition is being divided in three sections, i.e., dictionary, appendices and colour plates Appendices come with valuable information which will be handy for the students starting their journey in field of dentistry Addition of latest photographs and figures will help the readers to understand the vocabulary in a better way As this compilation is a balanced product between dictionary and encyclopaedia, we have tried to incorporate all new updates that will help the students to familiarise themselves with new vocabulary We extend our heartfelt gratitude towards all our contributors We profusely thank Shri Jitender P Vij (CEO) and Mr Ankit Vij (Group President) for their support and encouragement in bringing out the second edition Lastly but most importantly we thank Dr Ankit Sharma (Senior Editor), Mr Ashutosh Shrivastava (Assistant Editor), Mr Shekhar Bhatt (Typesetter), Mr Manoj Pahuja (Senior Graphic Designer) and Mr Pawan Kumar (Graphic Designer) of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi for their enthusiasm and constant effort in bringing out this compilation In spite of our best efforts compilation is bound to have deficiencies We will be grateful if the readers kindly send their valuable suggestion for further improvement Priya Verma Gupta Sujata Sarabahi www.ajlobby.com 542 Tic douloureux T Tic douloureux literally means tic spasm and dolor is the Latin word for pain As trigeminal neuralgia pain comes as electrical shock, each pain spasm is called tic douloureux Tics are a sudden rapid twitch-like movements always of same nature and same type These are generally common in childhood and disappear in adult life All forms of tics can be suppressed clinically Tin oxide is a pure white powder that KU WUGF CU C ſPCN RQNKUJKPI CIGPV Tin oxide is mixed with water, alcohol or glycerine and is used as a paste Finishing abrasives are coarse, hard particles and polishing CDTCUKXGU CTG ſPG CTVKENGU Tissue repair is a process following KPƀCOOCVKQP YJKVG EGNNU TGRCKT D[ ſNNKPI VJG DTGCEJ YKVJ C VGORQTCT[ repair called granulation tissue New capillaries are formed, but repair cannot take place in presence of pus Hence tooth requires extraction or root treatment to drain off pus Tissue-borne passive appliance refers to the appliances that are contact with tissue They are mostly located in the vestibule and have little or no contact with the dentition, e.g functional regulator or frankel Tissue culture refers to the culture in which maintenance or growth of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro is done so as to preserve its architecture and function Tissue health index was also developed by Sheiham A, Maizels J and Maizels A, at the second alternative KPFKEGU YJKEJ KU C OQFKſECVKQP of the DMFT index In the THI, selective weighing is given for FGEC[GF ſNNGF CPF UQWPF VGGVJ KG Ŏŏ FGEC[GF Ŏŏ ſNNGF CPF ‘4’ sound) Titanium is a material of choice because of its good biocompatibility, mechanical properties and in implantology, its proven ability to achieve osseointegration T-lymphocytes once developed from bone marrow stem cell, the T-lymphocytes travel to the thymus where they mature Thymus is large in children and shrinks as an individual matures Different types of T-cells have different functions Some are memory cells Some are T-helper cells increasing the function of B-lymphocytes and increase the antibody response Others are called T-suppressor cells decreasing the function of B-lymphocytes T-killer cells are active in vigilance against tumor or virally affected cells Tobacco chewer’s white lesion refers to the lesions that are formed in the site where the tissue is in contact with tissue for a long time It develops where the tobacco is placed Mucobuccal fold is the most common location Epithelium gives a wrinkled appearance There is a risk of malignancy with long exposure to tobacco Tobacco stains appear as light brown to dark brown or black They may appear in various forms www.ajlobby.com Tongue papillae 543 such as - Narrow crest following the gingival contour, wide band extending from the cervical third to the middle third of the tooth and diffuse They are primarily present on the cervical third of the tooth but may involve any surface KPENWFKPI RKVU CPF ſUUWTGU CPF the lingual surface These stains are generally formed from the smokeless tobacco and are mainly composed of tar and combustion products The heavy deposits may penetrate the enamel and present as endogenous stains Tolerance refers to an ability to withstand Immune system is constantly exposed to self-Ag (antigen) without inducing lymphocyte stimulation ‘self-tolerance’ It is a result of several mechanisms designed to distinguish between lymphocytes with potential to bind to self-components and those with OWEJ JKIJGT DKPFKPI URGEKſEKV[ HQT antigenic determinants expressed by foreign Ag Tongue is a sensory organ The tongue lies in the oral cavity It has free upper and lower surfaces The greater part of the tongue is CVVCEJGF DGNQY VQ VJG ƀQQT QH VJG A mouth The attached part is called the root of the tongue This part of the tongue has a free upper surface or dorsum On either side, the tongue has lateral edges that are also free The free surfaces of the tongue are lined by mucous membrane Tongue brushing is an act of cleaning of tongue that should be combined with tooth brushing Dorsum of the tongue is a primary source of infection Tongue brushing can reduce the number of these organisms It improves patient’s taste perception also Tongue should remain free of coating or debris But tongue may not be scrubbed with tooth brush Tongue papillae are multiple tiny bumps present on the dorsal surface of the tongue They are of four types present on the dorsal surface of tongue: (1) Filiform papillae are numerous white hair-like projection that covers the dorsal surface; (2) circumvallate papillae on tongue in a V formation on dorsal surface It contains bitter taste buds; (3) Foliate papillae are projection found on posterior lateral borders of tongue and consist of sour and B Figs A and B: (A) Tobacco stains; (B) Tongue www.ajlobby.com T 544 Tongue thrust habit T acidic taste buds; (4) Fungiform RCRKNNCG COQPI ſNKHQTO RCRKNNCG QP the dorsal surface of tongue These consist of sweet, sour and salty buds Tongue thrust habit KU FGſPGF CU C condition in which the tongue makes contact with any teeth anterior to the molars during swallowing Tongue thrusting (Schneider 1982, 2TQſV $CTDGT 8KC\KU 1993) corrector appliance consists of a palatal wire that is inserted in the upper lingual molar sheaths, passes through the open-bite area, and carries over the lower incisors toward the labial vestibule, ending 1–2 mm above the labial surface ‘U’-shaped palatal loops are used to adjust the appliance in an anteroposterior or vertical direction with a three prong plier The TCA can also be expanded, like a palatal expansion appliance, to correct the posterior crossbites that often accompany open bites It does not contact the teeth or the soft tissue The TCA is designed to keep the patient from inserting the thumb in the mouth, and it prevents tongue thrusting or abnormal tongue posturing during swallowing by blocking the tongue from the anterior teeth This, in turn, helps to close the open bite Tonic seizure is the one where tone of muscle is greatly increased leading to stiffness There is no tonic contraction of muscle with altered consciousness These generally occur during NREM sleep with day drowsiness Tonic-clonic are general seizures that originate in all regions of the cortex They begin with an abrupt loss of consciousness, often in association with a cry It is not a cry from pain but rather from air being forced through the contracting vocal cords All arm, leg, chest and back muscles become rigid The person will fall and their back may arch, then their muscles begin to jerk and twitch During this clonic phase the tongue or cheek can be bitten and frothy and bloody saliva may be expectorated from the mouth Tonsilar sinus is the depression in which the palatine tonsil lies Tonsillectomy is referred to surgical removal of the tonsils A B Figs A and B: Tongue thrust www.ajlobby.com Tooth brush filaments 545 Tonsillitis refers to infection of the tonsils It is a bacterial infection Patients will complain of sore-throat with dysphagia Child is not able to eat food Pain and fever accompanies There develops leukocytosis Amoxicillin and analgesic antiKPƀCOOCVQT[ FTWIU JGNR Tooth ankylosis ECP DG FGſPGF CU fusion of tooth root to the underlying bone more after bone injury 2GTKCRKECN KPƀCOOCVKQP KU C YGNN recognized cause of it by way of root absorption If more of root surface is involved, it may give a dull, muffed sound on percussion instead of normal sharp sound It may be visible on radiograph There will be loss of normal thin radiolucent line with mild sclerosis of bone There is no treatment It serves well unless infected Tooth banks are several banks to store tooth with different techniques such as chemical coagulaVKQP XKVTKſECVKQP HTGG\G FT[KPI CPF regular freezing Tooth-borne active appliance refers to those who take support from VQQVJ KPENWFGU OQFKſECVKQP QH activator and bionator that include expansion screws or other active components like spring to provide intrinsic force to transverse or anteroposterior changes Tooth-borne passive appliance that has no intrinsic force generating components such as spring or screw They depend on the soft tissues stretch and muscular activity to produce the desired treatment results, e.g Activator, Bionator and Herbst appliance 6QQVJ DTWUJ ſNCOGPVU are the nylon ſNCOGPVU UWRGTKQT VQ PCVWTCN bristles made of hog or boar hair 0[NQP ſNCOGPVU ƀGZ VKOGU more than breaking These are more resistant to accumulation of bacteria and fungi Soft nylon ſNCOGPVU CTG NGUU VTCWOCVKE VQ gingival tissues Range of nylon ſNCOGPV FKCOGVGT KU OO VQ mm Most bristles are 10 to 12 mm long Those with thickness from 0.007 to 0.12 mm are considered medium and 0.013 to 0.015 mm are ENCUUKſGF CU JCTF 'PF QH VJG VQQVJ DTWUJ ſNCOGPV ECP DG EWV DNWPVN[ QT rounded Round cut edges reduce gingival abrasion A B Figs A and B: (A) Tonsillitis-mononucleosis; (B) Submerged ankylosed teeth www.ajlobby.com T 546 Tooth brushing Tooth brushing is an act of cleaning done domestically after meals to remove plaque Tooth brushes with a small head and multi-tufted medium nylon bristles are most effective Brushed in rinsed and pea UK\G RQTVKQP QH ƀWQTKFG VQQVJ RCUVG is added Effective tooth brushing requires time, knowledge and skill Tooth eruption is the process by which developing teeth emerge through the soft tissue of the jaws and the overlying mucosa to enter the oral cavity, contact the teeth of the opposing arch, and function in mastication Therefore, it is a continuous process Tooth fracture is a common injury of tooth due to trauma It may occur at any age Minor chipping is common Fracture has been ENCUUKſGF KP OCP[ YC[U 2TQIPQUKU depends whether pulp is involved, or crown/root is involved If dentin over pulp is thin bacteria may penetrate producing pulpitis Fractured crown is a more serious problem if the pulp is exposed Tooth surface index QH ƀWQTQUKU (TSIF) The Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) was developed by Herschel S Horowitz, William S Driscoll, Rhea J Meyers, Stanley B Heifeta, and Albert Knigman in 1984 TSIF was developed in order to eliminate or reduce some of the shortcomings of ‘Deans Index’ TSIF was applied in a survey to assess the prevalence of dental ECTKGU CPF FGPVCN ƀWQTQUKU KP communities having optimal and above optimal concentrations of PCVWTCNN[ QEEWTTKPI ƀWQTKFG KP VJG drinking water Tooth wear refers to a loss of tooth substance by means other than caries and trauma It is an increasing problem in older adults due to long period of functioning It has causes—abrasion, attrition and erosion; reduction in lubricating effect of saliva may cause it Tooth zones refer to an area that is divided into imaginary third, named according to areas in which they are found Root of tooth is T A B Figs A and B: (A) Tooth brush design; (B) Tooth eruption www.ajlobby.com Trabecular bone 547 divided into apical, middle and cervical third Crown of the tooth is divided into cervico-occlusal division, mesiodistal division and buccolingual division Topical is application directly to an affected area for producing UWRGTſEKCN CPGUVJGUKC Topography is detailed description and analysis of features of an anatomic region Toronto automated probe is a diagnostic probe to measure clinical attachment levels Here the sulcus is probed with the Ni-Ti wire that is extended under air pressure Torus mandibularis is an outgrowth of bone on the lingual surface of mandible opposite bicuspid tooth These may be multiple and on both the sides It may be removed surgically Torus palatinus is slowly growing, ƀCV DCUG DQPG RTQVWDGTCPEG +V IGPGTally occurs in midline of hard palate Women are affected more On trauma, it becomes ulcerated It never becomes malignant It is not treated Toxic myocarditis is a clinical condition that occurs due to drugs that cause a direct toxic KPLWT[ VQ VJG O[QECTFKCN ſDGTU Response is cumulative and dose related In this group, drugs include arsenicals, catecholamines, lithium, cyclophosphamide, emetine, etc *GCNKPI QEEWTU D[ ſDTQUKU Toxic shock syndrome is a multisystem illness caused by endotoxins produced by stains of Staphylococcus aureus Symptoms include fever, chills, diarrhea, diz-ziness, headache, myalgias and sore-throat Person may develop hypotension with desquamation of skin Toxic refers to poisonous Toxicology is the study of toxic and harmful effects of drugs and chemicals It deals with the science of knowledge of sources, characters, properties and symptoms of poisons, their fatal effects, the lethal doses and remedies to be taken to counteract the effect Toxin is any poisonous substance of microbial, vegetable or animal origin that causes symptoms after a period of incubation It can induce VJG GNCDQTCVKQP QH URGEKſE CPVKVQZKP in suitable animal Trabecular bone is a light porous bone enclosing multiple large spaces that give a spongy or honeycomb appearance A B Figs A and B: (A) Ellis class III dentoalveolar fracture; (B) Torus palatinus www.ajlobby.com T 548 Trachea T Trachea is a wide tube lying on the front of the neck more or less in the middle line The upper end of the trachea is continuous with the lower end of the larynx The junction lies opposite the lower part of the body of the sixth cervical vertebra Tracheostomy is the term given to the surgical establishment of an opening into the trachea It is done to have alternate pathway for breathing, improves alveolar ventilation, to give anesthesia Traditional alloy contains silver 66 to 72% by weight, tin 25–29%, copper 2–6% Zinc 2% and mercury 3% by weight Tragus is the cartilaginous projection anterior to external opening of the ear Tramadol is an analgesic with both opioid as well as nonopioid actions It works like aspirin as well as like morphine High doses of it should be avoided It is used in the dose of 50–100 mg daily Tranquilizers are the drugs which decrease anxiety and tension without producing sedation Tranquilizers not produce sleep and serve effectively to block intolerant and overly aggressive reactions It also eliminates more objectionable types of patient defense reactions and produce acceptable relaxation Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is non-invasive technique in which a low-voltage electrical current is delivered through wires from a power unit to electrodes located on the skin TENS has been applied successfully to treat acute and chronic pain in medicine for many years and more recently in dentistry Its use for treatment of myofascial pain is well-documented and has also been tried during simple restoration and electroanalgesia Transient ischemic attack (TIA) also termed incipient stroke, transient cerebral ischemia is characterized by ischemic cerebral neurologic FGſEKVU VJCV NCUV HQT NGUU VJCP hours These attacks rarely last more than hours and often resolve within 15–60 mins Platelet, ſDTKP QT QVJGT CVJGTQUENGTQVKE embolic material from the neck or heart may lodge in a cerebral vessel and interfere transiently with blood ƀQY ECWUKPI VJG 6+# 6TCPUſZCVKQP is a type of method of achieving immobilization in dentulous as well as edentulous mandible using Kirschner wires, where mm Krischner wire is inserted within the medullary cavity across the fracture line The wire is cut off at skin entry point from where it can be withdrawn once Transitional dentition see mixed dentition Translocation is the change in position Translucency is the amount of incident light transmitted and scattered by that object Translucency decreases with increasing scattered within materials A high translucency gives a lighter color appearance Translucency decreased with increasing scattering within a material www.ajlobby.com Transverse sinuses 549 Translucent lesions are those lesion demonstrating translucent quality are bullae or vesicle Translucent pink lesions are due VQ CEEWOWNCVKQP CV ENGCT ƀWKF UWEJ as serum, mucin or lymph Blue translucent lesion indicates clear ƀWKF QT DNQQF CEEWOWNCVKQP 4GF QT purple translucent lesion indicated blood accumulation Transmissible is the term which denotes a capacity of a lesion to maintain an infectious agent in successive passages through a susceptible host Transmission spreading of disease through saliva Contacting disease through saliva is low Herpes virus may secrete into saliva Coxsakie virus is also a latent infection and has a risk of transmission of virus through dental clinic Transosseous wiring is a type QH KPVGTOCZKNNCT[ ſZCVKQP YKVJ osteosynthesis where direct wiring is done across the fracture line in order to achieve effective immobilization of the fracture of the body of the mandible including angle The holes are drilled in the bone ends of both the sides of the fracture line and the soft stainlesssteel wire is passed through the holes across the fracture After achieving the accurate reduction, the free ends of the wires are twisted together and tucked into a nearest hole Achieving osteosynthesis by wiring has an advantage of requiring minimal equipment and can be used for many types of mandibular fractures Transplantation of organs is the procedure where a viable organ is planted into another body The viability or transplantable organs falls sharply after somatic death such as liver must be taken out within 15 minutes, a kidney within 45 minutes and a heart within an hour After molecular death it is not feasible 6TCPUUGRVCN ſDGTU CTG VJQUG ſDGTU which extend interproximally over the alveolar bone crest and get embedded into the cementum QH VJG CFLCEGPV VQQVJ 6JGUG ſDGTU can be considered as a part of IKPIKXCN ſDGTU CU VJG[ NCEM QUUGQWU attachment Transverse ridge is a linear elevation that crosses a surface (usually the occlusal surface) Transverse sinuses are the large paired sinuses that lie horizontally as indicated by their names They begin posteriorly at the internal occipital protuberance The right sinus is usually a continuation of the superior sagittal sinus and the left sinus is usually a continuation of the straight sinus, but this arrangement is sometimes reversed Each sinus runs in a curve CV ſTUV NCVGTCNN[ CPF VJGP HQTYCTFU along the line of attachment of the tentorium cerebelli The sinus produces a transverse groove on the inner surface of the occipital bone, and on the posteroinferior angle of the parietal bone Finally, it reaches the petrous part of the temporal bone where it becomes continuous with the sigmoid sinus www.ajlobby.com T 550 Trauma from occlusion (TFO) T Trauma from occlusion (TFO) can be described as when occlusal forces exceed the adaptive capacity or margins of safety of the tissues, it results in tissue injury This resultant injury is known as trauma from occlusion Traumatic cyst is a benign cyst of bone The cause of solitary bone cyst is not known Bone cysts are not true; it is not being lined by epithelium Expansion ceases when cyst-like lesion reaches the cortical layer of bone When roots are involved, cavity may become scalloped A thin connective tissue lines the cavity X-ray shows smoothly outlined radiolucent area of variable size within sclerotic border 6TCWOCVKE ſDTQOC TGHGTU VQ ſDTQOC Traumatic neuroma is not a true neoplasm but is an exuberant try to repair a damaged nerve trunk It KU C J[RGTRNCUKC QH PGTXG ſDGTU CPF supporting tissue Degeneration of distal nerve after injury begins with swelling, fragmentation and disintegration of myelin sheath and axis cylinder Oral neuroma begins with small nodule or swelling of mucosa near mental foramen Treatment includes surgical excision of nodule along with small proximal portion of nerve involved Traumatic occlusion is the term used when the injury is produced by the occlusion Traumatic ulcer results due to physical injury such as denture KTTKVCVKQP QP KNNſVVKPI QH FGPVWTG biting the mucosa Traumatic ulcers are usually single or variable size CPF TQWPF KP UJCRG 6JG ƀQQT YKNN be yellow with margins red and there will not be any induration +V KU EQXGTGF D[ C YJKVG QT VCP ſDTKP clot and generally located at lateral border It can be painful Recurrent VTCWOC ECP OCMG KV ſTO CPF elevated with rolled borders After removing the cause ulcer may heal within 1-2 days, occasionally ulcers persist for long Traumatic ulcers may be accidental or deliberate biting or thermal burns from hot pasty foods Treatment is an act or handling of a procedure done in the best of interest of patients in order to free them from and pain discomfort and restoring quality of life Treatment index: 6JG Ŏ( ſNNGF portion of the DMF Index best GZGORNKſGU C VTGCVOGPV KPFGZ +P general, there are two types of dental indices This type of dental index measures the ‘number’ of people affected and the ‘severity’ QH VJG URGEKſE EQPFKVKQP CV C URGEKſE time or interval of time Treatment manual is a written OCVGTKCN VJCV KFGPVKſGU MG[ concepts, procedure and tactic to treat a person Treatment plan is known as blueprint for case management It includes all the procedures required for the maintenance of oral health Tremor is the rhythmic oscillation of RCTV QH DQF[ CTQWPF C ſZGF RQKPV Tremors usually involve distal part of limb, head, tongue and rarely trunk Tremors at rest even in lying www.ajlobby.com Triclosan 551 supine are seen in Parkinsonism Essential tremors occur in anxiety, fatigue and due to alcohol while intentional tremors are seen in phenytoin toxicity, multiple sclerosis and in cerebellar disease Tremors of Parkinsonism are of a rapid, rhythmic, alternating tremor Pill rolling tremors are seen, which are usually unilateral Trench mouth refers to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Trephination refers to making a window in the bone When drainage through the canal is not possible due to restorative issues, or in case of certain conditions like failing treatments or necessary correction of procedural accidents, surgical trephination can be used as a palliative measure It involves the surgical perforation of the alveolar cortical plate over the root-end to release the accumulated exudates to release pain However, it is not VJG ſTUV NKPG QH VTGCVOGPV DGECWUG QH the additional trauma, invasiveness CPF SWGUVKQPCDNG DGPGſEKCN TGUWNV Trichloroethylene is a colorless volatile liquid with chloroform-like smell It is colored blue to avoid confusion with chloroform It has a poor relaxation of skeletal muscles It has good analgesic properties but induction and recovery are poor Bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmias may occur Trichodento-osseous syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that also shows enamel defects in conjunction with morphologic dental anomalies These patients have tightly curled kinky hair with osteosclerosis of bone cortices The enamel is hypoplastic and J[RQECNEKſGF NCEMKPI OGUKQFKUVCN contact with pitting Triclosan is a non-cationic antibacterial agent and has been added to several dentifrices to inhibit plaque and gingivitis It has good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and is compatible with CPKQPKE EQORQPGPV QH ƀWQTKFG dentifrices Two clinical studies T B A C Figs A to C: Traumatic ulcer of tongue www.ajlobby.com 552 Tricuspid regurgitation over a 3-month period by Schiff et al (1990) and Lobene et al (1990) UJQYGF C UVCVKUVKECNN[ UKIPKſECPV reduction of plaque formation Tricuspid regurgitation is a cardiac condition, may occur with right ventricular and inferior myocardial infarction Symptoms and signs of tricuspid regurgitation are identical to those resulting from right ventricular failure of any cause Tricuspid stenosis is a cardiac condition that is usually rheumatic in origin It is suspected when right heart failure is marked with liver enlargement, ascites and dependent edema Acquired tricuspid stenosis needs valvotomy Trifurcation is forked or divided into three parts Trigeminal ganglion is crescent shaped It has a convex border facing anterolaterally and a concave border facing posteromedially The convex border is continuous with the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves; while the concave posterior border is continuous with the sensory root The ganglion is placed in a depression (called the trigeminal fossa) on the anterior aspect of the petrous temporal bone The ganglion is enclosed within a pouch-like recess of dura mater This recess is called the trigeminal cave Trigeminal nerve KU VJG ſHVJ ETCPKCN nerve contains both sensory and OQVQT ſDGTU (KHVJ ETCPKCN PGTXG is the largest It has branches: (i) Ophthalmic nerve is purely sensory and is the smallest division It divides into three branches lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary nerve It supplies cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids and nose also the mucous membrane of paranasal sinuses; (ii) Maxillary branch is purely sensory It leaves the skull through foramen rotundum It supplies skin over, face, over maxilla and the upper lip, teeth of upper jaw, mucous T A B Figs A and B: (A) Trifurcation; (B) Trigeminal nerve www.ajlobby.com Trochlear nerve 553 membrane of nose, maxillary air sinus and palate; (iii) Mandibular division is a mixed branch and is the largest branch Motor part supplies muscles of mastication Sensory supply is to skin of cheek, skin over mandible, lower lip and side of head, teeth of lower jaw, mucous membrane of mouth and anterior 2/3rd of tongue Trigeminal neuralgia refers to the pain along with the path of trigeminal nerve A single branch may be affected without affecting other branch It is an intermittent brief, laminating pain in face It is evoked by facial movement or by touching the skin Pain is sudden, excruciating and brief like the stabbing Peripheral receptors are not hyperalgesic Pain does not extend outside area supplied by trigeminal nerve The trigger may occur from light touch or movement of same receptor areas Pain is usually unilateral and remains in the anatomical distribution of affected nerve Typically individual pains are paroxysms of hot, shocking, burning or electric like lasting from a few seconds to several minutes They may be repeated so frequently that pain becomes continuous Paresthesia and motor symptoms are generally absent Trigeminal neuralgia primary is idiopathic while secondary results due to trauma Idiopathic neuralgia involves maxillary and mandibular branch Due to stimulation of trigger zones recurrent, shock like unilateral pain develops from a few seconds to a few minutes Such trigger zones lie in the same dermatome Normally after each episode there is a refractive period During this period even stimulation of trigger zone will not produce pain No UGPUQT[ NQUU KU FGVGEVGF 0Q URGEKſE cause is known Progressive degeneration and demyelination of trigeminal ganglion is seen Secondary trigeminal neuralgia can result due to intracranial tumor, tumor vascular malformation, CNS lesions involving trigeminal pathways Trigeminal neuralgia due to multiple sclerosis may have bilateral facial pain There may be hypoesthesia too In both cases carbamazepine and GABA are used Phenytoin in doses of 400 mg/day reduces the dose of carbamazepine 6TKRNG ƀGZ ſNG is endodontic hand instrument is made up of stainless steel and are triangular in crossUGEVKQP +V JCU OQTG ƀWVGU VJGP TGCOGT DWV NGUUGT VJCP -ſNG Triangular cross-section provides DGVVGT ƀGZKDKNKV[ CPF EWVVKPI GHſEKGPE[ Triplegia refers to involvement of three limbs this could be either both legs + one arm/or both arms + leg Trismus is a spasm of the muscles of OCUVKECVKQP VJCV TGUWNVU KP FKHſEWNV[ in opening of mouth Intraoral injections may result in it Triturate is to mix together Trochlear nerve is the fourth cranial PGTXG +V KU OCFG WR QH ſDGTU VJCV www.ajlobby.com T 554 Trochlear nucleus arise in the trochlear nucleus located in the lower part of the midbrain The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that emerges on the posterior (or dorsal) aspect of the brainstem and the only nerve that undergoes decussation As a result of the decussation, the left VTQEJNGCT PGTXG KU HQTOGF D[ ſDGTU arising from the right trochlear PWENGWU CPF XKEG XGTUC 6JG ſDGTU QH VJG VTQEJNGCT PGTXG CTG ENCUUKſGF as somatic efferent It is a motor nerve, cranial nerve numbers four It assists in turning eyeball downward and laterally It emerges from posterior surface of midbrain It enters the orbit through the UWRGTKQT QTDKVCN ſUUWTG Trochlear nucleus is situated in the midbrain The nucleus lies ventral to the aqueduct in the central grey matter Tropical ulcer is a painful, nonhealing ulcer It is situated on front of leg Floor of ulcer is covered by brownish tenacious and foul swelling slough Surrounding skin is edematous; regional lymph nodes may be enlarged and tender Injury may be mechanical and VJGTOCN (KTUV CPF ſHVJ OGVCVCTUCNU are commonly affected There may be spontaneous blister or nodule Ulcer may become infected Deep tissues and bone may be involved True denticle is made up of dentin and is lined by odontoblasts These are rare and are usually located close to apical foramen Development of true denticle is caused by inclusions of remnants of epithelial root sheath within the pulp These epithelial remnants induce the cells of pulp to differentiate into odontoblast which forms dentin masses called true pulp stones True oral malodor is not due to the above simple causes is most often a consequence of oral bacterial activity typically arising from anaerobes arising is due to: T Fig.: Trochlear nerve www.ajlobby.com Tuberculin type hypersensitivity 555 Poor oral hygiene, gingivitis (ANUG), periodontal disease, infected extraction sockets, oral sepsis, residual blood post QRGTCVKXGN[ FGDTKU WPFGT ſZGU QT removable appliances, ulcers, dry mouth, putrefaction of postnasal mucus drip stagnating on the tongue Tubercle is a small, rounded projection Tuberculin test was discovered by Von Pirquet in 1907 A positive reaction to test is accepted as evidence of past or present infection by M tuberculosis It is done to test in population Tuberculin type hypersensitivity: It was originally described by Koch in patients with TB who had fever and generalized sickness, following a spontaneous injection of tuberculin, a lipoprotein antigen from tubercle bacillus 12 hrs after intradermal tuberculosis challenge, T-lymphocytes are present at RGTKXCUEWNCT UKVGU CPF VJKU KPſNVTCVG which extends outwards and disrupts the collagen bundles of the dermis, increases to a peak at 48 hrs Cells of the macrophage lineage are probably the main APCs in tuberculin hypersensitivity A B T C D Figs A to D.: (A) Tuberculoid leprosy; (B) Tuberculosis of small intestine; & 7XEHUFXORXV O\PSK QRGH VKRZLQJ G\VWURSKLF FDOFL¿FDWLRQ (D) Tuberculous lymphadenitis www.ajlobby.com ... contents www.ajlobby.com Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary Second Edition Priya Verma Gupta MDS FPFA Professor Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Divya Jyoti College of Dental Sciences and... opportunity Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com Jaypee’s Dental Dictionary Second Edition: DigitalVersion2017 ISBN 978-93-85891-49-6 www.ajlobby.com Dedicated... of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India www.ajlobby.com Preface to the Second Edition It gives us immense pleasure to write the preface for the second edition of Jaypee’s