Dental Materials At A Glance 2nd Edition J. Anthony von Fraunhofer

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Contents

Preface

Part I: Fundamentals

1: Properties of materials—tensile properties
2: Toughness, elastic/plastic behavior, and hardness
- 2.1 Elastic and plastic behavior
- 2.2 Viscoelasticity
- 2.3 Stress relaxation
- 2.4 Fracture toughness
- 2.5 Determining mechanical properties
- 2.6 Abrasion and wear resistance
3: Physical properties of materials
- 3.1 Thermal and electrical properties
- 3.2 Optical properties (color and appearance)
4: Adhesion and cohesion
- 4.1 Forces in cohesion
- 4.2 Forces in adhesion
- 4.3 Mechanisms of adhesion
  - 4.3.1 Chemical adhesion
  - 4.3.2 Dispersive adhesion
  - 4.3.3 Diffusive adhesion
- 4.4 The adhesion zone
5: Mechanical adhesion
- 5.1 Contact angle and surface tension
- 5.2 Micromechanical adhesion
6: Dental hard tissues
- 6.1 Dental enamel
- 6.2 Dentin
- 6.3 Cementum
- 6.4 Fluoridation of enamel
- 6.5 Strontium
7: Bone
- 7.1 Dental implants and bone

Part II: Laboratory materials

8: Gypsum materials
- 8.1 Dental gypsum materials
- 8.2 Setting reaction
- 8.3 Water-to-powder (W/P) ratio
- 8.4 Factors in setting
  - 8.4.1 Expansion
  - 8.4.2 Spatulation
  - 8.4.3 Water temperature
  - 8.4.4 Humidity
  - 8.4.5 Colloids
- 8.5 Physical properties
  - 8.5.1 Mixing
  - 8.5.2 Setting time
  - 8.5.3 Compressive strength
  - 8.5.4 Tensile strength
  - 8.5.5 Surface hardness
  - 8.5.6 Setting expansion
- 8.6 Comparative properties
9: Die materials
- 9.1 Gypsum products
- 9.2 Handling of gypsum materials
- 9.3 Polymeric die materials
- 9.4 Pouring the impression
10: Dental waxes
- 10.1 Composition
  - 10.1.1 Mineral waxes
  - 10.1.2 Plant waxes
  - 10.1.3 Animal waxes
  - 10.1.4 Synthetic waxes
  - 10.1.5 Gums, fats, and resins
- 10.2 Wax properties
  - 10.2.1 Melting and thermal expansion
  - 10.2.2 Mechanical properties
  - 10.2.3 Flow
- 10.3 Dental waxes
  - 10.3.1 Pattern waxes
  - 10.3.2 Baseplate wax
  - 10.3.3 Casting waxes
  - 10.3.4 Inlay waxes
  - 10.3.5 Sticky wax
  - 10.3.6 Impression waxes
11: Investments and casting
- 11.1 Casting and investments
  - 11.1.1 Composition
- 11.2 Gypsum-bonded investment
  - 11.2.2 Properties
  - 11.2.3 Effect of temperature
  - 11.2.4 Setting and hygroscopic expansion
  - 11.2.5 Other factors in expansion
- 11.3 High-temperature investments
  - 11.3.1 Phosphate-bonded investments
  - 11.3.2 Silica-bonded investments
- 11.4 Considerations in casting

Part III: Dental biomaterials

12: Inelastic impression materials
- 12.1 Factors in impression-making
- 12.2 Inelastic impression materials
  - 12.2.1 Impression plaster
  - 12.2.2 Impression compound
  - 12.2.3 Zinc oxide–eugenol
  - 12.2.4 Noneugenol pastes
  - 12.2.5 Surgical pastes
13: Elastic impression materials
- 13.1 Alginate (irreversible) hydrocolloids
- 13.2 Agar–agar (reversible) hydrocolloid
- 13.3 Polysulfide rubber
- 13.4 Condensation-cured silicones
- 13.5 Addition-cured silicones (polysiloxanes)
- 13.6 Polyether impression materials
- 13.7 Properties of elastic impression materials
  - 13.7.1 Setting properties
  - 13.7.2 Mechanical properties
- 13.8 Tray adhesives
14: Occlusal (bite) registration materials
- 14.1 Traditional registration materials
- 14.2 Modern registration materials
  - 14.2.1 Pattern resins
15: Precious metal alloys
- 15.1 Gold and noble metals
- 15.2 Precious metals
- 15.3 Gold alloys
  - 15.3.1 Carat and fineness of gold
  - 15.3.2 Gold–copper alloys
  - 15.3.3 Dental gold casting alloys
  - 15.3.4 Low-carat gold alloys
- 15.4 Heat treatment of gold
- 15.5 Problems with castings
16: Base metal alloys
- 16.1 Cast chromium alloys
  - 16.1.1 Cast chromium alloys
  - 16.1.2 Alloying elements
- 16.2 Investments and casting
- 16.3 Microstructure
- 16.4 Heat treatment
- 16.5 Physical and mechanical properties
- 16.6 Titanium and titanium alloys
  - 16.6.1 Pure titanium
  - 16.6.2 Titanium alloys
17: Porcelain bonding alloys
- 17.1 PFM restorations
- 17.2 Ceramic–noble metal systems
- 17.3 Ceramic–base metal systems
18: Implant metals
- 18.1 Implant alloys
19: Partial denture base materials
- 19.1 Metallic RPDs
- 19.2 Polymeric RPDs
20: Complete denture bases—acrylic resin
- 20.1 Polymerization reactions
- 20.2 Polymer properties
- 20.3 Problems with denture bases
  - 20.3.1 Palatal vault
- 20.4 Denture teeth
- 20.5 Soft dentures
21: Modified acrylics and other denture base resins
- 21.1 High-impact resins
- 21.2 Pour-type resins
- 21.3 Rapid-cure resins
- 21.4 Light-cure resins
22: Denture fracture and repair
- 22.1 Denture repair
23: Denture liners
- 23.1 Resilient (soft) liners
  - 23.1.1 Resilient liner materials—modified acrylic resins
  - 23.1.2 Resilient liner materials—silicone elastomers
- 23.2 Tissue conditioners
- 23.3. Problems with denture liners
  - 23.3.1 Useful life
  - 23.3.2 Liner thickness
  - 23.3.3 Liner separation
  - 23.3.4 Liner sanitization
24: Denture cleansing
- 24.1 Denture plaque
- 24.2 Cleansing methods
  - 24.2.1 Brushing of dentures
  - 24.2.2 Effervescent cleansers
25: Dental luting
- 25.1 Dental cements—general considerations
- 25.2 Cement properties
- 25.3 Luting agent selection
- 25.4 ment film thickness
26: Cavity varnishes, liners, and bases
- 26.1 Cavity varnishes
  - 26.1.2 Varnish film characteristics
  - 26.1.3 Applications
- 26.2 Cavity liners
  - 26.2.2 Characteristics
- 26.3 Low-strength bases
  - 26.3.1 Ca(OH)2 bases
  - 26.3.2 ZOE bases
  - 26.3.3 Visible light–cured bases
  - 26.3.4 Properties of low-strength bases
- 26.4 High-strength bases
  - 26.4.1 Characteristics of high-strength bases
27: Provisional (temporary) dental cements
- 27.1 Zinc oxide–eugenol cements
- 27.2 Noneugenol systems
- 27.3 Cement removal
28: Inorganic (acid–base reaction) cements
- 28.1 Zinc phosphate
  - 28.1.1 Manipulation
- 28.2 Zinc polyacrylate (polycarboxylate) cement
- 28.3 Glass ionomer cement (GIC)
  - 28.3.1 Manipulation and properties
- 28.4 New luting agent technology
29: Resin-modified and resin cements
- 29.1 Hybrid ionomer cements
  - 29.1.1 Setting reaction
  - 29.1.2 Properties
- 29.2 Resin cements
  - 29.2.1 Properties
- 29.3 Adhesive resin cements
30: Denture adhesives
- 30.1 Denture adhesives
  - 30.1.1 Dental adhesive materials
  - 30.1.2 Mechanism of retention
  - 30.1.3 Clinical use of denture adhesives
  - 30.1.4 Adverse reactions to denture adhesives
31: Dental amalgam
- 31.1 Dental amalgam alloy
- 31.2 Setting reaction
- 31.4 Manipulation and handling properties
- 31.5 Corrosion
32: Adhesive dentistry
- 32.1 Dental adhesion
  - 32.1.1 Composition of enamel and dentin
  - 32.1.2 Etching of enamel
  - 32.1.3 Adhesion to enamel
  - 32.1.4 Bonding to enamel
33: Bonding to dentin
- 33.1 Dentin bonding
  - 33.1.1 Conditioning
  - 33.1.2 Priming
  - 33.1.3 Bonding
  - 33.1.4 Combination systems
- 33.2 Bonded dentin
34: Composite restorative resins
- 34.1 Dental composites
  - 34.1.1 Resin matrix
  - 34.1.2 Curing systems
  - 34.1.3 Filler particles
  - 34.1.4 Filler loading
  - 34.1.5 Composite strengthening
- 34.2 Compomers
35: Endodontic filling materials
- 35.1 Canal instrumentation
- 35.2 Canal irrigation
- 35.3 Sealer cements
- 35.4 Canal obturation
- 35.5 Endodontic leakage
36: Provisional filling materials and restorations
- 36.1 Traditional materials
- 36.2 Resin systems
- 36.3 Coronal restorations
- 36.4 Temporization
37: Materials in periodontics
- 37.1 Zinc oxide materials
- 37.2 Polymeric periodontal dressings
- 37.3 Dressing properties
38: Dental porcelain
- 38.1 Manufacture
- 38.2 Composition
  - 38.2.1 Feldspar
  - 38.2.2 Silica
  - 38.2.3 Kaolin
  - 38.2.4 Metallic oxides
- 38.3 Dental porcelains
  - 38.3.1 High-fusing porcelains
  - 38.3.2 Medium-fusing porcelains
  - 38.3.3 Low-fusing porcelains
  - 38.3.4 Very low fusing porcelains
  - 38.3.5 Glazes
  - 38.3.6 Stains
- 38.4 Structure
39: Manipulation and properties of porcelain
- 39.1 Manipulation
  - 39.1.1 Paste
  - 39.1.2 Condensation
  - 39.1.3 Dies
  - 39.1.4 Drying
  - 39.1.5 Firing (Sintering)
  - 39.2.1 Strength
  - 39.2.2 Porosity
  - 39.2.3 Hardness
40: Strengthening porcelain
- 40.1 Porcelain strengthening
  - 40.1.1 Aluminous porcelain
  - 40.1.2 Alumina inserts and cores
  - 40.1.3 Spinel-based cores
  - 40.1.4 Leucite-reinforced porcelain
  - 40.1.5 Metal-bonded porcelain
41: Advanced ceramic systems
- 41.1 Hot-pressed ceramics
  - 41.1 1 High-leucite molded glass
  - 41.1.2 Lithium ceramics
  - 41.1.3 Slip-cast ceramics
  - 41.1.4 Castable glass–ceramic
- 41.2 Machinable ceramics
- 41.3 Veneers
42: CAD-CAM restorations
- 42.1 Digital imaging
- 42.2 Restorative materials
- 42.3 CAD-CAM dentistry
  - 42.3.1 Restoration luting
43: Orthodontic materials
- 43.1 Intraoral appliances
- 43.2 Extraoral appliances and jaw orthopedics
- 43.3 Removable orthodontic appliances
- 43.4 Fixed orthodontic appliances
44: Grinding, polishing, and finishing
- 44.1 Material removal
  - 44.1.1 Abrasives
  - 44.1.2 Dental burs
- 44.2 Coolant and lubricant effects
- 44.3 Finishing and polishing regimens
45: Adverse effects of dental biomaterials
- 45.1 Toxicity and carcinogenicity
- 45.2 Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions
  - 45.2.1 Hypersensitivity
  - 45.2.2 Allergic reactions
  - 45.2.3 Metal allergies
  - 45.2.4 Reaction to mercury
- 45.3 Conclusion
46: Dental erosion
- 46.1 Soft drink consumption
- 46.2 Beverage acidity
- 46.3 Acids in beverages
- 46.4 Factors in erosion
- 46.5 Other causes of erosion

Glossary

Index