Essentials of physiology for dental students 2nd edition

1 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students J £ « * CP I A' Senibutingam Prana Senibulingain # rVtrr* ESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOGY for Dental Students www.ajlobby.com www.ajlobby.com ESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOGY for Dental Students Second Edition K Sembulingam PhD Madha Medical College & Research Institute Kundrathur Main Road, Kovur, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Formerly MR Medical College, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India and Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute Nellikuppam, Tamil Nadu, India and Prema Sembulingam PhD Formerly MR Medical College, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia and Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India Sathyabama University Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute Nellikuppam, Tamil Nadu, India and Madha Medical College & Research Institute Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India The Health Sciences Publisher New Delhi | London | Philadelphia | Panama www.ajlobby.com Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com Overseas Offices J.P Medical Ltd 83, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0HW (UK) Phone: +44 20 3170 8910 Fax: +44 (0)20 3008 6180 Email: info@jpmedpub.com Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc City of Knowledge, Bld 235, 2nd Floor, Clayton Panama City, Panama Phone: +1 507-301-0496 Fax: +1 507-301-0499 Email: cservice@jphmedical.com Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd 17/1-B Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207 Bangladesh Mobile: +08801912003485 Email: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone +977-9741283608 Email: kathmandu@jaypeebrothers.com Jaypee Medical Inc 325 Chestnut Street Suite 412, Philadelphia PA 19106, USA Phone: +1 267-519-9789 Email: support@jpmedus.com Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Website: www.jaypeedigital.com © 2016, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Medical knowledge and practice change constantly This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students First Edition: 2011 Second Edition: 2016 ISBN 978-93-85999-46-8 Printed at www.ajlobby.com Dedicated to Our beloved students www.ajlobby.com www.ajlobby.com Preface to the second edition A Journey from Good to Better! In 1990s, when the semester system was abolished for medical course and the 18 months of first year course were reduced to 12 months, with the same voluminous syllabus, we could realize the difficulties faced by the students in coping up with the shortened period and the same bulk of subject That made us venture into the way of making Physiology easy, approachable, adjusting with the time reduction, but without compromising with the essence and details of Physiology That is how the textbook Essentials of Medical Physiology emerged in 1999, and is serving the purpose continuously since then What started as a ‘national book’ has become an ‘international book’ Thanks to the faculty and students of medical institutes, in and out of country, and the publishers Slowly, this book gained its due recognition among the students of other medical and allied courses, such as homeopathy, Indian medicine, dental, nursing, physiotherapy and other paramedical courses In 2010, when, I, Dr Prema Sembulingam, happened to work in Sathyabama University Dental College and Hospital at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India for a brief period of 20 months, another revelation occurred that Essentials of Medical Physiology was too voluminous for the dental and paramedical courses So, requests and suggestions started pouring in to reduce the volume without compromising on the essence of the subject That is how the textbook Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students emerged and the first edition successfully completed the five years of its journey Now is the time to venture into the task of upgrading the book into its second edition The primary aim of this book is to meet the needs of the students of dental, nursing, physiotherapy and other paramedical and health science courses, precisely in getting knowledge of the recent developments in the field of Physiology and in knowing the important applied aspects on various topics The text is well supported with the descriptive diagrams, which are easily understood by the students, and is reproduced wherever necessary The explanation of the topics is backed up with the flow charts and tables, which makes the reading pleasurable and stress-free At the beginning of each chapter, we have included the topics that are to be learnt in that particular chapter, which will help the reader remember the contents while revising the topic At the end of each section, the long as well as short questions are given for the follow-up on the topics This venture is possible only because of the blessings of the professors, best wishes and cooperation of our friends and fellow-teachers and the students, who know what they want and where to get those from We are grateful and also thankful to one and all for being the well-wishers of us Our special thanks are due to Dr S Manikandan (Associate Professor of Physiology, Tagore Medical College & Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India) for his personal involvement in interacting with the students and giving us the feedback, which helped us in shaping it as per the need of time and necessity of the students www.ajlobby.com viii Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students We wish to continue our services to the students’ community through this book We are confident that the opinions, comments and valuable suggestions from one and all coming across this book will help us improve it further to meet the needs of those students who have Physiology as the subject in their career K Sembulingam ksembu@yahoo.com Prema Sembulingam prema_sembu@yahoo.com www.ajlobby.com Preface to the first edition We, the authors of Essentials of Medical Physiology are proud to bring out another textbook in Physiology, titled Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students This is the outcome of requests, wishes and friendly orders from different category of people including the dental and paramedical students and faculties Physiology is different from other biomedical sciences as it deals with the functional aspects of various systems in the living body along with the emphasis on the regulatory mechanism that maintain the normalcy of the functions within narrow limits It forms the strong foundation on which other medical fields are constructed The primary aim of this book is to meet the needs of the dental, paramedical and health science students precisely in the examination point of view, in getting knowledge of recent developments in the field of Physiology and in knowing the important applied aspects of various topics The descriptive diagrams are given in such a way that the students can easily understand and reproduce them wherever necessary The explanation of the topics is supported with the flowcharts and tables which makes the reading a pleasure and stress-free In the starting of each chapter, we have included the topics that are to be learnt in that particular chapter which will help the reader to remember the contents while revising the topic At the end of each section, the long questions and short questions are given for the follow-up of the topics This venture is possible only because of blessings of professors, best wishes and cooperation of our friends and co-teachers and the students who know what they want and where to get them We are grateful and thankful to one and all for being the well-wishers of us We wish to continue our services to the students’ community through this book We are confident that the opinions, comments and valuable suggestions from one and all coming across this book will help us to improve it further to meet the needs of everyone who has Physiology as subject in their career K Sembulingam ksembu@yahoo.com Prema Sembulingam premsem@yahoo.com www.ajlobby.com 756 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students Intestinal gland 204 and villus 205f Intestinal juice composition of large 209 function of large 209 large 209f Intestinal phase 180, 182, 188, 189 stage of 182 Intestinal villi 161f, 204 atrophy of 191 Intestine 4, 315, 333 anatomy of large 209 function of large 210 small 207 glands of small 204 large 159, 209 movements of large 220 small 218, 218f secretions of large 209 small 159 Intra-alveolar pressure 496, 497 Intracellular edema 118 fluid 4, 19f, 33 volume, measurement of 37 Intracranial pressure, increased 445 Intrafusal fibers, types of 652 Intralaminar nuclei 612, 613f Intraocular fluids 698 pressure 699 Intrapleural pressure 495–497 cause for negativity of 496 Intrauterine contraceptive device 402 Intrinsic factor of castle 55 Intrinsic muscles 699 Intrinsic nerve plexus 161f supply 161 Intrinsic pathway 92 Inulin clearance 261 Involuntary functions 604 Involuntary movements 615 Involuntary muscle 123 Involuntary nervous system 551 Iodide oxidation of 300 pump 300 role of 306 trapping 300 Ionic basis of action potential 154 electrical events 140 Ions, charge of 19 Ipsilateral 629 Iris 695, 696 Iron 40t, 55 deficiency anemia 64 lung chamber 542 Irregular astigmatism 720t, 721 Irregular heart beat 313, 480 Ischemia 99, 430, 610 Ishihara’s color charts 718 Isometric contraction 133 Isotonic contraction 133 IUCD, disadvantages of 402 IVY pouch 179 „„ J Jaeger’s chart 705 Jaundice 105, 201 types of 202, 203t Jugular venous pulse 465 tracing 465 Juxtaglomerular apparatus 234, 235f function of 235 Juxtaglomerular cells 234, 349 Juxtamedullary nephrons 229 „„ K Kallidin 354 action of 354 Kell group 107 Kernicterus 107, 635 Ketone bodies, formation of 325 Ketones 325 Kidd group 107 Kidney 26, 65, 225, 282, 310, 311, 315, 348, 352, 438 anatomy of 226 apparatus of 348 effects on 528 function of 225 in acid-base balance, role of 256 in preventing metabolic acidosis, role of 257 layers of 227 medulla of 349 section of 227f Killer T cells 76 Kinesthetic sensation 644 types of 600 Kinins 354 Kussmaul breathing 329 www.ajlobby.com „„ L Labyrinth 659, 659f Labyrinthectomy 665 Labyrinthine removal of 665 righting reflexes 656 Lacrimal gland 686t, 694 Landsteiner’s law 102 Langerhans, islets of 282, 322, 322f Laron dwarfism 296 Laryngeal muscles 148 hypertrophy of 368 Laryngeal stridor 313 Larynx, enlargement of 368 Late normoblast 53, 54 Latent tetany 313 Lateral column, anterior part of 598 Lateral mass of nuclei 613f Lateral vestibulospinal tract, function of 597 Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome 623 Law of Laplace 266 Laxative action 197, 199 Left arm, inner part of 610 Left shoulder 610 Lens 699 during old age, changes in 699 of eyeball 699 Leptin 353, 354 Leucopoiesis 73f Leukemia 72 acute 88 Leukocyte 69, 72t count 72 Leukocytosis 72 Leukopenia 72 Leukopoiesis 73, 74 Leukotrienes 351, 352 increases 352 Leydig cells 365, 366 in fetal testes 369 tumor of 372 Lieberkühn, crypts of 204 Life-protecting hormone 334 Life-saving hormone 332 Light adaptation, causes for 704 Light reflex 712, 713f indirect 712 Light sleep, stage of 671 Limb ascending 231 descending 231 with lifting of tail, extension of 622 Limbic lobe 645 Index Limbic system 353, 636, 645, 645f components of 646f structures of 645 Limiting membrane, internal 696, 697 Lingual lipase 167 Lipid 4, 352 derivatives, role of 324 layer of cell membrane layer, function of metabolism 394 of cell membrane 5f Lipid-soluble anesthetic gases 682 drugs 682 substances 682 Lipolytic enzyme 206 of GI tract 196 Lipostatic mechanism 620 Lipoxins 351, 352 Liver 160, 192, 193f, 438 anatomy of 192 bile 196t and gallbladder bile, differences between 196t cells 325 disease 191 failure 63, 202 fats 303 function of 199 in maintenance of blood sugar level, role of 327 secretes bile 200 unit of 192 Lobe of cerebellum, anterior 590 cerebral cortex 637, 638f Lobulus ensiformis 625 Lobulus paramedianus 625 Locus coeruleus 672 Long-term memory 674, 675 Loop of Henle 231, 252 role of 252 Loud noise 734 L-tubules, function of 131 Lubrication function 199 Lumbar ganglia 685 Lumbar segments 582 upper 590 Lumbar spinal nerves 582 Lumen of seminiferous tubules 365 Lung 353, 487 capacities 499, 500 collapsing tendency of 494 compliance, variations in 498f disorders 480 elastic resistance of 498 function tests 499 irritant receptors of 522 movements of 494 own defenses 489 volumes 499, 501f Luteinizing hormone 291, 369 releasing hormone 369f Luteolysis 352 Lutheran group 107 Lymph capillaries 115 Lymph flow, rate of 115 Lymph leaves 114 Lymph node 114 function of 114 medulla of 114 structure of 115f Lymph vessels 114, 115 join 114 Lymph, composition of 115f, 116 Lymph, function of 116 Lymphatic obstruction 118 Lymphatic system 114 Lymphatic tissue 114 Lymphatic vessels 114 course of 114 Lymphocytes 41, 69, 71, 72, 72t, 113 large 71 processing of 76 small 71 transport of 116 Lymphoid function 348 Lymphoid stem cells 52 Lysis 82 of clot 95, 363 Lysosome 7, function of of macrophages 112 primary secondary types of „„ M Macrocytes 49 Macrocytic anemia 55 Macrogenitosomia praecox 341f Macrophage 111 of lymph node 114 secrete colony-stimulating factor 112 system 111 Macula densa 234 Macula in otolith organ 662f Macula lutea 698 www.ajlobby.com 757 Macula, situation of 662 Magnesium 40t Malaria, infections such 202 Male climacteric 372 Male hypogonadism 373 Male reproductive system 359, 360f Males, action in 290 Malleus 723 Malnutrition 118 Mammary glands 379, 397 development of 397 Mannitol 36 Marey’s (cardioinhibitory) reflex 449f Marey’s law 448 Marey’s reflex 448 functions of 448 Marginal nucleus 583 Mass peristalsis 220 Mast cells 354 Mastication 212 control of 212 movements of 212 Maturation factors 54, 55 Maturation, stage of 363, 364 Matured erythrocyte 53, 54 Maximal stimulus 132 Meals, after 48, 274, 452 Mechanical fragility 67 Mechanical function 175, 207, 319 Mechanically gated 18 Mechanotransduction 664 Medial geniculate body 613 Medial longitudinal fasciculus 597 Medial mass of nuclei 613f Medial vestibular nucleus 597 Mediastinum testis 359 Medical termination of pregnancy 402 Medicolegal importance of rigor mortis 135 Medulla 342, 375 inner 227 oblongata 455 Medullary centers, role of 521 Medullary gradient 251 development of 252 maintenance of 251, 253 Medullary hyperosmolarity 251 Medullary reflex 576 Medullary septum, internal 612 Megaloblast 53 Megaloblastic anemia 65 Meissner’s nerve plexus 161 Meissner’s plexus 161 function of 161 758 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students Melanin 269 Melatonin 347 varies, secretion of 347 Memory 674 abnormalities of 675 B cells, role of 81 basis for long-term 675 short-term 675 cells 81 consolidation of 675 explicit 674 loss of 470 physiological basis of 675 role in 646 short-term 674 T cells 76 role of 80 types of 674 Menopause 380 period of 452 postmenopausal syndrome, changes during 380 Menorrhagia 390, 479 Menstrual cycle 274, 376, 377, 382, 384 different phases of 379 duration of 382 first half of 378 luteal phase of 380 regulation of 390 Menstrual period, last 394 Menstrual phase 386 Menstruation, abnormal 390 Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve 603 Mesencephalon 550 Mesenteric circulation 470 Mesenteric ganglia 162 Mesenteric ganglion inferior 685 superior 685 Mesenteric vein 194 Mesoblastic stage 51 Mesoepithelial cells 161 Metabolic activities 275 Metabolic alkalosis 340 Metabolic disorders 346 Metabolic function 199, 319 Metabolic origin, vasodilators of 459 Metabolism 65, 288, 289, 344, 378 of catecholamines 343, 343f poor 118 Metabolites, removal of 134 Methacholine 687 Methemoglobin 58 Metrorrhagia 390 Micelles 196 Microcytes 49 Microfilament 11, 12 of ectoplasm 12f Microglia 561 Micropills 401, 402 Microtubules 11, 12f, 85 function of 11 Micturition 263 centers for 266 reflex 266, 267f Midbrain reflexes 576 reticular formation 647 Middle circular layer 160 Midline nuclei 612, 613f Migrating motor complex 219 Milieu intérieur 25 Milk curdling of 187 ejection 398, 399 reflex 292, 293f, 399 secretion 398 initiation of 398 synthesis of 398 Milky appearance of lymph 116 Mineral metabolism 335 Mineralocorticoids 331 functions of 332 Miniature endplate potential 147 Minimal stimulus 132 Minipills 401, 402 Minute blood vessels, dilation of 352 Mitochondria 7, 11, 127, 554 activity of 302 Mitochondrion 10 function of 10 structure of 10f Mitral cells axons of 738 dendrites of 738 Mixed glands 166 Molecular weight 43 of gas 511 Molecules, size of 19 Monoamine oxidase 343 Monochromatism 717 Monocular vision 705 Monocytes 69, 71, 72, 72t Mononucleotides 187 Monosynaptic reflexes 577 Morphological classification 62 of anemia 62t Motion sickness 665 Motivation, role in 646 www.ajlobby.com Motor activities control of 632 integration of 614 of body 604 Motor area functions of primary 640 primary 639 Motor nerve supply 653 to nuclear bag fiber 653 chain fiber 653 Motor neuron anterior 597 in cerebral cortex 606 lesion of 606 upper 581, 606t upper 606 Motor pathways, classification of 605 Mountain sickness 534 symptoms 534 treatment 535 Mouth 159, 273 anatomy of 164 dryness of 37 function of 164 to mouth method 541 Mucin of saliva lubricates 166 Mucin, secretion of 201 Mucous glands 165 Mucous membrane 578t Mucus 178 function of 177 layer 160 membrane 577 reflexes 577 neck cells 175 Müller experiment 462 Müller law 565 Müller maneuver 462 Müllerian regression factor 367 Müllerian-inhibiting substance 361 Müllerian-regression factor 361 Multiunit smooth muscle 154 fibers 151 Multiunit tissue 151f Murmur classification of 429 continuous 429 diastolic 429 Muscarinic receptors 687 Muscle 212, 335 after fatigue, recovery of 134 cardiac 425 cell 126, 127f Index classification of 123 composition of 131 contractile elements of 128 contraction of 142 cross-section of 126f decreases excitability of 135 viscosity of 135 detrusor 265f extrinsic 699 fasciculus 126f fibers 127, 152, 408, 409 control of 152 group of 148 in motor unit 148 length of 133 tension of 133 types of smooth 151 group, functions of 607 increases, viscosity of 135 mass 126 of eyeball 699 extrinsic 700f of mastication 212, 604 of respiration 493 pale (fast) 133, 134t pump 439, 440f relaxation of 144 response of 133 spindle 651, 652, 652f functions of 653 state of 141 tissue tone 136, 137, 654, 654f, 655 abnormalities of 137 control of 632 development of 654, 655f increased 137 Muscular activity 275 Muscular contraction 138 energy for 143 molecular basis of 141 Muscular exercise 48, 543 Muscular growth 368 Muscular layer 160 Muscular organ 407 Muscular relaxation 144f Muscular weakness 38 Myasthenia gravis 84, 149 Myelin sheath 555 formation of 555 functions of 555 Myelinated nerve fiber 555, 555f, 558f Myelinogenesis 555 Myeloid stage 51 Myenteric and submucus plexus 163 Myenteric nerve 161, 181 Myenteric reflex, local 181 Myocardial infarction 460, 469 Myocardial ischemia 468 Myocardium 408 middle 408 Myofibril 127, 127f, 150 Myofilaments 151 Myogenic response 240 Myopia 719, 720t Myopic eye 719 Myosin filament 128, 129f Myosin molecules 128, 129f, 151 Myxedema 307 causes for 307 signs of 307 symptoms of 307 „„ N Nails 65 Narcolepsy 623 Nasal field 705 Nasogastric tubes 183 Nasopharynx 214 Natural killer cells 9, 52, 83, 490 Nausea 38, 183, 184, 191, 217, 346, 469, 665 loss of 480 Nauseating odor 739 Near vision 705 Neck 371 reflexes 658 acting on limbs 658 righting 656 Necrosis 13 causes for 13 of myocardium 469 Necrotic endometrium, layer of 387 Neocerebellum 627 Neocortex 637 Neonatal circulation 476 Neostigmine 687 Nephron 228 parts of 232f structure of 229f tubular portion of 231 types of 228, 229f, 230t Nerve 264, 447, 609 afferent 575, 578t cell bodies 553, 585 collection of 582 cell, processes of 161 www.ajlobby.com 759 cross-section of 554f deafness 734 causes of 734 ending 651, 654 of hypothalamus 353 extrinsic 161 fiber 161, 445, 447, 558f, 566f, 567, 576, 728 action potential in 557f activities of 734 classification of 556 degeneration of 559, 560f function of 162 layer of 696, 697 properties of 557 regeneration of 560, 560f terminal branch of 145 to heart 446 type A 557 type of 557t, 609 function of 264 growth factor 556 impulse 557 in amacrine cells of retina 353 organization of 554 posterior 590 root 582 posterior 585, 591 supply 264, 448, 449 extrinsic 161 of pancreas 185 to baroreceptors 448f to chemoreceptors 448f to gastrointestinal tract 161 extrinsic 162f to Golgi tendon organ 653 to heart 446f to muscle spindle 652, 653f to pancreas 185 to salivary glands 168 to urethra 264f to urinary bladder 263, 264f to vestibular apparatus 662 types of 161 supplying eccrine sweat glands 353 supplying urinary bladder and sphincters, function of 264t Nervous control of speech 677 Nervous disorders 460, 604 Nervous factor 155, 247 Nervous mechanism 180, 181, 454, 519 Nervous pathway anatomical 575 of sensations 600 760 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students Nervous regulation 207 of respiration 520f Nervous system 352, 454, 535, 547, 549 divisions of 549 organization of 551f parts of 604 peripheral 550 Nervous tissue Neural basis of visual process 703 Neurilemma 555 functions of 556 Neurodegenerative diseases 607 Neurofibrils 554 Neuroglia 552, 561 Neuroglial cells 347, 682 classification of 561 in CNS 561f peripheral 562 Neuromuscular blockers 148 Neuromuscular junction 134, 145, 146f, 353 disorders of 149 structure of 146f Neuromuscular system 65 Neuromuscular transmission 146, 147f Neuron 552 axons of 609 classification of 552 degenerative changes in 559 first order 585, 609, 707, 728, 729f, 736 groups of 601 in cerebellum 606 of anterior gray horn 598 of dorsal cochlear nuclei 728 of marginal nucleus 589 of motor cortex 597 system 606 of spinal cord 596, 598 of ventral cochlear nuclei 728 primary 601, 707 processes of 601 second order 585, 587, 609, 707, 728, 729f, 736 structure of 553, 553f tertiary 601 third order 585, 609, 707, 729, 729f, 737 types of 553f Neuronal activity 315 Neurotensin 161 Neurotransmitters 568, 573t, 574 classification of 574 of ANS 686 secretion of 556 substance 145, 455 Neurotrophic factors 556 Neurotrophins 556 Neutralization 82 of acids 209 Neutralizing action of pancreatic juice 188 Neutrophils 69, 70, 72, 72t Newborn babies 51 Nickel 55 Nictitating membrane of cat 345 Night blindness 704 causes of 704 Nissl bodies 553, 554 Nitric oxide 573 Nitrogen 508 narcosis 536 symptoms 536 NK cell, function of 83 Nocturnal micturition 267 Nodulus of vermis 625 Nominal aphasia 677 Non-diffusible calcium 315 Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 328 Non-ionized calcium 315 Non-metabolizable 36 Non-myelinated nerve fiber 555, 555f, 558f Non-pitting edema 118 Non-pregnant uterus 293 Non-rem sleep 671t Non-respiratory functions of respiratory tract 489 Non-specific immunity 76 Non-specific sensory pathway 648 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 183 Non-striated muscle 123 Non-toxic goiter 308, 308f Noradrenaline 342, 455, 458, 573, 687 secreting cells 342 Normoblast, early 53 Nourish germ cells 365 Nuclear bag fiber 652 chain fiber 652 layer inner 696 outer 696 material, condensation of 365 membrane 12 Nucleases 187 of pancreatic 187 www.ajlobby.com Nucleus 4, 7, 12, 127, 283, 553 anterior 612 dorsolateral 612 dorsomedial 612 function of 12 group of small 612 in anterior gray horn 583 in gray horn of spinal cord 584f in lateral gray horn 583 in posterior gray horn 583 mass of 612 of anterior hypothalamus 619 of hypothalamus 617, 617f, 618t of tractus solitarius 455 posterior group of 613, 613f structure of 12 Nucleoli 12 disappearance of 53 Nucleoplasm 12 Nutrient 134, 699 adequate amount of 26 function 41 supply of 481 Nutrition deficiency anemia 63, 64t to skin, supply of 473 to sperms 362 Nutritive function 392 Nutritive substances 41 Nystagmus 630, 664 „„ O Obligatory water reabsorption 248 Obstructive jaundice 202, 445 Obstructive respiratory disease 504t, 505 Occipital eye 645 field 645, 709 Ocular movements 700 Ocular muscles 148, 604, 699 Oculomotor (III) nerve 685, 700 Odor, classification of 739 Olfaction 489, 645 Olfactory hyperesthesia 740 Olfactory mucous membrane 739f Olfactory pathway 738 Olfactory receptor 738 Olfactory sensation, abnormalities of 740 Oligodendrocytes 561 Oligomenorrhea 390 Olivary nucleus of medulla oblongata 591 Olivospinal tract 598 Oncotic pressure 19, 43 Index Oogenesis 376 Optic chiasma 707, 708 left side of 710 Optic disk 698 Optic nerve 707, 708 lesion of left 710 right 710 Optic pathway, lesions of 710f Optic radiation 707, 709 Optic tract 707, 708 Optical righting reflexes 656 Oral contraceptives 401, 402 disadvantages of 402 Oral stage 213 Oral temperature 273 Orbiculus ciliaris 695 Orbital cavity 693 Organ of corti 725, 726f types of 159 Organelles in cytoplasm with limiting membrane without limiting membrane 6, 11 Origin of plasma proteins 42 Orthograde degeneration 559 Oscillations of head 629 Osmolar concentration of gastric content 216 Osmoreceptors, role of 292 Osmosis 19, 20f Osmotic diuresis 329 fragility 67 pressure 19 in blood 43 Ossicular conduction 732 Osteoblastic activity 335 Osteoblasts 319 fate of 320 function of 320 Osteoclastic activity 335 Osteoclasts 319, 320 Osteocytes, function of 320 Osteomalacia 321 Osteoporosis 320 Otitis media 734 Otolith membrane 662 Otolith organ 660 function of 664 Otosclerosis 734 Ovarian changes 382 during menstrual cycle 382 Ovarian follicles 375f, 377, 383, 385f Ovarian hormones 376, 390 estrogen 390 progesterone 390 Ovariectomy 380 Ovary 282 functions of 376 to umbilicus, pain in 610 Overhydration 37 occurs 38 Ovoid mass of gray matter 612 Ovulation time 385 Ovum 383 fertilized 386 implantation of 402 not fertilized 386 size of 383 Oxalate compounds 97 Oxygen 45, 56, 134, 508, 514, 682 adequate amount of 26 carrying capacity of blood 514 hemoglobin 514 consumption of 441, 441f, 442, 543 content of 512t arterial blood 441 venous blood 441 debt 543 diffusing capacity for 511, 543 diffusion of 511, 513f entrance of 511 from alveoli into blood, diffusion of 512 from blood into tissues, diffusion of 512 from capillary to tissue, diffusion of 513f therapy 529 efficacy of 529 toxicity effects of 529 poisoning 529 transport of 514 without 482 Oxygenated blood to liver 194 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve 514, 515, 515f normal 514 Oxyhemoglobin 47 Oxyntic cells 175 Oxytocin 292, 621 action of 294 on mammary glands, action of 292 „„ P Pacemaker 409, 416 potential 416, 417f www.ajlobby.com 761 Pacinian corpuscle 651, 654 Packed cell volume 46, 61, 61f, 62 Pain and temperature sensations 588f fast 608 physiology of 608 referred 610 slow 608 Pain fibers fast 609 slow 609 Pain receptors impulses from 523 stimulates 354 Pain sensation 600, 609, 615 abnormal 611 benefits of 608 center for 609 components of 608 fast 609 from face 609 from pelvic region 610 from viscera 609 loss of 611 receptors of 609 sensitivity to 611 slow 609 Pain stimulus, absence of 615 Paleocerebellum 626 Pallanesthesia 605t Pancreas 202, 282 exocrine part of 160, 185 Pancreatic acini, inflammation of 191 Pancreatic enzymes 191 Pancreatic juice composition of 185, 186f function of 186 properties of 185 Pancreatic lipase 187, 191 Pancreatic polypeptide 326, 354, 621 Pancreatic secretion 185 regulation of 188, 190f Pancreatitis 191 causes of 191 Panting 275 Papez circuit 675 Paracortex 114 Paralgesia 605, 611 Paralysis 607 causes for 607 types of 607, 607t Paramedian lobe 625 Parasympathetic blockers 687 762 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students Parasympathetic division 683, 685 Parasympathetic fibers 169, 687 function of 169 to parotid gland 169 to sublingual glands 169 to submandibular glands 169 Parasympathetic nerve 264 fibers 162, 446 fibers, function of 163 function of 264 supply 264 to parotid gland 170f to sublingual gland 169f to submaxillary gland 169f Parasympathetic systems 604 Parasympathetic vasodilator fibers 455 Parasympathomimetic drugs 687 Parathormone 310, 317, 318 action of 310 in kidney 349 secretion, regulation of 312 Parathyroid function tests 314 Parathyroid glands 282, 310, 311f disorders of 312 Parathyroid poisoning 314 Paratyphoid 72 Parenchyma of kidney 227 Parenchyma, damage of 202 Parenchymal cells 347 of pineal gland 347 Paresthesia 605t Parietal cell of gastric gland 179f Parietal lobe 637, 642 Parkinson disease 633 causes of 633 signs of 633 symptoms of 633, 634 Parotid glands 164, 166 Partial pressure 512t of oxygen 533, 534t Parturition 28f, 394 stages of 394 Passive transport 17 types of 19 Pavlov pouch 178, 179, 179f Pavlov’s bell-dog experiments 676 Peak expiratory flow rate 504 Pelvic bone 368 Pelvic outlet, narrowing of 368 Pelvic region 609 Pelvis 378, 393 lengthening of 368 organs of 360f, 374f Pendular movement 218, 578 Penicillin 63 Penis 362, 363 Pepsin 176 action of 176 Pepsinogen cells 175 Pepsinogen, secretion of 178 Peptic ulcer 183 Pericardium 408 outer 408 Perilymph 732 Periodic breathing 530, 531f Peristalsis in fasting 219 Peristalsis of stomach 215 Peristaltic movements 219 Peristaltic rush 219 Pernicious anemia 64, 72 Peroxisomes 7, 9, 10 function of 10 Petit mal 668 Petrosal nerve 169 pH 39 in gastrointestinal tract 199 of bile, alteration of 201 of gastric content 216 Phagocytic cell 111, 112 Phagocytic function 112 Phagocytosis 22, 23, 73 process of 23f Phalangeal cells inner 726 outer 726 Pharyngeal muscles 148 Pharyngeal stage 213, 213f Pharynx 159 Phenylephrine 687 Phenylethanolamine-n methyltransferase 343 Pheochromocytoma 346 Phlebogram 466f Phonocardiogram 428 Phosphate 318 ions 258f level 318 mechanism 258 metabolism 318 Phosphaturic action 311 Phospholipase A 188 B 188 Phospholipids Phosphorylated myosin 155 Phosphorylation of myosin 154 Photosensitive pigments 703 Phototransduction 703 Physiological shunt 468, 472, 491 Physostigmine 687 Pigment epithelium, layer of 696 Pigment in cone cells 704 www.ajlobby.com Pill method 401 Pillar cells inner 726 outer 726 Pilocarpine 687 Piloerection 622 Pineal gland 282, 347 Pinna 723 Pinocytosis 22 process of 22f Pitting edema 118 Pituitary hypoactivity of posterior 297, 298 posterior 282, 291 Pituitary, anterior 282, 286 control of 617 hormones 287, 390 hyperactivity of 294 hypoactivity of 295, 298 role of 337 Pituitary gland 286 disorders of 294, 294t hypoactivity of 460 parts of 287f role of 305 Pituitary hormones, posterior 617 Pituitary origin 338 Placenta 282, 392 functions of 392 Placental estrogen, actions of 393 Placental progesterone, actions of 393 Plasma 35t, 39, 303 cells 81 proliferation of 81 role of 81 clearance 261 composition of 40f level 314 of bilirubin 199 of catecholamines 342 protein 40t, 42, 43, 118, 118f function of 43 level 42 properties of 43 volume 36 in blood 262 measurement of 36 Platelet 39, 85, 353 accelerate 87 development of 87 disorders 88 fate of 88 function of 87 granules 86 grouping of 87 Index plug, formation of 89 properties of 87 shape of 85 size of 85 stimulates production of 348 under electron microscope 86f Platelet-activating factor 83, 86, 89, 90f Platelet-derived growth factor 86, 112 secretion of 112 Pleura 487 Pleural effusion 497 Plexiform layer inner 696, 697 outer 696 Plural mitochondria 10 Pneumonia 502 Pneumotaxic center 520 Poietic stem cells 52 Poikilocytosis 50 Poikilothermic animals 273 Poisoning by chemicals 50 Poisons like snake 99 Polycythemia in high altitude 48f primary 49 secondary 49 vera 49 Polydipsia 298, 329 Polymenorrhea 390 Polypeptides, chains of 129f Polysynaptic reflexes 577 Polyuria 329, 346 Pontine centers 520 role of 521 Pontine reticular formation 647 Popliteal pulse 464 Portal vein, branch of 193 Postcentral gyrus of parietal cortex 609 lower part of 737 Posterior column ataxia 593 Posterior gray horn 585 of spinal cord 585 Posterior pituitary, hyperactivity of 297 Posterolateral nucleus 612 of thalamus 604 Posteroventral nucleus 612 Postganglionic cholinergic fibers 687 Postganglionic fibers 162, 169, 687 Postganglionic nerve 163 Postganglionic neurons 686 Postganglionic noradrenergic fibers 687 Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve 353 Postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves 353 Posthepatic jaundice 202, 203t Postpartum hemorrhage 478, 479 Postprandial blood sugar 330 Postsynaptic inhibition 571 Postural reflexes 655 classification of 656 Posture, disturbance in 629 Potassium 20, 40t (K+) ions 20, 332 Precentral cortex 639 Preganglionic fibers 169, 447, 687 Preganglionic nerve parasympathetic 353 sympathetic 353 Pregnancy 49, 391 during 397 immunological test for 395f maintenance of 386 tests 395 Pregnant uterus 293 Prehepatic jaundice 202, 203t Premotor area, functions of 640 Presbyopia 715, 720t, 721, 722 causes of 722 correction of 722 Pressure diastolic 451 gradient 511 Presynaptic inhibition 571 Presynaptic membrane 146 Pretectal nucleus of midbrain 712 Prevertebral ganglia 685 Primitive phagocytic cells 111 Primordial follicle 383 Procarboxypeptidases into carboxypeptidases 187 Proelastase into elastase 187 Proerythroblast 53 production of 55 Progesterone 378, 392, 393, 397 action of 380, 389, 390 functions of 379 influence of 388 Prolactin 291 inhibitory hormone 617 Proliferation, stage of 363 Proliferative phase 386–389 Proprioception, loss of 593 Proprioceptive impulses 629 Proprioceptors 565 impulses from 523 in labyrinth 651 Propulsive movements 219, 220 www.ajlobby.com 763 Prosencephalon 549 Prostacyclin 351, 352 Prostaglandin 349–352, 458 administration of 402 related hormones 351 variety of 351 Prostate gland 362 Prostatic fluid composition of 363 functions of 363 Protanopia 717 Protective function 6, 206, 271 Protein 4, 19, 86, 140, 283 C, congenital absence of 99 carrier 5, 20 channels 18 contractile 86, 151 deficiency anemia 64 integral layers of cell membrane function of metabolism 288, 302, 323, 325, 334, 378, 393 of muscle 128 peripheral role of 324 role reserve 44 Proteolytic enzymes 205 Prothrombin activator, formation of 92, 93 Prothrombin into thrombin 93 Prothrombin time 98 Protodiastole 421, 422 Protopathic sensations 600 Protoplasmic astrocytes 561 Proximal convoluted tubule 231, 254 Psychogenic dwarfism 296 Psychomotor epilepsy 668 Puberty, after 373 Pudendal nerve, function of 265 Pulmonary area 428 Pulmonary arterial pressure 492 Pulmonary artery 475, 491, 492 to lungs increases 476 Pulmonary blood flow 492 pressure 492 vessels 491, 492 Pulmonary capillary 492 pressure 492 to alveolus 513f Pulmonary circulation 412f, 413, 487, 491 Pulmonary congestion 502 Pulmonary edema 502 764 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students Pulmonary function tests 499 Pulmonary surfactant 495 Pulmonary tuberculosis 502 Pulmonary vascular system 492 Pulmonary ventilation 506, 543 Pulse arrival of 465 character of 465 delayed 464, 465 points 464 pressure 451 waves of 465 Pulvinar 613 Pump handle movement 494 Pupil constriction of 713, 714 dilatation of 704 Pupillae of iris, dilator 345 Pupillary dilatation 622 Pupillary reflexes 712 Purkinje fibers 414, 418, 417 Purpura 88, 98 causes of 99 types of 99 Pus 70 cells 70 Putamen 632 Pyloric glands 175 Pyloric region 173, 174 Pyramidal cells 594 Pyramidal system, lesion in 606 Pyramidal tracts 594, 596f, 605 „„ Q QRS complex 433t Q-T interval 433t, 436 „„ R Radial pulse 464 tracing 464f Raphe nucleus 672 Rapid emptying of blood 462 Rapid eye movement sleep 671 Rapid filling 421, 424 Reabsorbed actively, substances 246 Reabsorption 246 passive 246 selective 246 Reaction time 578 Rebound phenomenon 581, 630 Receptive relaxation 215 Receptor organ in semicircular canal 661 Receptor potential 566 Receptor proteins Receptor-mediated endocytosis 22, 23, 24f Rectal temperature 273 Rectum 273 Rectus external 699 inferior 699 Red (slow) muscle 134t Red blood cell 39, 44–46, 47, 49, 56, 59, 73f abnormal shape of 66, 67 agglutination of 99 capacity of 352 color of 62t compared to 69 count 62, 483 decrease in 48 count–polycythemia, increase in 47 drop of 103 fate of 46, 47f from sheep 395 function of 47 lifespan of 46 morphology of 45 squeeze 45 Referred pain 610 Reflex action, stages of 181 Reflex activity 575 center for 614 Reflex muscular activity 633 Reflexes in motor neuron lesion 581 Reflexes occur, types of 180 Reflexes, classification of 576 Reflexes, extensor 577 Reflexes, properties of 578 Refraction, errors of 719, 720t, 721f Refractory period 136, 419, 558 Regular astigmatism 720t, 721 Relative refractory period 558 Relaxation of muscles 657 Relaxin 392, 394 Rem sleep 671t Renal arteries, stenosis of 460 autoregulation 240 blood flow 239, 239f, 243, 479 measurement of 239, 262 blood vessels 238, 238f capillaries 239f circulation 238, 240 corpuscle 228, 230f, 231f structure of 229 disease 118, 460 disorder 63, 202 www.ajlobby.com function 65 tests 260 pain to loin 610 plasma flow 262 measurement of 262 shutdown 105 sinus 227 system 225 threshold 248 for glucose 249 tubules, segments of 249 Renin 348 actions of 348 secretion of 235 stimulants for 235 Renin-angiotensin mechanism 457, 458 system 235, 236f Renshaw cell 584 Renshaw cell inhibition 572, 572f Reproductive system 65 organs of 359 Repulsive odor 739 Resinous odor 739 Respiration 65, 345, 380, 474, 476, 487 artificial 541 diseases of 526 disorders of 526 effect on 304, 528 mechanics of 493 on venous pressure 461 regulation of 519 types of 487 Respiratory bronchioles 488 Respiratory centers 457, 519, 522 connections of 521 impulses from 448 integration of 521 Respiratory chain, components of 10 Respiratory distress syndrome 495 Respiratory function 41, 392 Respiratory gases at tissue level 512 in lungs 510 transport of 56, 510 Respiratory membrane 489, 510, 510f, 511 thickness of 511 Respiratory minute volume 504 Respiratory movements 493 Respiratory muscle 493, 498 accessory 493 paralysis of 497, 502 primary 493 Index Respiratory pressures 495 during expiration 496f during inspiration 496f Respiratory protective reflexes 490 Respiratory pump 439 Respiratory rate 504 Respiratory system 352, 535, 536 Respiratory tract 487, 488f anatomy of 487 diseases of 505 Respiratory unit 488, 488f structure of 488 Respiratory, transport of 41 Response to smell, role in 622 Resting membrane potential 21, 138, 140, 152, 416 Restrictive respiratory disease 504t, 505 Resynthesis of rhodopsin 704 Retching 217 Rete testis 361 Reticular formation 647 divisions of 647, 649f functions of 647 of brainstem 591, 610 situation of 647 Reticular system descending 649 facilitatory 649 inhibitory 649 Reticular-activating system 591 Reticulocyte 53, 54 Reticuloendothelial cells 111, 113, 197, 200 classification of 111 Reticuloendothelial system 46, 111, 112 function of 112 Reticulospinal tract 598 Reticulum of spleen 111 Retina 353, 696, 706 Retina, layers of 697f Retinal points 706 Retinol 703 Rh antigen, inheritance of 105, 106f Rh factor 105 Rh incompatibility 106f transfusion reactions to 105 Rheumatic fever 88 Rheumatoid arthritis 84 Rhodopsin 703 Rhombencephalon 550 Rhythm 464, 465 method 400 of fertility 400 of pulse 465 Rhythmic discharge of inspiratory impulses 521 Rhythmicity 416 Ribonucleic acid 187 Ribosomal RNA 11 Ribosomes 7, 11, 127 function of 11 Rickets 321 manifestations of 321 Right atrium 407, 462 impulses from 449 Right eye, movements of 701f Righting reflexes 656, 657t centers for 656 Rigor mortis 135 RNA in cells, translation of 302 synthesizes 12 Rod cells 704 Rods, functions of 703 Rods, layer of 696 Root ganglia, posterior 593 Rough endoplasmic reticulum 7, function of Rouleaux formation 46, 46f Rubrospinal tract 598 Ruptured blood vessel repair of 87 role in 87 „„ S Saccule, function of 665 Sacral ganglia 685 Sacral portion of parasympathetic 685 Sacral segments 582 Sacral spinal nerves 582 Saliva composition of 166, 167f function of 166 properties of 166 Salivary amylase 167 Salivary glands 26, 160, 164, 165f, 166, 166f, 333 classification of 165 ducts of major 165t fibers of 169 minor 165 Salivary secretion 164, 168, 170, 686t effects of 170 drugs on 170 reflex regulation of 170 Salivation, excess 665 www.ajlobby.com 765 Salt 737 taste 737 tripotassium 96 Saponin 50 Sarcomere 127, 128f, 150 Sarcoplasm of muscle cell 127 Sarcoplasmic reticulum 127, 154, 129, 130 Sarcotubular system 129, 151 Satellite cells 562 Savage attack, severe 622 Scala media 725 Scala tympani 725 Scala vestibuli 725 of cochlea 732 Scarlet fever 88 Schwann cells 562 Sebaceous glands 270 at puberty 270 Sebum composition of 270 function of 270 Secretin 182, 190, 201 action of 190 Secretion, regulation of 324, 325, 326, 333, 336 Secretory function 207, 210, 272 of cells in gastric glands 175t secretory lysosomes Secretory glands Secretory vesicles 10 Segmental static reflexes 657, 657t Semantic aphasia 677 Semen 369 clotting of 362, 363 composition of 370, 370f properties of 370 Semicircular canal 660, 663 functions of 663 position of 660f posterior 663 Semilunar valves 410, 424 Seminal fluid 362 functions of 362 Seminal vesicles 362 Seminiferous tubules 360, 366 Senile RBC, destruction of 113 Sensation classification of 601f loss of 614 of hearing 693 of pallesthesia 600 of smell 693, 738 of taste 693, 735 of vibration 593, 600 loss of 593 766 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students of vision 599, 693 quality of 614 type of 600 Senses, special 693 Sensitization 674 Sensory adaptation 565 ataxia 593 cortex 644 fibers through spinal cord 601 trigeminal nerve 601 function 272 information, processing of 613 motor area 643 nerve 575 fibers 267, 455, 727 from heart 447 primary 652 secondary 652 supply 652 nucleus 583 pathways 600, 602t classical 648 disorders of 605t specific 648 symptom 608 transduction 565 Septum of thalamus 612 Sequential events of righting reflexes 656 Serotonin 86, 353, 354, 458, 573 Serous glands 165 Serous or fibrous layer 160 Sertoli cells 361, 366 functions of 361 in spermatogenesis, role of 365 Serum 40 albumin 42 Sex 48, 452 chromosomes 391 determination 391 differentiation in fetus 367 hormones 331 hypersecretion of 372 organs in males accessory 362 testes, primary 359 organs, accessory 367, 376 organs, effect on 367 organs–ovaries, primary 374 Sexual characters, secondary 367, 368, 377 Sexual function 304, 646 regulation of 622 Sexual sensations, center for 614 Sham feeding, advantage of 179 Shivering 275 Shock 191, 438, 478 manifestations of 479 Shoulder bone 368 Sickle cell anemia 63 Sightedness 720 short 719 Simmonds’ disease 296, 297 symptoms 297 Sinoaortic mechanism 449, 457 Sinoatrial 409 Sjögren’s syndrome 172 Skeletal muscle 4, 26, 124, 124t, 125, 136, 145, 154, 304, 345, 438, 724 action potential in 139f activities of 604 activity 315 circulation 472 composition of 130f fibers 124t mass 126f properties of 132 structure of 126 Skin 26, 65, 268, 368, 378, 438, 577 appendages of 268 color of 269 function of 271 glands of 270 pigmentation of 269 structure of 268, 269f Sleep 274, 668 centers 672 during 49, 452 mechanism of 672 physiology of 670 regulation of 621 requirement 670 stage of medium 671 types of 670 Slight tremor 642 Smallpox 88 Smoking, heavy 469 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 7, Smooth muscle 124, 124t, 125, 137, 150, 153f, 154, 345, 686t activities of 604 activity of 155, 315 coat 492 contraction, molecular basis of 154, 154f control of 155 fibers 124t, 151f, 471 single-unit 152 www.ajlobby.com structure of 150 without action potential 153 Sneezing reflex 491 Sneezing starts 491 Snellen’s chart 705 Sodium 20, 40t chloride 244, 244f concentration of 244 cotransport 21, 21f, 22f countertransport 21, 22f ions 332 reabsorption of 248, 252 Sodium-hydrogen antiport pump 257 Sodium-potassium pump 20, 21f, 140 Solids excreted in urine 261f Somatic nerve 264 fibers 700 supply 264 Somatic nervous system 551 Somatic sensations 599 types of 600 Somatomedin 199, 289 Somatomotor activities 649, 650 system 599, 604 Somatosensory fibers 601 Somatosensory function 614 Somatosensory system 599–601 Somatostatin 354, 617 acts 325, 326 Sound 734 loudness of 734 pitch of 734 properties of 733 transduction 733 Sour 737 taste 737 Spasm of hollow organs 610 Spatial summation 580 Speech 677 disorders of 677 impairment of 470 mechanism of 677 problems 634 role in 168 Sperm 370 into uterus 401 motility, maintenance of 363 structure of 371 Spermatogenesis 363, 364f absence of 366 initiation of 365 stage of 363, 365, 365t Spermatogenic cells 361 Index Spermatogonia 361 generations of 364 proliferation of 365 Spermiogenesis 365 Sperms, motility of 363 Spherocytosis 50 Sphincter pupillae 714 Sphincters 263 of GI tract 345 Spike potential 140, 152 Spinal anesthesia 605t Spinal cord 353, 582, 587 anterior column of 597 ascending tracts of 584, 585, 585t, 586t, 601 descending tracts of 594, 595t gray matter of 582 internal structure of 582 parts of 584 section of 583f segments of 582, 591 substance of 582 to brain 584 tracts in 584, 587f, 594 white matter of 584 Spinal nerves 582 pairs of 582 Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n erve 603, 604 Spinal reflexes 576 Spinocerebellar tract 589f anterior 589 Spinocerebellum 625, 626 components of 626 consists of medial portions 626 functions of 627 Spino-olivary tract 591 Spinoreticular tract 591 Spinotectal tract 590 Spinothalamic tract 587, 591, 609 anterior 585, 587, 590 Spinovestibular tract 591 Spiral canal of cochlea, cross-section of 726f Splanchnic circulation 470 Spleen 111, 113 disorders of 72 function of 113 Splenectomy 88 Splenic capsule 345 Splenic circulation 470 Splenic vein 194 Splenomegaly 88 Stagnant hypoxia 527, 528 causes of 527 Staircase phenomenon 418 cause for 418 Stammering 678 Stapedius 724, 725 Staphylococcus 50 aureus 66 Static exercise 481 Static postural reflexes 657t Static reflexes, local 657, 657t Statokinetic reflexes 656, 658 Steatorrhea 191 causes of 191 Stem cells 52, 52f, 74 Stereocilia of hair cells 733 Stereognosis 592f, 593 Steroids 283 Stimulation of muscle spindle 577 Stimulus 132, 215, 674 artifact 139 number of 133 particular type of 599 strength of 133 types of 132 Stomach 4, 159 anatomy of 173 emptying of 216 filling of 216 function of 175 glands of 174 movements of 215 parts of 173, 174f, 178 wall, structure of 174 Stratum corneum 268 Stratum germinativum 268 Stratum granulosum 268 Stratum lucidum 268 Stratum spinosum 268 Streptococcus 50, 168 Stretch receptors of lungs, impulses from 522 Stretch reflex 655 Striated muscle 123 Stroke 469 volume 437 Stromal tissues of breasts, development of 378 Subconscious kinesthetic sensation 600 Subconscious movements 633 Subliminal stimuli 418 Sublingual glands 164–166, 169 Submandibular glands 164, 165 Submaxillary ganglion 169 Submaxillary glands 164–166 Submaximal stimulus 132 Submucus layer 160 Subneural clefts 146 Substances, organic 34 www.ajlobby.com 767 Substantia gelatinosa of rolando 587, 609 Substantia nigra 631, 632 Succinylcholine 148 Succus entericus 206f composition of 205 function of 205 properties of 205 secretion of 207 Sulfhemoglobin 58 Superoxide 112 Supplementary motor area, functions of 641 Supporting reflexes, negative 657 Suppressor T cells, role of 80 Supramaximal stimulus 132 Surfactant secreted 495 Sustentacular cells 736, 738 Sutter group 107 Swallowing reflex 491 Sweat glands 270, 333, 686t Sweating 37, 469 excess 37 Sweet taste 737 Sylvius, aqueduct of 610 Sympathoadrenergic system 685 Sympathomimetic drugs 687 Synapse 568 classification of 568 functions of 570 number of 577 properties of 572 Synaptic cleft 146 Synaptic delay 572 Synaptic inhibition 572 Synaptic transmission of pain 610 Syncytium 409 functional 151 Syndrome of inappropriate hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 297 Syntactical aphasia 677 Synthesizes steroids 199 Synthetic function 199, 210, 272 Synthetic senses 600 Systemic arterial pressure 245 Systolic murmur 429 Systolic pressure 451 „„ T T cell initiates 79 specificity of 80 suppressor 76, 80 768 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students T lymphocytes 71, 76, 112, 348 storage of 76 types of 76 Tachycardia 346, 444, 479 Tactile anesthesia 605t Tactile discrimination 592f Tactile hyperesthesia 605t Tactile localization 592f, 593 loss of 593, 644 Taste blindness 737 Taste bud 735, 736f situation of 735 structure of 735 Taste sensation 736f, 737 abnormalities of 737 primary 737 Taste transduction 737 Taste, appreciation of 166 Taurocholic acids 196 Tectorial membrane 726 Tectospinal tract 598 Teeth 160 formation 315 Temperature regulating capacity, loss of 539 Temperature regulation 277 Temperature, variations in 135 Temporal and nasal fields 705 Temporal field 705 Temporal lobe 637, 644 syndrome 644 Temporal pulse 464 Temporal summation 574f, 581 Tensor tympani 724 muscle 724 Testis 282 anatomy of 360 coverings of 359 degeneration of 373 descent of 367 extirpation of 372 functions of 363 immediately after puberty, extirpation of 372 in abdomen, pain from 610 in adults, extirpation of 372 removal of 373 structure of 360f Testosterone 337, 365, 366 action of 369 functions of 367 in adult life, functions of 367 in fetal life, functions of 367 secretion of 365 regulation of 369, 369f Tetanus 133, 134, 419 bacillus 50 cause of 135 Tetraiodothyronine 299 Thalamic hand 615 Thalamic nuclei 612, 613f Thalamic phantom limb 614 Thalamic reticular nucleus 613 Thalamic syndrome 614, 615 Thalamus 613 functions of 613 Thalassemia 63 Thebesian veins 467 Theca cells, activity of 377 Theca externa 384 Theca interna 384 Thermanalgesia 605t Thermoanesthesia 605t Thermodilution technique 440, 442 Thermogenic effect 380 Thermoreceptors, impulses from 523 Thoracic cage, movements of 493 Thoracic ganglia 685 Thoracic lid 493, 494 Thoracic segments 582 Thoracic spinal nerves 582 Thoracolumbar nerves 609 Thorax abnormal 497 deformities of 497 elastic resistance of 498 Threshold for olfactory sensation 739 Thrills 429 Thrombasthenic purpura 99 Thrombocytes 39, 113 Thrombocythemia 88 Thrombocytopenia 88 Thrombocytopenic purpura 99 Thrombopoietin 348 Thrombosis 99 causes of 99 complications of 99 Thrombospondin 86 Thromboxanes 351, 352 Thrombus 99 Thymin 348 Thymosin 348 Thymus 282, 347, 348 causes myasthenia gravis 348 Thyroglobulin synthesis 300 Thyroid adenoma 306 function tests 309 gland 282, 299, 300f, 302, 311f, 347 disorders of 306 hormones 302 action of 305 function of 302 www.ajlobby.com in blood 302 secretion of 305, 305f storage of 301 synthesis of 300, 301f stimulating hormone 27, 27f, 290, 305, 306 action of 305 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 617 Thyroxine 55, 327, 458 caused by 304 secretion of 27f Thyroxine-binding globulin 302 prealbumin 302 Tibialis pulse 464 Tissue capsule around follicle 383 changes in 536 connective fluid 117 formation of 117, 118f function of 117 inflammation of 118 integrity of 116 into blood 513 macrophage 111 function of 112 types of 116 Tone, disturbance in 629 Tongue 160 Tonic labyrinthine 658 Tonicity 166 Tortuous blood vessels 387 Total body water 35t measurement of 35 Total leukocyte count 72 Total lung capacity 500 Toxemia of pregnancy 460 Toxic goiter 308 materials, exposure to 202 substances 272 Toxins 50 Tracheobronchial tree 488 Transcytosis 24 Transfusion, exchange 110 Transmembrane potential 138 Transmission of pulse, velocity of 463 Transneuronal degeneration 560 Transport mechanism, role in 43 Transpulmonary pressure 497 Trauma 88, 341 Traveling wave 733 theory 734 Tremor 634 intention 615, 630 Index Trichromatism 717, 718 Trigeminal lemniscus carries 603f Trigeminal nerve 169, 609 carries somatosensory 601 division of 169, 601, 603f, 604f Triglycerides 324 Triiodothyronine 299 Tritanomaly 718 Tritanopia 717 Tritium oxide 35 Trochlear (fourth) nerve 700 Tropomyosin 129 role of 142 Troponin 129 role of 142 Trousseau’s sign 313 Trypsin 186 action of 186 TSH increases 305 T-tubules 129 function of 130 Tubectomy 403 Tuberculosis 72, 88, 460 Tubular reabsorption 246, 247, 249 Tubular secretion 249 Tubuloglomerular feedback 240, 244 Tuft of capillaries 679 Tumor affecting VIII cranial nerve 734 Tumor necrosis factors 83 secretion of 112 Tunica adventitia, outer 411 albuginea 359 externa 695 fibrosa 695 interna 696 intima, inner 411 media 695 middle 411 nervosa 696 vaginalis 359 vasculosa 359, 695 Tympanic membrane 724f role of 732 to infection 734 Typhoid 72, 88 Tyramine 687 Tyrosine derivatives of 283 iodination of 300 „„ U Ulnar pulse 464 Ultrasonic Doppler transducer technique 441 Ultraviolet rays 272 Unconditioned reflex 170, 180, 188 Unconditioned stimulus 676 Ungated channels 18 Uninhibited neurogenic bladder 267 Unipolar chest leads 432 leads 431, 432 limb leads 432 Uniport 20 Unstable resting membrane, cause for 152 Urea recirculation 252 Urethra 362, 363 Urinalysis 260 Urinary bladder 686t anatomy of 263 filling of 265 Urinary system 226f Urine 395 acidification of 256, 257 composition of 260 normal 260 concentration of 250, 254 examination of 261 formation 37, 241, 242f, 249 of dilute 250, 254f passage of 233 properties of 260 normal 260 routine examination of 260 Uterine changes 382 during menstrual cycle 386, 387f Uterine muscles 377 Uterus 345, 376, 377, 379, 393 accidentally 402 action on 293 for pregnancy 377 movements of 393 structure of 376 Utricle, function of 664 „„ V Vacuum aspiration 402 Vagal tone 450f regulation of 447 Vagina 376, 377 during menstrual cycle, changes in 389 Vaginal changes 382 Vaginal epithelial cells 389 Vaginal epithelium, layers of 377 Vagovagal reflex 181 www.ajlobby.com 769 Vagus (X) nerve 685 and glossopharyngeal 609 Vagus nerve 162, 185 Valsalva experiment 462 maneuver 462 Valvular heart diseases 445 Vanillylmandelic acid 343 Variable region 82 Vas deferens 361 Vas efferens 361 Vasa recta 252 role of 253 Vascular congestion 480 Vascular permeability 352 Vascular resistance 492 Vascular response 335 Vasectomy 403 Vasoactive intestinal peptide 180f polypeptide 161, 182, 354, 458 Vasoconstriction 89, 344 Vasoconstrictor area 445 Vasoconstrictor fibers 455 Vasodilator area 445, 455 Vasodilator fibers 455 Vasodilator nerves in skeletal muscle 353 Vasomotor center 445, 447, 455 Vasomotor system 454 Vasomotor tone 455 Vasopressin 458 Vegetative functions 649 control of 650 Vein of neck 462 peripheral 461 portal 194 Vena cava, pressure in superior 461 Venous drainage 467 Venous pressure 461 in central vein 461 in extremities of body 461 in peripheral vein 461 Venous pulse 463, 465 evaluation of 465 examination of 465 Venous return 439, 453, 466, 483 alteration of 457 Venous system 411 Ventilation and dead space 506 Ventilation method 542 Ventilation volume 504 Ventilation-perfusion ratio 507, 508 Ventilator 542 770 Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students Ventral nucleus 612 anterior 612 Ventral part of diencephalon 616 Ventral posterolateral nucleus 613 Ventral posteromedial nucleus 613 Ventral respiratory group of neurons 520 Ventral spinocerebellar tract 589 Ventricular diastole 421, 422 Ventricular events 420 of cardiac cycle 421, 422f Ventricular muscle action potential in 415f fibers 418 Ventricular systole 421 Ventricular, duration of 421 Verbal aphasia 677 Vermis 624 inferior 625t of cerebellum 624 parts of superior 624 superior 625t Vesicular follicle 383 Vestibular apparatus 659, 660 anatomy of 660 functions of 662 Vestibular nucleus 591 in medulla 597 Vestibulocerebellum 625 action of 626 components of 625 functions of 625 lesion of 626 Vestibulo-ocular reflex 664 Vestibulospinal tract 597 anterior 597 Vibratory sensation 592f Villi, movements of 219 Viral infection of brain 633 Viral infections 72 Viscera, pain receptors of 610 Visceral layer 487 of bowman’s capsule 242 Visceral organs 600 functions of 604 Visceral pain 610 causes of 610 Visceral reflexes 577 Visceral sensations arising 600 Visceral smooth muscle fibers 151 Visceral tissue 151f Visceroceptors 564 Viscerosensory system 600, 601 Visible spectrum 716 Vision acuity of 705 field of 702, 705 Visual association 645, 709 Visual cortex 645, 707, 709 Visual field 706 divisions of 705, 706f Visual pathway 707, 708f, 709f course of 707 levels of 710 Visual process 702, 703 Visual receptors 707 Visuopsychic area 677 Vital capacity 500 variations of 500 Vitamin 55 A 55, 703, 704 B 55 B12 55 absorption of 177 deficiency 64 C 55 D 55 activation of 311, 312f E 55 K 210 metabolism 303 Vitreous humor 698 Vitronectin 86 Vocal cords, thickening of 368 Voice 368, 378 Voltage-gated channels 18 Voluntary functions 604 Voluntary movements 632 Voluntary muscle 123 Vomiting 38, 183, 184, 191, 216, 217, 346, 469, 665 act of 217 blood 184 causes of 217 loss of 480 reflex 218 severe 37 von Willebrand disease 99 von Willebrand factor 86, 89 „„ W Wakefulness, regulation of 621 www.ajlobby.com Wandering cells 112 reticuloendothelial 112 Waning, causes for 531 Warm temperature 135 Warm-blooded animals 273 Water 682 balance 369, 621 maintenance of 28f, 37, 226, 490 regulation of 41, 168 intoxication 37 metabolism 335 reabsorption of 248 regulation of 272 Waves of normal electrocardiogram 432, 433t, 434f Waxing 531 causes for 531 WBC count 72 WBCs, lifespan of 72 Weakness 469 extreme 469 respiratory muscle 502 Weightlifting 482 Wernicke’s area 644, 677 Westergren method 59, 60 Westergren tube 60f White blood cells 39, 61, 69, 70f, 72 function of 70 in blood 41 properties of 73 Wilson’s disease 634 Wintrobe method 59, 60 Wintrobe tube 60f „„ X Xerostomia 171 „„ Y Young-Helmholtz theory 713 trichromatic 717 „„ Z Zona fasciculata 331 glomerulosa 331 pellucida 383 reticularis 331 .. .ESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOGY for Dental Students www.ajlobby.com www.ajlobby.com ESSENTIALS OF PHYSIOLOGY for Dental Students Second Edition K Sembulingam PhD Madha... We, the authors of Essentials of Medical Physiology are proud to bring out another textbook in Physiology, titled Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students This is the outcome of requests, wishes... with the students and giving us the feedback, which helped us in shaping it as per the need of time and necessity of the students www.ajlobby.com viii Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students