Nội dung của công việc này chỉ nhằm mục đích tiếp tục nghiên cứu, hiểu biết và thảo luận về khoa học nói chung và không nhằm mục đích và không được dựa vào việc khuyến nghị hoặc quảng bá một phương pháp, chẩn đoán hoặc điều trị cụ thể của các nhà khoa học sức khỏe cho bất kỳ bệnh nhân cụ thể nào. Nhà xuất bản và tác giả không tuyên bố hoặc bảo đảm về tính chính xác hoặc đầy đủ của nội dung của tác phẩm này và từ chối đặc biệt tất cả các bảo đảm, bao gồm nhưng không giới hạn bất kỳ bảo đảm ngụ ý nào về tính phù hợp cho một mục đích cụ thể. Theo quan điểm của nghiên cứu đang diễn ra, sửa đổi thiết bị, thay đổi trong các quy định của chính phủ và luồng thông tin liên tục liên quan đến việc sử dụng thuốc, thiết bị và dụng cụ, người đọc được khuyến khích xem xét và đánh giá thông tin được cung cấp trong tờ hướng dẫn sử dụng hoặc hướng dẫn cho mỗi loại thuốc, thiết bị hoặc dụng cụ, trong số những thứ khác, bất kỳ thay đổi nào trong hướng dẫn hoặc chỉ dẫn sử dụng cũng như các cảnh báo và biện pháp phòng ngừa bổ sung. Độc giả nên tham khảo ý kiến của bác sĩ chuyên khoa ở những nơi thích hợp. Việc một tổ chức hoặc Trang web được đề cập đến trong tác phẩm này như một trích dẫn và hoặc một nguồn thông tin tiềm năng khác không có nghĩa là tác giả hoặc nhà xuất bản xác nhận thông tin mà tổ chức hoặc Trang web có thể cung cấp hoặc các khuyến nghị mà tổ chức hoặc Trang web có thể đưa ra. Hơn nữa, độc giả nên biết rằng các Trang Web được liệt kê trong tác phẩm này có thể đã thay đổi hoặc biến mất giữa thời điểm tác phẩm này được viết và khi nó được đọc. Không có bảo hành nào có thể được tạo ra hoặc mở rộng bởi bất kỳ tuyên bố quảng cáo nào cho công việc này. Cả nhà xuất bản và tác giả đều không chịu trách nhiệm về bất kỳ thiệt hại nào phát sinh từ đây
Second Edition The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions Edited by Lauren L Patton Michael Glick www.ajlobby.com The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions Second Edition Edited by Lauren L Patton, DDS Diplomate, American Board of Oral Medicine Diplomate, American Board of Special Care Dentistry Director, General Practice Residency UNC/UNCH Professor and Chair, Department of Dental Ecology School of Dentistry University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS (Edin) Diplomate, American Board of Oral Medicine Editor, JADA William M Feagans Chair and Professor School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York www.ajlobby.com Copyright © 2016 by American Dental Association All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: The ADA practical guide to patients with medical conditions / edited by Lauren L Patton, Michael Glick.—Second edition p ; cm Practical guide to patients with medical conditions Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-118-92440-2 (pbk.) I Patton, Lauren L., editor II Glick, Michael, editor III American Dental Association, issuing body IV Title: Practical guide to patients with medical conditions [DNLM: Dental Care Dental Care for Chronically Ill Medical History Taking Oral Manifestations Patient Care Planning Risk Assessment WU 29] RK56 617.6 — dc23 2015026521 Cover images (clockwise from top middle): © iStockphoto/Casarsa; © iStockphoto/mishooo; © iStockphoto/michaeljung; © iStockphoto/leezsnow; © iStockphoto/ALEAIMAGE Set in 9.5/12 pt Palatino LT Std by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India Printed in Singapore 10 www.ajlobby.com Contents Accessing Dr Glick’s Medical Support Website v Contributors vi Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Medical History, Physical Evaluation, and Risk Assessment Lauren L Patton Cardiovascular Diseases Wendy S Hupp 25 Pulmonary Disease Miriam R Robbins 43 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Terry D Rees 71 Kidney Disease William M Carpenter and Darren P Cox 101 Hepatic Disease Juan F Yepes 121 Gastrointestinal Disease Brian C Muzyka 135 Hematological Disease Bhavik Desai and Thomas P Sollecito 153 iii www.ajlobby.com iv Contents Bleeding Disorders Dena J Fischer, Matthew S Epstein, and Joel B Epstein 183 10 Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Diseases Scott S De Rossi and Katharine N Ciarrocca 201 11 Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Related Conditions Lauren L Patton 231 12 Immunological and Mucocutaneous Disease Dawnyetta R Marable and Michael T Brennan 259 13 Head and Neck Cancer Steven M Roser, Steven R Nelson, Srinivasa Rama Chandra, and Kelly R Magliocca 273 14 Neurological Disorders Robert G Henry 299 15 Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders Maureen Munnelly Perry and Nancy J Dougherty 325 16 Substance Use Disorders Abdel Rahim Mohammad 351 17 Developmental Defects of the Craniofacial Complex and Orthopedic Disorders J Timothy Wright, Michael Milano, and Luiz Andre Pimenta 381 18 Geriatric Health and Functional Issues Janet A Yellowitz 405 19 Women’s Health Linda C Niessen 423 20 Medical Emergencies Lauren L Patton 451 21 Medical Screening/Assessment in the Dental Office Barbara L Greenberg and Michael Glick 465 Appendix: List of Common Drugs 485 Index 497 Visit Dr Glick’s Medical Support Website at www.icemedicalsupport.com/ADAGuide www.ajlobby.com Accessing Dr Glick’s Medical Support Website Dear Reader, In order to access and utilize the internet version of Dr Glick’s Medical Support System, please follow these instructions NOTE: by using the code found in this book, The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions, you will be provided with a 6-month complimentary subscription The code is the last word in the caption of Figure 5.5 Your credit card will not be charged during that time To take advantage of this offer, go to www.icemedicalsupport.com/ADAGuide and then enter the code word (details given above) into the box titled “CODE:” Complete the balance of the registration information, including the creation of a username and password You will now have unlimited access to the system from any device for months Dr Glick provides regular information updates to the system in order to keep the material current and practical You can also communicate directly with Dr Glick through the system to provide feedback and submit requests v www.ajlobby.com Contributors Pathology Laboratory Arthur A Dugoni School of Dentistry University of the Pacific San Francisco, California Michael T Brennan, DDS, MHS Professor and Chairman Oral Medicine Residency Director Department of Oral Medicine Carolinas Medical Center Charlotte, North Carolina William M Carpenter, DDS, MS Emeritus Professor of Pathology and Medicine Arthur A Dugoni School of Dentistry University of the Pacific San Francisco, California Katharine N Ciarrocca, DMD, MSEd Assistant Professor Department of Oral Rehabilitation Division of Geriatric Dentistry Department of Oral Health & Diagnostic Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University Augusta, Georgia Darren P Cox, DDS, MBA Associate Professor of Pathology and Medicine Director, Pacific Oral & Maxillofacial Scott S De Rossi, DMD Chairman, Oral Health & Diagnostic Sciences Professor, Oral Medicine Professor, Dermatology Professor, Otolaryngology/Head &Neck Surgery Georgia Regents University Augusta, Georgia Bhavik Desai, DMD, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Oral Medicine Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Nancy J Dougherty, DMD, MPH Clinical Associate Professor Department of Pediatric Dentistry New York University College of Dentistry New York, New York vi www.ajlobby.com Contributors vii Joel B Epstein, DMD, MSD, FRCD(C), FDS RCS (Edin) Consultant, Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, California and Collaborating member, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California Matthew S Epstein, DDS Private Practice Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Seattle, Washington Dena J Fischer, DDS, MSD, MS Program Director Clinical Research and Epidemiology Program National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Bethesda, Maryland Michael Glick, DMD, FDS RCS (Edin) William M Feagans Chair and Professor School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York Barbara L Greenberg, MSc, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Epidemiology and Community Health School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College Valhalla, New York Robert G Henry, DMD, MPH Director of Geriatric Dental Services and Chief of Dentistry Lexington Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Clinical Associate Professor University of Kentucky, College of Dentistry Lexington, Kentucky Wendy S Hupp, DMD Associate Professor of Oral Medicine Department of General Dentistry and Oral Medicine University of Louisville, School of Dentistry Louisville, Kentucky Kelly R Magliocca, DDS, MPH Assistant Professor, Oral, Head and Neck Pathology Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia Dawnyetta R Marable, MD, DMD Chief Resident Department of Oral Medicine Carolinas Medical Center Charlotte, North Carolina Michael Milano, DMD Clinical Associate Professor Department of Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Abdel Rahim Mohammad, DDS, MS, MPH Professor and Coordinator of Geriatric Dentistry Co‐coordinator of Oral Medicine Programs College of Dentistry King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Maureen Munnelly Perry, DDS, MPA Associate Dean for Post‐Doctoral Education Associate Professor & Director, Special Care Dentistry Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health A.T Still University Assistant Director, Central Arizona Region Lutheran Medical Center Advanced Education in General Dentistry Program Mesa, Arizona www.ajlobby.com viii Contributors Brian C Muzyka, DMD, MS, MBA Clinical Associate Professor Director of Hospital Dentistry East Carolina University School of Dental Medicine Greenville, North Carolina Steven R Nelson, DDS, MS Private Practice Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Denver, Colorado Miriam R Robbins, DDS, MS Clinical Associate Professor and Associate Chair Director, Special Needs Clinic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine New York University, College of Dentistry New York, New York Steven M Roser, DMD, MD, FACS DeLos Hill Professor and Chief, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Emory University, School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia Linda C Niessen, DMD, MPH Dean and Professor College of Dental Medicine Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, Florida Lauren L Patton, DDS Professor and Chair, Department of Dental Ecology Director General Practice Residency School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Luiz Andre Pimenta, DDS, MS, PhD Clinical Professor, Department of Dental Ecology Dental Director, UNC Craniofacial Center School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Srinivasa Rama Chandra, MD, BDS, FDS RCS (Eng) Assistant Professor Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Harbor View Medical Center University of Washington Seattle, Washington Terry D Rees, DDS, MSD Professor, Department of Periodontics Director of Stomatology Texas A & M University, Baylor College of Dentistry Dallas, Texas Thomas P Sollecito, DMD, FDS RCS (Edin) Professor and Chair of Oral Medicine University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine Chief, Oral Medicine Division, Penn Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania J Timothy Wright, DDS, MS Bawden Distinguished Professor Department of Pediatric Dentistry Director of Strategic Initiatives School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Janet A Yellowitz, DMD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics Director of Geriatric Dentistry School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore Baltimore, Maryland Juan F Yepes, DDS, MD, MPH, MS, DrPH, FDS RCS (Edin) Associate Professor Riley Hospital for Children Department of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana www.ajlobby.com Index 503 medical emergencies 81, 82 oral lesions 77, 79–80 prognosis 75 screening 467–8, 478 toleration of dental care 81 treatment 74–5, 75, 76 diabetic ketoacidosis 457 diabetic retinopathy 406 epidemiology 412 medical management 415 pathogenesis/etiology 72, 411 dialysis CAPD 108 CCPD 108 hemodialysis 107–8, 107, 108, 111, 114–15 peritoneal dialysis 108, 115 diazepam 309 drug actions/interactions 373 in kidney disease 113 diet, head and neck cancer 276 dietary supplements 15 drug interactions 18–19 digoxin 16, 17 diphenhydramine (Benadryl) 14, 455 in kidney disease 113 dipyridamole (Aggrenox; Persantine) 38 disseminated intravascular coagulation 184, 190 disulfiram (Antabuse) 358 Ditropan 55 diuretics 33 see also individual drugs divalproex sodium (Depakote) 312 donepezil (Aricept) 417 dopamine agonists 307 dopamine-releasing agents 307 Down syndrome 325 dental management 329, 332, 333 dental treatment modifications 334 epidemiology 327 infection susceptibility 334 medical management 328 pathogenesis/etiology 326 toleration of dental care 334 doxycycline in kidney disease 112 drooling in Parkinson’s disease 318–19 drop seizures 302 drug actions/interactions 13 in bleeding disorders 197–8 in cardiovascular disease 39 in developmental defects and orthopedic disorders 402 with dietary supplements 18–19 in gastrointestinal disease 149, 149, 150 in head and neck cancer 296 in hematological disease 179–80, 180 in hepatic disease 130–1 in HIV/AIDS 247–8, 249–52 in kidney disease 112–13, 117 in neurodevelopmental disorders 330–1, 334 in neurological disorders 320 with other drugs 16–17 in pancreatic diseases 79, 81 in psychiatric disorders 341–3, 347 in pulmonary disease 64 in substance use disorders 372–5, 373–4 in thyroid disease 96 in women 439–45 drug allergies 19 drug-induced bleeding disorders 184, 185–6 dental treatment modifications 194–6, 195 treatment 192 drug-seeking behaviors 376 dry mouth see xerostomia duloxetine (Cymbalta) 341 dysarthria 319 dysgeusia 293 dyspepsia 135 diagnosis and treatment 141 epidemiology 140 pathogenesis/etiology 137 dysphagia 319 eating disorders (EDs) 335–6 dental treatment modifications 346 epidemiology 338 medical management 340, 344 oral lesions 346–7, 347 pathogenesis/etiology 337 ecchymosis 6, 188, 196, 197 Echinacea augustifolia 15 ectodermal dysplasia 382–3, 382 dental treatment modifications 394, 395 epidemiology 387 medical management 389, 390 oral lesions 401 pathogenesis/etiology 385 ectrodactyly-ED-clefting syndrome 395 edentulation 219 Eduran 251 Elavil 309 electrolytes in kidney disease 106 electronic cigarettes 361, 361 emergencies see medical emergencies emphysema (pink puffers) 46, 51 see also COPD Emtriva 249 endocrine/metabolic disorders 71–99 adrenal diseases 81–8 pancreatic diseases 71–81 thyroid disease 89–97 see also specific conditions entacapone (Comtan) 307 entry inhibitors 251 eosinophils 167 epidermolysis bullosa (EB) 383, 383 dental treatment modifications 394–5 epidemiology 387 infection susceptibility 402 medical management 388–9, 390 oral lesions 386, 401 pathogenesis/etiology 385 phenotypes 386 www.ajlobby.com 504 Index epidermolysis bullosa (continued) toleration of dental care 402 treatment 386 epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) 264 epilepsy 300–2, 458 absence (petit mal) seizures 301–2 atonic/drop seizures 302 clonic seizures 302 dental management 318, 318 epidemiology 303 generalized seizures 301–2 medical management 311–12, 312 myoclonic seizures 302 partial seizures 301 pathogenesis/etiology 304–5 status epilepticus 301 toleration of dental care 322 tonic seizures 302 epinephrine 455 reaction to 461–2 EpiPen 459 Epivir 249 Epstein-Barr virus in head and neck cancer 276 in HIV/AIDS 243 Epzicom 249 erythema major 266–7 erythema minor 265, 265 erythema multiforme (ME) 20, 264–6 etiology 265 erythromycin drug actions/interactions 373 in kidney disease 112 in pregnancy 441 escitalopram (Lexapro) 341 estrogens, conjugated 14 ethambutol 56–7 ethinyl estradiol 14 ethosuximide (Zarontin) 312 etidocaine 441 etidronate (Didronel) 443 evening primrose 18 everolimus 109 exophthalmos 90 facial signs Fallot’s tetralogy 29 famciclovir (Famvir) 241 family history fibrinogenolysis 190 fibrinolysis 184 fibromyalgia (FM) 202 dental treatment modifications 219 diagnosis 207–8 drug actions/interactions 225–6, 226 epidemiology 203–4 medical history 210, 210 pathogenesis/etiology 202 toleration of dental care 227 treatment 214 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) 281–2 finger clubbing in cystic fibrosis 49 fluconazole (Diflucan) in HIV patients 241 in kidney disease 113 fludrocortisone 55 fluocinonide (Lidex) 242 fluoxetine (Prozac; Sarafem) 309, 330 fluphenazine (Prolixin; Permitil) 342 fluticasone 55 fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair Diskus) 55 fluvoxamine (Luvox) 342 focal dermal hypoplasia 395 folate-deficiency anemia 155 diagnosis 164 epidemiology 160 pathogenesis/etiology 158–9 folic acid 15 fondaparinux (Arixtra) 186 foreign objects, aspiration/swallowing 459–60 formoterol 55 forms ADA Health History Form Child Health/Dental History Form Framingham Risk Score 469, 474 fungal infections 175 in head and neck cancer 293 furosemide 14 Fuzeon 251 gabapentin (Neurontin) 439 gastric cancer 137 diagnosis and treatment 144 epidemiology 140 hemostasis, impaired 148 pathogenesis/etiology 139 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 9, 136 diagnosis and treatment 142 epidemiology 140 oral lesions 147, 147 pathogenesis/etiology 137 toleration of dental care 150 gastrointestinal (GI) disease 135–51 coordination of care 141 dental management 145–50 dental treatment modifications 146 drug actions/interactions 149, 149, 150 epidemiology 140–1 infection susceptibility 148–9 key questions 146 medical management 141–5 oral lesions 146–8, 147–9 pathogenesis/etiology 137–9 risk factors 148–9 toleration of dental care 150 see also specific conditions generalized anxiety disorders see anxiety disorders geriatric dentistry see older patients gestational diabetes 72 gingiva bleeding 11, 174 linear erythema 242 www.ajlobby.com Index 505 overgrowth (hypertrophy) 7, 20, 116, 174, 175, 176, 176, 319, 319 spontaneous oozing 187 gingivitis necrotizing ulcerative 245, 245 in pregnancy 431 Ginko biloba 15 drug interactions 18 ginseng 15 glantamine (Razadyne) 417 Glanzmann thrombasthenia 185 Glasgow Coma Scale 311 glatiramer acetate (Capaxone) 309 glaucoma 406 epidemiology 412 medical management 413, 415 pathogenesis 411 glimepiride 76 glipizide 76 glossitis 20 glossodynia 176 glucocorticoids 84, 109 glucosamine 15 glucose 6-phosphatase dehydrogenase anemia 155 diagnosis 163 epidemiology 160 pathogenesis/etiology 156–7 glucose 455 glyburide 76 glycated hemoglobin see glycosylated hemoglobin test and HbA1c test glycosylated hemoglobin test 469–70, 475–6, 475 gold salts toxicity 225 gold toxicity 225 graft-versus-host disease 178–9, 261–2 clinical features 261 risk factors 261 treatment 262 vs autoimmunity 261, 262 granuloma, pyogenic of pregnancy 431, 431 Graves’ disease 89, 90 ‘ground glass’ appearance 114 guanifenesin 14 hairy leukoplakia 243–4, 244 haloperidol (Haldol) 342 hard tissue enlargement Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 90 HbA1c test 74, 469-70 see also glycosylated hemoglobin test head and neck cancer 273–98 anatomy 274 biopsy 281 chemotherapy 288–9 coordination of care 277 dental management 289–97 description 273 diagnostic imaging 281 drug actions/interactions 296 epidemiology 276–7 fine-needle aspiration 281–2 hemostasis, impaired 296 infection susceptibility 296 key questions 289, 290 laboratory testing 281 location 275 medical management 277–89 mortality 277 oral lesions 292–6, 293–6 pathogenesis/progression 276 physical examination 279–81, 280, 281 prognosis 283 radiotherapy 186–8 risk factors 273–6, 276 screening 278–9, 278 staging 282, 283 surgical resection 286, 287 toleration of dental care 297 tumor grading 282 see also specific areas health history 2–3, 2, Health History Form hearing loss, age-related 407, 416 dental treatment modifications 419 epidemiology 412 medical management 413, 415 pathogenesis/etiology 411 heart 27 heart failure 28, 37 Heberden’s nodes 407, 408 Helicobacter pylori 137, 159 hemarthrosis 188 hematocrit 166 hematological disease 153–82 coordination of care 161 dental management 170–80 dental treatment modifications 173–4 description 153–6 drug actions/interactions 179–80, 180 epidemiology 159–61 key questions 170–2 laboratory testing 161, 166–7, 168 medical management 161–70 oral lesions 174–8, 174–8 pathogenesis/etiology 156–9 risk factors 179 stem cell transplant 168–70, 169 see also specific conditions hematoma 188, 196 hemodialysis 107–8, 107, 108, 111, 114–15 hemoglobin 166 hemophilia A/B 10, 11, 184 laboratory tests 190 treatment 191–2 hemostasis, impaired 9–12, 10, 11 in bleeding disorders 197 in cardiovascular disease 38 in gastrointestinal disease 148 in head and neck cancer 296 in hematological disease 179 in HIV patients 247 in kidney disease 117 in neurological disorders 319–20 www.ajlobby.com 506 Index hemostasis, impaired (continued) in older patients 420 in pancreatic cancer 79 in psychiatric disorders 347 in pulmonary disease 63 in substance use disorders 372 heparin 38, 198 drug interactions 17 laboratory tests 190 hepatic disease see liver disease hepatitis see viral hepatitis hepatocellular carcinoma 121 epidemiology 124 medical history 126 treatment 128 herbal supplements 15 Herbst appliance 66 herpes simplex virus 175, 175 in HIV patients 241, 245, 246 herpes zoster 241 herpetiform aphthous ulcers 268 HIV/AIDS 231–57 antibody tests 236, 237 coinfections 240 coordination of care 234–5 definition 231, 232 dental management 238–56 dental treatment modifications 238–40 description 231 drug actions/interactions 247–8, 249–52 epidemiology 234 hematology 238 hemostasis, impaired 247 infection control 248 infection susceptibility 247 key questions 239 laboratory testing 236–8, 237 lymphocyte count, CD4 232, 236-7 medical management 235–8 occupational exposures 248, 252–6, 253–4 oral lesions 240–7, 241–2, 243–6 pathogenesis/etiology 232–3 periodontal disease 245, 246 risk factors 247–8 treatment 238 viral load 237–8 Hodgkin’s lymphoma 155 diagnosis 165 epidemiology 160 pathogenesis/etiology 159 hormone replacement therapy 428 human immunodeficiency virus see HIV/AIDS human papillomavirus (HPV) 244, 245, 274–5 screening 279 hydralazine 33 hydrochlorothiazide 14 hydrocodone 14 in pregnancy 441 hydrocortisone 84 hydroxychloroquine sulfate toxicity 225 hyperglycemia 81, 82, 457 hyperpigmentation in adrenal diseases 83, 87 hypertension 26, 28, 476–7, 476 in kidney disease 105 hypertensive crisis 461–2 hyperthyroidism 89, 91 characteristics 90 coordination of care 92 dental treatment modifications 95 drug actions/interactions 96 epidemiology 91 evaluation 93 key questions 94 medical emergencies 97 medical management 92, 93 oral lesions 95 toleration of dental care 96 hyperventilation 458 hypogeusia 293 hypoglycemia 82, 457 hypoglycemic drugs 17 hypopharyngeal cancer 285 hypopnea 44 hypothyroidism 89–90, 91 characteristics 90 congenital (cretinism) 90–1 coordination of care 92 dental treatment modifications 95 drug actions/interactions 96 epidemiology 92 evaluation 93 key questions 94, 95 medical emergencies 97 medical management 92–3 oral lesions 95–6 toleration of dental care 96–7 ibandronate (Boniva) 443 ibuprofen 14 drug actions/interactions 373 in kidney disease 112 in pregnancy 441 imipramine (Tofranil) 331 immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) 184 immunological/mucocutaneous disease 259–72 allergy/allergic reactions 260–1, 260 aphthous stomatitis 266–8 Behỗets disease 2689 description 2601, 261 erythema multiforme 20, 2646 graft-versus-host disease 261–2, 262 lichen planus 269–70, 270 vesiculobullous conditions 262–4 see also specific conditions immunosuppressants 57, 109, 149 impaired hemostasis see hemostasis, impaired implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 31 infections bacterial in HIV patients 247 fungal 175, 293 www.ajlobby.com Index 507 opportunistic viral 175, 293 infection susceptibility 12–13 in adrenal diseases 87 in autoimmune/connective tissue diseases 225 in cardiovascular disease 38–9, 38, 39 and contraception 438 in developmental defects of the craniofacial complex and orthopedic disorders 402 in Down syndrome 334 in gastrointestinal disease 148–9 in head and neck cancer 296 in hematological disease 179 in hepatic disease 130 in HIV patients 247 in kidney disease 117 in older patients 420–1 in pancreatic diseases 79 in pulmonary disease 63–4 in schizophrenia 347 Infectious Diseases Society of America 220 infective endocarditis 28–9 infection susceptibility 38–9, 38, 39 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 136 dental treatment modifications 146 diagnosis and treatment 143 drug actions/interactions 149, 150 epidemiology 140 infection susceptibility 148–9, 149 oral lesions 147–8, 148, 149 pathogenesis/etiology 137–8 toleration of dental care 150 insulin 75 drug interactions 17 insulin shock 457 integrase inhibitors 251 Intelence 251 intellectual disability (ID) 325 dental treatment modifications 334 epidemiology 327 medical management 328 pathogenesis/etiology 326 intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) 288 interferon β-1a (Avonex; Rebif) 309 interferon β-1b (Betaseron) 309 international normalized ratio (INR) 189, 190–1, 190 intimate partner violence see violence against women Invirase 250 iodine deficiency 89–90 iodine-131 93 ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) 55 ipratropium/albuterol (Combivent) 55 iron supplements, drug interactions 16 iron-deficiency anemia 155 diagnosis 163 epidemiology 159–60 pathogenesis/etiology 156 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 136 Isentress 251 isoniazid 56–7 itraconazole (Sporanox) 241 Ivy bleeding time 189, 190 jaundice 6, 11, 176 jaw chemo-osteonecrosis 20 temporomandibular disorders 437–8 Kaletra 250 Kaposi’s sarcoma 244, 244 ketoacidosis, diabetic 457 ketoconazole (Nizoral) 241 drug actions/interactions 373 ketorolac in kidney disease 112 kidney disease 101–19 classification 104 coordination of care 102 dental management 109–18, 112–13 description 101, 103 drug actions/interactions 112–13, 117 epidemiology 102 hemodialysis 107–8, 107, 108, 111, 114–15 hemostasis, impaired 117 infection susceptibility 117 key questions 110 laboratory testing 105, 106 medical management 103–9 pathogenesis/etiology 102 peritoneal dialysis 108, 115 treatment 105, 107–9, 107, 108 Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative 103 kidney transplantation 109, 109, 115–17, 116, 118 Kindler syndrome 385 laboratory testing see specific diseases/disorders lamotrigine (Lamictal) 312 drug actions/interactions 342 laryngeal cancer 285 Lauren classification 139 lecithin 15 leukemia dental treatment modifications 173–4 description 153–4 diagnosis and treatment 161, 162, 168 epidemiology 159, 160 evaluation 170 hemostasis, impaired 179 infection susceptibility 179 key questions 170–1 laboratory testing 190 oral lesions 174–5, 174, 175, 187 pathogenesis/etiology 156 risk factors 179 see also specific types leukoplakia 370, 370 hairy 243–4, 244 levalbuterol 55 levodopa 307 levothyroxine (Synthroid) 14 drug interactions 17 Lexiva 250 www.ajlobby.com 508 Index lichen planus (LP) 269–70 clinical features 270, 270 diagnosis 270 etiology and pathogenesis 269–70 treatment and prognosis 270 lichenoid reactions 20 lidocaine (Xylocaine) 441, 461 life expectancy limb and skeletal defects see specific defects linear gingival erythema 242 lingua villosa nigra 149 lip tumours 283–4 lipid regulators (statins) 33 lipids 477, 477 lisinopril 14 lithium (Eskalith; Lithobid) 16, 17, 330, 342 liver clots 196–7, 198 liver disease 121–33 and blood coagulation 198–9 Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification 125 coordination of care 124 dental management 128–31 dental treatment modifications 129 description 121 drug actions/interactions 130–1 epidemiology 123–4, 123 hemostasis, impaired 130 infection susceptibility 130 key questions 128, 129 laboratory tests 190 medical management 124–8 MELD score 128 oral lesions 129, 129 pathogenesis/etiology 121–3 special considerations 131 toleration of dental care 131 see also specific conditions liver enzymes 126 liver function tests 190 liver transplantation 128 local anesthetics in kidney disease 112 overdose/toxicity 461, 461 in pregnancy 441 loratadine 14 lorazepam (Ativan) 113, 309 drug actions/interactions 373 in kidney disease 113 losartan 33 Lou Gehrig’s disease see amyotrophic lateral sclerosis low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 198 laboratory tests 190 lung cancer 44 dental treatment modifications 61–2 epidemiology 48 pathogenesis/etiology 47 treatment 57 lung disease see pulmonary disease lung transplantation 44–5 dental treatment modifications 62–3 epidemiology 48 infection susceptibility 64 post-operative treatment 57 lupus erythematosus-like lesions 20 lymphocytes 167 lymphoma dental treatment modifications 173–4 description 155–6 diagnosis and treatment 161, 165, 168 drug actions/interactions 180 epidemiology 160–1 evaluation 170, 172 Hodgkin’s see Hodgkin’s lymphoma infection susceptibility 179 key questions 171, 172 non-Hodgkin’s see non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma oral lesions 177, 177 pathogenesis/etiology 159 risk factors 179 macular degeneration see age-related macular degeneration magnesium 15 magnetic resonance imaging see MRI major depressive disorder see mood disorders malar rash 6, mandible bone resorption 219 osteonecrosis of 7, 445 plasmacytoma 178 radiolucency 176, 177, 178 repositioning 67 resorption of angle of retrognathic 47 temporomandibular disorders 437–8 mandibular advancement devices 66–7, 66, 67 Mantoux test 52, 53 mast cell stabilizers 55 maxillofacial defects 286 medical disease 6–9, 6–7, medical emergencies 451–63 aspiration/swallowing of foreign object 459–60 in autoimmune/connective tissue diseases 227 in bleeding disorders 198 in cardiovascular disease 40 chest pain 460 in diabetes mellitus 81, 82 drugs and use 453–6, 455, 455 frequency of 454 hypertensive crisis/epinephrine reaction 461–2 local anesthetic overdose/toxicity 461, 461 in neurological disorders 322–3 orthostatic (postural) hypotension 462 principles of care 451–3, 452 in psychiatric disorders 347 in pulmonary disease 65–6 respiratory difficulty 458–60 stroke 322–3, 462 in thyroid disease 97 unconsciousness 457–8 see also specific conditions www.ajlobby.com Index 509 medical history 2–3, 2, medical risk assessment see risk assessment medical screening see screening medication-related osteonecrosis of jaw (MRONJ) 435–6, 443, 446–7 see also chemo-osteonecrosis of the jaw medroxyprogesterone acetate 14 meglitides 76 meglitol 76 MELD score 128 memantine (Namenda) 417 menopause 424 medical management 427, 428 oral mucosal symptoms 438 menstruation 424 mental retardation see intellectual disability (ID) meperidine, in kidney disease 112 mepivacaine (Polocaine; Carbocaine) 441, 461 metabolic syndrome 72 metaproterenol 55 metformin 76 methadone 359 methamphetamine abuse 352 dental management 364 epidemiology 354–5 identification 356 laboratory testing 357 medical history 357 oral lesions 368–70, 369 overdose 376 pathogenesis/etiology 353 toleration of dental care 375 methimazole (Tapazole) 93 methotrexate drug interactions 16, 17 toxicity 225 methylphenidate (Ritalin; Concerta) 331 methylprednisolone 55, 84, 309 methylxanthines 55 metronidazole (Flagyl) drug actions/interactions 373 in HIV patients 242 in kidney disease 112 in pregnancy 441 miconazole (Oravig) 241 microstomia 223 midazolam (Versed) drug interactions 16 in kidney disease 113 in status epilepticus 312 Mikulicz aphthae 267–8 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) 408 see also cognitive impairment/dementia minerals 15 mirtazapine (Remeron) 342 mitoxantron (Novantrone) 309 mobility limitation in older people see osteoarthritis Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score 128 mometasone 55 monoamine oxidase B inhibitor 307 monocytes 167 montelukast (Singulair) 55 mood disorders 336 dental treatment modifications 345–6 epidemiology 337 medical management 339, 340, 344 pathogenesis/etiology 336–7 morphine, in kidney disease 112 motor neuron disease 39 MRI of head and neck cancer 281 mucocutaneous disorders see immunological/mucocutaneous disease mucosa discoloration dry erythema pallor 7, 10, 175–6, 176 ulceration 7, 174, 174, 176 mucositis 292–3, 293 mucous membrane pemphigoid 263–4, 264 multiple myeloma (MM) dental treatment modifications 173–4 description 156 diagnosis and treatment 161, 168 drug actions/interactions 179–80, 180 epidemiology 161 evaluation 172 infection susceptibility 179 key questions 172 oral lesions 178, 178 pathogenesis/etiology 159 multiple sclerosis (MS) 300 dental management 315 epidemiology 303 medical management 306, 308, 308, 309 oral lesions 319 pathogenesis/etiology 302 toleration of dental care 320 mycophenolate mofetil 109 toxicity 226 myocardial infarction (MI) 26, 37, 460 myoclonic seizures 302 myxedema 91 naloxone (Narcan; Vivitrol) 359 naltrexone (Depade; ReVia) 358 naproxen 14 narrow-emission tissue autofluorescence 279 nasopharyngeal cancer 285 nategline 76 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 353 National Kidney Foundation definition of chronic kidney disease 103, 104 prescribing recommendations for kidney disease 112–13 necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 245, 245 necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis 242, 245 nedocromil 55 neonates, orofacial clefts in 390–1, 391, 395–6 neurodevelopmental disorders 325–35 coordination of care 328 dental management 329, 332–5 dental treatment modifications 333–4, 333 www.ajlobby.com 510 Index neurodevelopmental disorders (continued) description 325–6 drug actions/interactions 330–1, 334 epidemiology 327–8 key questions 332 medical management 328–9 pathogenesis/etiology 326–7 toleration of dental care 334–5 see also specific conditions neurological disorders 299–324 coordination of care 305 dental management 313–23 dental treatment modifications 314, 314 description 299–302 drug actions/interactions 320 epidemiology 303 hemostasis, impaired 319–20 key questions 313 medical emergencies 322–3 medical management 305–12 oral lesions 318–19, 319 pathogenesis/etiology 302, 304–5 toleration of dental care 320–2 see also specific conditions neutrophils 166 nicorandil 33 nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) 360, 374 nicotine stomatitis/palatinus 371, 371 Nikolsky’s sign 263 nitroglycerine 455 nitrous oxide 441 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) 155–6 diagnosis 165 epidemiology 160–1 pathogenesis/etiology 159 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 251 nortriptyline (Pamelon; Aventyl) 374, 439 drug actions/interactions 342 Norvir 250 NSAIDs 367 toxicity 226 nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) 249 nutritional status in cancer patients 296 nystatin (mycostatin) 241 nystatin-triamcinolone acetonide (Mycolog II) 241 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 336 dental treatment modifications 345 epidemiology 337 medical management 339, 340 pathogenesis/etiology 336 obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 44 epidemiology 48 history and examination 53 key questions 60 pathogenesis/etiology 47 treatment 57 use of oral appliances 66–7, 66, 67 occupational blood exposures 248, 252–6, 253–4 olanzapine (Zyprexa) 330 older patients 405–22 cognitive impairment/dementia see cognitive impairment/ dementia coordination of care 413 dental management 416–21 dental treatment modifications 418–20, 419 hearing loss see hearing loss, age-related key questions 417–18 medical management 413–16 mobility limitations see osteoarthritis risk factors 420–1 toleration of dental care 421 vision changes see vision changes, age-related omeprazole 14 toxicity 226 Open Wide disposable mouth rest 314, 314 opioids, drug actions/interactions 373 opioid abuse 352 dental management 362–3 drug-seeking behaviors 376 epidemiology 354 identification 356 laboratory testing 357 medical history 357 oral lesions 368–70 pathogenesis/etiology 353 treatment 359 oral antidiabetic medications 76 oral appliances for sleep apnea patients 66–7, 66, 67 oral cavity, squamous cell carcinoma 284, 284 oral contraceptives, drug interactions 16 oral hygiene education 432 oral lesions in adrenal diseases 87 in bleeding disorders 196–7, 197 in developmental defects of the craniofacial complex and orthopedic disorders 386, 401–2 in diabetes mellitus 77, 79–80 in gastrointestinal disease 146–8, 147–9 in head and neck cancer 292–6, 293–6 in hematological disease 174–8, 174–8 in hepatic disease 129, 129 in HIV/AIDS 240–7, 241–2, 243–6 in pancreatic cancer 77–8 in pulmonary disease 63 in substance use disorders 368–72, 369–72 in thyroid disease 95–6 in women 437–8 see also specific lesions oral malodor oral signs 6–7 oral squamous carcinoma, screening 278–9, 278 oral warts see condyloma acuminatum OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 antibody test 236 OraQuick HCV antibody test 131 orofacial clefts (OFCs) 383, 383 dental treatment modifications 395–8, 397, 398 epidemiology 387, 387 medical management 389, 390–1 oral lesions 401–2 www.ajlobby.com Index 511 pathogenesis/etiology 385 prosthetic considerations 397–8, 398, 399, 399 orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) 261 oropharyngeal cancer 284, 285 orthopedic disorders see developmental defects of the craniofacial complex and orthopedic disorders orthostatic (postural) hypotension 462 osteoarthritis (OA) 407, 408, 411 dental treatment modifications 419, 419 epidemiology 412 medical management 413, 416 osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) 382 dental treatment modifications 394, 394 medical management 390 pathogenesis/etiology 384 osteonecrosis 7, 445 osteoporosis 424 dental treatment modifications 435–6 drug actions/interactions 443, 443, 445 epidemiology 426 laboratory testing 427 medical management 428 pathogenesis/etiology 425 osteoradionecrosis (ORN) 295, 296 oxycodone in pregnancy 441 oxygen cylinders 452 pacemakers 31 pain pain management 21 in pregnancy 441 in substance use disorders 366–8 palatal lift 396 pamidronate (Aredia) 168, 443 pancreatic cancer 71–2 coordination of care 73 diagnosis 74 drug actions/interactions 81 epidemiology 73 evaluation 76 hemostasis, impaired 79 infection susceptibility 79 key questions 78 oral lesions 77–8 pathogenesis/etiology 72–3 toleration of dental care 81 treatment 75 pancreatic diseases 71–81 coordination of care 73 dental management 76–81 epidemiology 73 medical emergencies 81 medical management 74–6 pathogenesis/etiology 72–3 risk factors 78–9 see also diabetes mellitus; pancreatic cancer parathyroid hormone in kidney disease 106 paresthesia 175 Parkinson’s disease 299–300, 407 dental management 314–15 drooling 318–19 epidemiology 303 medical management 306, 307 pathogenesis/etiology 302 toleration of dental care 320 paroxetine (Paxil) 439 drug actions/interactions 342 pemphigus vulgaris 262–3, 263 D-penicillamine toxicity 225 penicillin VK, in kidney disease 112 penicillins allergy 39 in pregnancy 441 pentobarbital drug actions/interactions 373 in kidney disease 113 peptic ulcer disease (PUD) 136 dental treatment modifications 146 diagnosis and treatment 142 drug actions/interactions 149, 149 epidemiology 140 oral lesions 146 pathogenesis/etiology 137 toleration of dental care 150 periodontal abscess 79 periodontal disease, see also periodontitis in HIV/AIDS 245, 246 osteoporosis-related 87 in pregnancy 431, 431 risk assessment 432 and risk of preterm delivery 431–2 periodontitis 174, 219 perioral “whistle” lines 219 peritoneal dialysis (PD) 108, 115 see also CCPD, CAPD pernicious anemia 155 perphenazine (Trilafon) 342 PET, head and neck cancer 281 petechiae 6, 10, 174, 176, 176, 188, 196 phenelzine (Nardil) 343 phenobarbital 312 phenylpropanolamine 14 phenytoin (Dilantin) 309, 312 drug interactions 17 gingival overgrowth 319, 319 phobias see anxiety disorders phosphate in kidney disease 106 Physical Status Score 3, 4–5, pink puffers (emphysema) 46, 51, see also COPD pirbuterol 55 plasmacytoma 178, 178 platelet count 166, 189, 189, 190 platelet disorders 184–5, 184 dental treatment modifications 193–4 drug-induced 184, 185–6 immune thrombocytopenic purpura 184 thrombocytopenia 10, 11, 184, 187, 190 treatment 191 platelet function analyzer 100 (PFA-100) test 190 polysomnography 53 positive predictive value 473 positron emission tomography see PET www.ajlobby.com 512 Index posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 336 dental treatment modifications 345 epidemiology 337 medical management 339, 340 pathogenesis/etiology 336 potassium in kidney disease 106 pramipexole (Mirapex) 307 prasugrel (Effient) 38, 143 pravastatin 16 prednisolone 84 prednisone (Deltasone) 55, 84 in HIV patients 242 in kidney disease 113 pregnancy 424 caries 431 dental radiographs 435 dental treatment modifications 430–5 drug actions/interactions 439–41, 441 elective dental treatment 432 emergency dental treatment 435 epidemiology 425 laboratory testing 427 medical management 426–7, 428 periodontal disease 431, 431 preventive dentistry 431 toleration of dental care 447, 446 ‘pregnancy tumor’ 431, 431 presbyopia 405 Prevotella intermedia 430 Prezista 250 prilocaine (Citanest) 441, 461 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) 202 dental treatment modifications 218–19 diagnosis 206–7 drug actions/interactions 225–6, 226 epidemiology 203 laboratory testing 212, 213 medical history 210 oral lesions 222 pathogenesis/etiology 202 risk factors 224 toleration of dental care 227 treatment 214 Prinzmetal angina 26 procaine 441 proglitazone 76 progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) see scleroderma propoxyphene in kidney disease 112 in pregnancy 441 propranolol 17 propylthiouracil 93 prosthetic appliances for OFCs 397–8, 398, 399, 399 prosthetic joints 12-13, 220–1, 222 protease inhibitors 240–51 prothrombin time (PT) 189, 190–1, 190 proton beam therapy 288 pseudoephedrine 14 pseudomembranous colitis (PC) 136 diagnosis and treatment 143 epidemiology 140 pathogenesis/etiology 138 psychiatric disorders 335–47 coordination of care 338 dental treatment modifications 344–6 description 335–6 drug actions/interactions 347 epidemiology 337–8 hemostasis, impaired 347 key questions 345 medical emergencies 347 medical management 338–44 oral lesions 346–7, 347 pathogenesis/etiology 336–7 toleration of dental care 347 see also specific conditions psychosis see schizophrenia ptosis puberty 424 dental treatment modifications 430 pulmonary disease 43–69 coordination of care 48 dental management 57, 60–4 dental treatment modifications 60–3 description 43–5 drug actions/interactions 64 epidemiology 47–8 hemostasis, impaired 63 identification 48 infection susceptibility 63–4 laboratory testing 53–4, 54, 54 medical emergencies 65–6 medical management 48–57 pathogenesis/etiology 45–7 toleration of dental care 64–5 see also specific conditions pulmonary function testing 46 pyogenic granuloma of pregnancy 431, 431 pyostomatitis vegetans 148 pyrazinamide 56–7 quetiapine (Seroquel) 343 radiation caries 177, 295 radiography in pregnancy 435 signs of disease radiolucency of mandible 176, 177, 178 radiotherapy dental management 291–2 in head and neck cancer 286–8 ranitidine 14 RANKL 428 Raynaud’s phenomenon 205 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 469 red cell count 166 reflective tissue fluorescence 279 renal cancer 117 renal disease see kidney disease renal osteodystrophy 114 repaglinide 76 Rescriptor 251 www.ajlobby.com Index 513 respiratory difficulty 458–60 restrictive lung diseases 44 dental treatment modifications 61 history and examination 51 infection susceptibility 64 pathogenesis/etiology 46 toleration of dental care 65 treatment 56 retinopathy, diabetic see diabetic retinopathy Reyataz 250 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 202 dental treatment modifications 218 diagnosis 205–6, 206, 206, 207 drug actions/interactions 225–6, 226 epidemiology 203 laboratory testing 212, 212 medical history 209–10 pathogenesis/etiology 202 risk factors 224 toleration of dental care 227 treatment 213 rifampin 56–7 rigidity 306 risedronate (Actonel; Atelvia) 443 risk assessment 3–21 communication with patient’s physician drug actions/interactions 13–20, 14–20 hemostasis, impaired 9–12, 10, 11 infection 12–13 key risks of dental care systemic disease 6–9, 6–7, risperodone (Risperdal) 330 rivaroxaban (Xarelto) 38, 186 rivastigmine (Exelon) 417 ropinirole (Requip) 307 rosiglitazone 76 St John’s wort 15 drug interactions 18 salivary glands cancers 285–6 dysfunction 293–4 xerostomia 20, 79, 221, 224, 247, 293–4, 294 salmeterol 55 SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, referral, and treaetment) in SUDs 356 schizophrenia 335 dental treatment modifications 346 epidemiology 337 infection susceptibility 347 medical management 339–40, 344 pathogenesis/etiology 337 sclerodactyly 208 scleroderma 8, 202 dental treatment modifications 219–20, 219 diagnosis 208, 208 epidemiology 204 laboratory testing 212, 213 medical history 211 oral lesions 222–3, 223 pathogenesis/etiology 203 toleration of dental care 227 treatment 214 scoliosis 384 dental treatment modifications 400–1 epidemiology 388 medical management 389, 392 pathogenesis/etiology 387 toleration of dental care 402 screening, dental office 465–84 benefits 466 CardioChek Analyzer test 474–5, 475 coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus 467–8 dental setting 468–72 early identification of risk 466 eligibility criteria 478 Framingham Risk Score 469, 474 glycosylated hemoglobin test 469–70, 475–6, 475 see also HbA1c oral/systemic disease connections 468–9 preventive 466 reasons for 466 referral 476–9, 479 sensitivity and specificity 472–3, 473 secobarbital drug actions/interactions 373 in kidney disease 113 sedatives in pregnancy 441 seizures, see also epilepsy; and specific types selegiline (Atapryl; Carbex; Eldepryl; Emsam; Zelapar) 307 drug actions/interactions 343 Selzentry 251 sensitivity of medical tests 472–3, 473 Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) 15 sertraline (Zoloft) 439 drug actions/interactions 330 serum creatinine 106 “shoe” referral cards 437 sicca syndrome 219 sickle cell anemia (SCA) 155 diagnosis 163 epidemiology 160 pathogenesis/etiology 157, 157, 158 simvastatin 16 sirolimus 109 Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) 202 dental treatment modifications 213, 220 diagnosis 208–9 epidemiology 204 evaluation 214 laboratory testing 212, 213 medical history 211–12, 211 oral lesions 223, 224 pathogenesis/etiology 203 treatment 214 skeletal delay, dental/facial 295–6 skin conditions, hereditary see individual conditions smoker’s melanosis 372, 372 smoking in COPD 45 in head and neck cancer 273–4 snuff dipper’s lesion 371–2, 371 www.ajlobby.com 514 Index sodium in kidney disease 106 specificity of medical tests 472–3, 473 speech bulb 396 speech problems 296 spider angioma 11 spina bifida 384 dental treatment modifications 401 epidemiology 388 infection susceptibility 402 medical management 389–90, 392 pathogenesis/etiology 387 spinal cord injuries 383–4, 384 dental treatment modifications 400, 400 epidemiology 388 medical management 389 pathogenesis/etiology 385 spirometry 53–4, 54, 54 squamous cell carcinoma 284, 284, 285 tobacco-related 371, 372 stable angina 26 statins 33 drug actions/interactions 16 see also individual drugs status asthmaticus 49 status epilepticus 301 stem cell transplant 168–70, 169, 261 stenosis 28 Stevens-Johnson syndrome 266 stomatitis 20 aphthous 266–8 contact 260, 260 nicotine 371, 371 stress reduction 21 Stribild 251 stroke 300, 322–3, 462 dental management 315–17, 315, 316, 317 epidemiology 303 medical emergencies 322–3 medical management 308, 310 oral lesions 319 pathogenesis/etiology 302, 304 toleration of dental care 320–2, 321, 321 Sturge-Weber syndrome substance use disorders (SUDs) 351–79 coordination of care 355–6 craniofacial trauma 368 dental management 362–76 dental treatment modifications 366–8 description 352 drug actions/interactions 372–5, 373–4 epidemiology 354–5 key questions 363–5 medical management 356–62 oral lesions 368–72, 369–72 pain management 366–8 pathogenesis/etiology 352–4 risk factors 372–5, 373–4 toleration of dental care 375 treatment 358–62 see also specific substances sulfasalazine toxicity 226 sulfonylureas 76 sunitinib (Sutent) 443 Sustiva 251 Sutton’s disease 268 swallowing problems 296 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 6, 8, 201 dental treatment modifications 214, 217 diagnosis 204–5, 205 drug actions/interactions 225, 225–6 epidemiology 203 laboratory testing 212, 212 medical history 209 oral lesions 221, 223 pathogenesis/etiology 202 risk factors 224 toleration of dental care 226–7 treatment 213 tacrine (Cognex) 417 tacrolimus 109 taste alterations 20 teeth discoloration 7, 20 enamel erosion hereditary conditions see individual conditions loss telangiectasia temporomandibular disorders 437–8 tetracycline drug actions/interactions 373 in kidney disease 112 in pregnancy 441 tetralogy of Fallot 29 thalassemia 155 diagnosis 163 epidemiology 160 pathogenesis/etiology 157–8 thalidomide (Thalomid) 242 theophylline 55, 56 drug interactions 17 thiazolidinediones 76 thrombin time (TT) 189, 190, 191 thrombocytopenia 10, 11, 184 laboratory tests 190 oral lesions 187 treatment 191 thrush see candidiasis thyroid cancer 91 coordination of care 92 dental treatment modifications 95 epidemiology 92 evaluation 94 medical management 93 oral lesions 96 thyroid crisis 91, 97 thyroid disease 89–97 coordination of care 92 dental management 93–7 description 89–91, 90 epidemiology 91–2 medical emergencies 97 www.ajlobby.com Index 515 medical management 92–3 pathogenesis/etiology 91 toleration of dental care 96–7 see also hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; thyroid cancer thyroid hormones 89 thyrotoxicosis 89 thyroxine (T4) 89 ticagrelor (Brilinta) 38, 186 ticlopidine (Ticlid) 38 tilurdronate (Skelid) 443 tiotropium (Spiriva) 55 Tivicay 251 tizanidine (Zanaflex) 309 tobacco cessation therapies 374 brief interventions 376–7 electronic cigarettes 361, 361 nicotine replacement therapy 360, 374 tobacco dependence 352 dental management 364–6, 365 epidemiology 355 identification 356–7 laboratory testing 358 medical history 357 oral lesions 370–2, 370–2 pathogenesis/etiology 353–4, 353 toleration of dental care 375 treatment 360–2 toclopidine (Ticlid) 186 tolcapone (Tasmar) 307 toleration of dental care 21 in adrenal diseases 87 in autoimmune/connective tissue diseases 226–7 in cardiovascular disease 39–40 in developmental defects of the craniofacial complex and orthopedic disorders 402 in gastrointestinal disease 150 in head and neck cancer 297 in hepatic disease 131 in neurodevelopmental disorders 334–5 in neurological disorders 320–2 in older patients 421 in pancreatic diseases 81 in psychiatric disorders 347 in pulmonary disease 64–5 in substance use disorders 375 in thyroid disease 96–7 in women 445, 446 toluidine blue test 279 tongue atrophic 176 glossitis 20 glossodynia 176 squamous cell carcinoma 284, 284, 285 tongue-retaining device 66 topiramate (Topamax) 312 total joint replacement 220–1, 222 toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) 266 transepithelial oral cytology 279 transient ischemic attacks (TIA) 304, 322–3 see also stroke tranylcypromine (Parnate) 343 trazodone (Desyrel; Oleptro) 343 tremor 306 Trendelenburg position 456 triamcinolone (Kenalog) 84, 242 triazolam in kidney disease 113 tricyclic antidepressants 17 trigeminal neuralgia 319 trihexyphenidyl HCl (Artane) 307 triiodothyronine (T3) 89 trismus 7, 294–5 Triumeq 251 Trizavir 249 Truvada 249 tuberculosis (TB) 44 BCG vaccine 52 dental treatment modifications 61, 62 drug actions/interactions 64 epidemiology 47–8 history and examination 52–3, 53 in HIV patients 240 key questions 59, 60 Mantoux test 52, 53 pathogenesis/etiology 46–7 treatment 56–7 ulceration aphthous ulcers 148, 242, 246–7, 246 mucosal 7, 174, 174, 176 systemic drugs causing 20 ulcerative colitis see inflammatory bowel disease unconsciousness 457–8 unstable angina 26 uremia 198 uremic frost 103 UV light, head and neck cancer 276, 276 valaciclovir (Valtrex) 241, 293 valerian, drug interactions 19 valproic acid (Depakene; Depakote) 312 drug actions/interactions 17, 330 valvular heart disease 28, 37 vancomycin in kidney disease 112 varenicline 360–1 varicella zoster virus 246 vasovagal syncope 457 venlafaxine (Effexor), actions/interactions 343 ventricular septal defect 29 vesiculobullous conditions 262–4 epidermolysis bullosa aquisita 264 mucous membrane pemphigoid 263–4, 264 pemphigus/pemphigus vulgaris 262–3, 263 Videx 249 vilazodone (Vilbryd) 343 violence against women 424, 427 dental treatment modifications 436–7, 437 epidemiology 426, 426 Viracept 251 viral hepatitis 121 epidemiology 123, 123 in HIV patients 240 laboratory testing 126 www.ajlobby.com 516 Index viral hepatitis (continued) medical history 124–5 pathogenesis/etiology 121–3, 122 treatment 126–7 viral infections 175 in head and neck cancer 293 Viramune 251 Viread 249 vision changes, age-related 405–6, 406, 416 dental office modifications 421 dental treatment modifications 418 epidemiology 411–12 medical management 413, 415 pathogenesis/etiology 408, 410–11 vitamins 15 vitamin B12-deficiency anemia 155 diagnosis 164 epidemiology 160 pathogenesis/etiology 158–9 vitamin K 130 Viteka 251 von Willebrand disease 184 warfarin (Coumadin) 38, 186 dental treatment modifications 195, 196 drug interactions 17 laboratory tests 190 white cell count 166 Wickham’s striae 270 women’s health 423–49 contraception 425–6 coordination of care 426 dental treatment modifications 430–7 drug actions/interactions 439–45 epidemiology 425–6 interpersonal violence 424, 426, 427, 436–7, 436 key questions 429–30 medical management 426–9 oral lesions 437–8 pathogenesis/etiology 425 puberty onset and menses 424 toleration of dental care 445, 445 see also specific conditions X-rays see radiography xerostomia 20, 79, 221, 224, 247, 293–4, 294, 319 zafirlukast 55 Zerit 249 Ziagen 249 zileuton 55 zinc 15 ziparsidone (Geodon) 343 zoledronic acid (Aclasta; Reclast; Zometa) 168, 443 osteonecrosis 445 www.ajlobby.com WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA www.ajlobby.com ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data: The ADA practical guide to patients with medical conditions / edited by Lauren L Patton, Michael Glick.—Second edition p ; cm Practical guide to patients with medical conditions Includes... gain/loss www.ajlobby.com 6 The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions Under each medical topic, we present “key questions to ask the patient” to allow improved risk assessment... for the dental practice to encounter different types of medical emergencies is related to the patient’s medical health, adequacy of management, and stress tolerance The ADA Practical Guide to Patients