mdt sd trfldng cdn cd cac chuyen nganh khac nhfl ndng nghiep (TrUdng Yen Kinh, trUdng Kim Lang. trUdng Linh Nam); ThUdng nghiep (trfldng Kim Lang, trfldng Hg Giang, trfldng Thdnh Joh[r]
(1)TON GIAO a NU6C NGOAI
NHUNG DONG GOP CUA DAO TIN LANH TRONG
OUA TRINH TRUYEN GIAO VAO TRUNG OUOC
CUOI THE Kl XIX DAU THE Kl XX
K
hi t r u y e n giao vao T r u n g Qud'c, dao Tin L a n h di h e n vdi lan sdng tbflc d a n H d n nfla, dao Tin L a n b hoan t o a n xa la vdi n e n v a n hda lau ddi cua T r u n g Qud'c n e n kbi mdi t r u y e n vao nfldc nay, dao Tin L a n h vfla bi t r i e u dinh n h a T h a n h b a n che vfla k h d n g n h a n dfldc sti u n g bg cua n h a n d a n T r u n g Qudc De xda bd k h o a n g each gifla v a n hda PhUdng Tay vdi v a n hda t r u y e n thd'ng cua T r u n g Qud'c, t a o chd dUng t r o n g xa hgi T r u n g Qud'c t r o n g q u a t i i n h t r u y e n giao, dao Tin L a n h da p h a t t r i e n rgng rai sti n g h i e p xua't b i n , y fe, giao d u e tao nen nhUng a n h h u d n g s a u d a m d T r u n g Qud'c, Mtac dich la de n h a n dUde sU thUa n h a n cua ngUdi d a n T r u n g Qud'c, nhUng t r e n phUdng dien k h a c h q u a n , nhflng ket qua ve y te, v a n hda, giao dtac m a dao Tin L a n h d e m lai da gdp p h i n r a t ldn t h u c day sfl p b a t t n e n v a n hda xa hgi T r u n g Qud'c thdi ki can daiL S d L l / d C V E XA HOI T R U N G Q U O C T H E KI XIX
T h e ki XIX, diio Tin L a n h t r u y e n vao T r u n g Qudc, eflng la luc cac de qud'c tbflc (iiin Au, My t a n g cfldng b o a t d g n g
VU THI THI H.A''
xam luge cac nUdc Ddng N a m A, va la luc t n e u dai p h o n g kien M a n T h a n h lun s a u vao cudc k h u n g h o a n g t r e n ta't ca cac linh vUc k i n h te, c h i n h tri, van hda, q u a n sti Ve k i n h te, che chiem hflu r u d n g d a t cua giai ca'p dia chu t i n h t r a n g td cao t h u e n a n g l a m cho nen k i n h te ndng thdn tieu dieu va ddi sd'ng cfl dan ndng nghiep trd nen cd ctic hdn bao gid bet T i n g Idp h o a n g t h a t , qui tdc, cac cap q u a n lai, dia chu cfldng h a o k h d n g tfl mdt t h u doan nao de vd vet, tfldc doat rudng dat Ndng d a n ngoai viec p h a i nop td t r e n 50% t h u hoach, chiu sUu cao t h u e n a n g va du loai phiic dich
Ve c h i n h tri, nen t h o n g tri phong kien da muc n a t , suy ddi tfl t r e n xudng dUdi T r o n g t n e u dinh, t h a m q u a n d lai chi lo vd vet cua cai, t r a n h d e a t quyen chUc, c h a n g doai hoai den qudc ke d a n s m h N a n hdi Id dien r a mgt each Id lieu
Ve q u a n sU, td chflc va t r a n g bi cua q u a n ddi h e t sflc lac h a u , thieu thd'n Ddi v u a Q u a n g Dao cd 22 van "Bat ki q u a n " ( q u a n c h i n h (juy t r u n g fldng) va 66
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Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd6 - 2009
van "Luc doanh quan" (quan dia phfldng)nhflng vfl thd sd va sflc chien da'u rat kem
Ve van hda, tU tfldng, trieu dinh Man Thanh tang cfldng chinh sach van hda nham tri nen thdng tri chuyen che phong kie'n Dao Khong Manh dfldc de cao Che dg thi cii dfldc quy dinh rat khat khe, bat si tfl phai thudc "Tfl thfl tap chu" cua Chu Hy, tap lam van Bat cd, khdng quan tam nhieu den cac van de xa hgi, khdng biet den van nfldc dang suy tan
II NHLfNG DONG GOP TRONG LINH VX/C GIAO DUC
Hoat ddng chu yeu nha't nam ngoai pham vi boat dgng tdn giao ma cae giao doan truyen giao Tin Lanh phfldng Tay tie'n hanh tren da't Trung Qud'c la xay dflng cac cd sd giao due dao tao Day cung la boat dgng truyen ba van hda quan trgng nhat, gay anh hUdng sau rdng nha't ddi vdi xa hgi Trung Quoc Trong cud'n
Ton chi cua gido due Kitd gido, cd doan;
"Giao due Kitd giad chinh la Kitd giao hda Trung Qud'c, muc dich ldn nhat la bien Trung Qud'c mdt dan tdc theo Kitd giao""' Xua't phat tfl mtac dich nay, cac nfldc Au My sau nhan dfldc cac k h d i n bdi thfldng chie'n t r a n h hau phong trao Nghia Hoa doan deu dd vao xay dflng cac cd sd giao due dao tao tnie thugc Hgi Tm Lanh Trong cac trfldng hgc thieu men Trung Qud'c dfldc tiep thu van hda Kitd giao phfldng Tay, dgc kmh thanh, tiep thu nen giad dtac dao dflc tdn giao thdng qua cac giad trinh cae giao si truyen giao bien soan, dan dan rdi xa nhflng anh hfldng ciia van hda truyen thd'ng dan tgc va khien hg trd nhflng ngfldi sflng bai van boa Phfldng
Tay Cac giao si truyen giao cho rang, day la bien phap chinh phtac bieu qua hdn bien phap dung vfl liie ap dat Trong bao cao "Ve quan he gifla dao Tin Lanh va giao diac" Calvin Wilson Mateer da chi rd r i n g ; "Tdi cho r i n g mtac dich xay dflng trfldng hgc cua Hdi la giao dtac cho ngfldi ban dia ve tri Iflc, dad dflc va tdn giao Khdng nhflng phai khien hg theo dao Tm Ldnh ma sau gia nhap dao hg phai trd t h a n h ngfldi dai dien dac Iflc cua Chua de bao ve sfl nghiep cua chan li Nhflng trfldng hgc chuyen day ve nen van minh va khoa bgc Phfldng Tay, tat se phat huy hieu qua ldn ca ve mat xa hgi va vat chat"'^' Cho nen, sau cac giao si truyen giao ndi ro "chan li" nay, hg da nhan dfldc r a t nhieu sfl ung hg cua cac tap doan tai chinh ldn d Phfldng Tay Luc dd, Chinh phu Qud'c dan eflng y thflc dfldc sfl xam pham chu quyen Trung Qud'c thdng qua giao due tdn giao nhflng bat Iflc Chinh phu Trung Qud'c dfldng thdi cung cd dfla mgt so' bien phap de that chat quan li giao due nhfl; dung ngfldi Trung Qud'c dflng xay dflng trfldng hgc de thay the cac trfldng bgc cua Hdi Nam 1917, Bd Giao due Trung Qudc "Quy dinh ve viec sat hach ddi vdi cac trfldng hgc nhan si va ngoai nfldc xay dflng"; Nam 1925, Bd Giao due Trung Qud'c lai chd "Sau dieu ve viec ngfldi nfldc ngoai xin ca'p gia'y phep dau tfl xay dflng trfldng hgc" Nhflng da so'cac trfldng bgc thugc Hgi t h a n h deu
1 Dan theo Lau Vu Liet Trirong Chf Cuong (chii bien) Lich sif giao lifu tdn gido ciia Trung Quoc vdi
mfdc ngodi Nxb Giao due Hg Nam 116 Nam 1989
tr 430
2 Co Truong Thanh Tn Koberi Morrison den loliii
Leighton Start - Chuyen vc cdc guio sF truyen gido Tin Ldiih d Trung Qudc Nxb l l i u diem iliirgng Hai
(3)k h d n g l u u t a m de'n nhflng v a n b a n t r e n vi t r o n g cac v a n b a n p h a p l u a t n a y cd dieu quy d i n h "Cac trfldng bgc k h d n g dfldc lay viec t r u y e n b a tdn giao lam tdn chi", dieu n a y di ngfldc lai vdi miac dich xay dflng trfldng hgc eua Hdi t h a n h
T u y n h i e n , mgi va'n de deu m a n g t i n h hai m a t , nen giao due cua Hgi t h a n h p h a t trien mtac dich c h u q u a n cua nd, nhflng xet ve m a t k h a c h q u a n nd lai khdi n g u d n cho n e n giao due hien dai cua T r u n g Qud'c Hgc dfldng kieu Phfldng Tay d i u tien d T r u n g Qud'c c h i n h la trfldng hgc cua Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h cac giao si t r u y e n giao xay dflng H e thd'ng giao dtac bao gdm cac trUdng tU sd cap, t r u n g cap, cao cap, c h u y e n n g a n h , cua Hdi t h a n h cd tac d u n g t h u c day mdt each cd b a n viec cai each giao dtac can dai cfla T r u n g Qud'c va p h a t t r i e n mdt t h e che giao dtac h o a n t o a n mdi Diic biet la viec Hdi t h a n h s a n g lap cac trfldng dai hgc tai T r u n g Qud'c d a l a m t a n g tie'n t r i n h xda bd che k h o a cfl, xay dflng cac trfldng hgc hien dai t r o n g lich sfl p h a t trien giao due d T r u n g Qud'c Vi vay, cac trfldng dai hgc cac giao si t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai xay dflng da cd nhflng a n h hfldng tich cflc ddi vdi sfl p h a t t r i e n cua nen giao dtac can dai T r u n g Qud'c Nhflng trfldng hgc t n i e thudc Hgi t h a n h k h o n g nhflng n h i e u ve so'Ifldng, m a cdn d a o t a o mgt so Ifldng Idn n h a n tai t r o n g thdi diem xa hgi T r u n g Qud'c cdn lac h a u ve t r i n h giao dtac Cac trfldng cua Hdi t h a n h k h d n g chi chieu s m h tin hflu dao Tin L a n b m a cdn t h u n a p ca nhflng ngfldi ngoai dao; dac biet la t r o n g cac trfldng dai bgc, ti le bgc s i n h ngoai d a o cdn cao h d n ca tin dd dao Tin L a n b D d n g thdi, s a u nhflng n a m 20 cua t h e ki XX, cac trfldng bgc eiia Hdi
t h a n h k h d n g cdn b a t huge hgc sinh phai gia n h a p dao va hgc mdn tdn giao nfla Cac trfldng n a y c u n g k h d n g chu viec chieu s i n h em n h a binh dan ma chuyen s a n g chieu s i n h n h a q u a n lai Dieu n a y d a md r g n g a n h hUdng xa hgi cua n e n giao due thudc Hdi t h a n h Hon nfla, cac trfldng hgc trflc thugc Hdi t h a n h n h a n dfldc vien trd tfl Phfldng Tay nen dieu kien hgc t a p , k h u d n vien trfldng che dg dai ngg giao vien deu tfldng ddi tot D a y c h i n h la phfldng p h a p q u a n t r g n g de t h u h u t n h a n tai Ngay s a u cudc Chien t r a n h Thudc phien, cac Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h b a t d i u xay dflng sfl nghiep giao due cua m i n h t r e n k h a p T r u n g Qud'c Tfl s a u n a m 1942, cac giao si t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai dd xo den T r u n g Qud'c, hg vfla t r u y e n giao vfla xay dflng trfldng hgc
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Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd6 - 2009
ThUdng Hii; Hdi Tm Lanh Trfldnglao Bac My xay dflng thfl vien Thanh Tam Nam 1853 Hgi Tm Lanh Cong Ii My xay diing trUdng nU thuc Van Sdn va thU vien Cac Tri tai Phflc Chau Nhflng trfldng hgc da trd hinh thflc ban d i u cua trfldng hgc kieu mdi d Trung Quoc, la d i u mdi cua nen giao due hien dai Trung Qud'c Sau nam 1860, trieu dinh nha Thanh bat dau xay dting cac trfldng hgc hien dai, de xUdng hinh thUc hgc mdi theo md hinh cua cac trUdng hgc PhUdng Tay Tfl dd Trung Qud'c bflde vao giai doan phat trien giao due hien dai
Nam 1864, Cavil Wilson Mateer xay dflng trfldng danh cho hgc sinh hgc vd long tai Dang Chau, tinh Sdn Ddng: nam
1876, trfldng ddi ten Van Hdi Quan; nam 1904, sap nhap vdi thfl vien Quang Dflc va doi ten trfldng Quang Van; nam 1917, lai sap nhap vdi Hgc vien T h i n hgc Thanh Chau, chuyen ve Te Nam va trd tien than cua trfldng Dai hgc Te Ld, Sdn Ddng Nam 1865, cac giao si truyen giao My xay dflng Sflng Thiic Quan tai Bac Kinh Cflng thdi gian nay, Hgi Tin Lanh Thanh thfl Cdng hdi My cflng xay dflng trfldng Bdi Nha tai Thfldng Hai; Nam 1866, lai xay diing tru'dng Do An tai Thfldng Hai Nam 1879 trfldng Bdi Nha va trfldng Do An sap nhap Thfl vien John, tfle tien than cua trUdng Dai hgc Thanh John Nam 1867, cac giao si truyen giao My xay dting trUdng Due Anh Nghia thuc tai Hang Chau, Nam 1870, Hgi Tm Lanh Giam li xay dUng ThU vien Tdn Dudng till Td Chau Nam 1871, Hdi Tm Lanh Thanh thU Cdng hdi My xay diing trUdng ki mem William Jones Boone Nam 1881 Young John Allen xay
dting Thu vien Trung-Tay tiii ThUdng Hai Nam 1889, cac giao si truyen giao nUdc My xay dflng Thfl vien Cac Tri tai Quang Chau
Den d i u the ki XX, hau nhfl nha thd nad cung cd mgt trUdng tieu hgc Theo thd'ng ke khong d i y du nam 1914 da cd 4.120 trUdng tieu hgc vdi 104.841 hgc sinh va 286 trUdng trung hgc cd sd vdi 13.453 hgc smh Den nam 1919 da c6 5.637 trUdng tieu hgc vdi 151.582 hgc sinh; 962 trfldng trung hgc cd sd vdi 32.899 hgc smh; 291 trfldng trung bgc phd thong vdi 15,213 hgc sinh''"" Ddng thdi Hdi Tin Lanh Trung Qud'c rat chu trgng xay dflng he thd'ng eae trfldng cao dang, dac biet la phat trien he thdng giao due dai hgc '•' •'
Cac giao doan truyen giao dao Tm Lanh da i i n Ifldt xay dflng 14 trfldng dai hgc quan trgng tai Trung Qudc Nam 1801 Hgi Tm Lanh Giam li My lap trfldng Dai hgc Ddng Ngd, Td Chau Day la trfldng dai hgc d i u tien theo khudn mau Phfldng Tay lich sU giao due Trung Qud'c Nam 1905, Hgi Tin Lanh Thanh thfl Cong hdi My xay dflng trUdng Dai hgc Thanh John tiii ThUdng Hai bao gdm khoa; khoa hgc nhan van, cdng nghiep va y hgc Nam 1910, Hgi t h a n h Tm Lanh TrUdng lao Bic My va Hdi t h a n h Tm Lanh TrUdng lao Nam My hdp tac xay diing trUdng Dai hgc Giang Chi, Hang Chau bao gdm khoa; khoa hgc tti nhien va khoa hgc xa hdi Cung nam 1910, Hdi Tin Lanh B a p t i s t My, Hdi t h a n h Tin Lanh
(5)T h a n h thfl Cdng Hdi A n h va Hdi Lien hiep C a n a d a bcJp t a c xay dflng trfldng Dai hgc Hda Hiep T a y H o a Dd bao gdm khoa la: khoa hoc xa hdi khoa hgc tfl n h i e n va y hgc Trfldng Dai hgc Hoa T r u n g , Vu Xfldng gdm khoa; khoa hgc xa hdi, k h o a hgc tfl n h i e n va k h o a giao dtac dfldc t h a n h l a p t r e n cd sd hdp tac cua Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h T h a n h thfl Cdng hdi My Hdi T r u y e n giao L u a n Ddn nfldc Anh va Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t N a m 1911, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h B a p t i s t My, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t My va Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao hdp tac xay dflng trfldng Dai hgc Kim Lang, N a m Kinh gdm k h o a ; k h o a hgc xa hdi, khoa bgc tfl n h i e n va k h o a n d n g n g h i e p Nam 1914, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n b M e t h o d i s t My s a n g lap Hgc vien Khoa hgc Tti nhien -Xa hdi nfl Hoa N a m , P h u c C h a u , ddng thdi, Hdi T a n giao nfldc My cung xay dting trfldng c h u y e n khoa y hgc Tfldng N h a , Trfldng Sa N a m 1924 ddi ten t h a n h trfldng Dai bgc Y k h o a Tfldng N h a N a m 1935 hii d(ii ten t h a n h Vien Y hgc Tfldng N h a N a m 1915, Hdi t r u y e n giao L u a n Ddn nfldc A n h , Hdi t h a n h T m L a n h B a p t i s t My, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Giiim li, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t My, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h T h a n h thfl Cdng hgi va Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao hdp tac xay dflng Hgc vien Tti n h i e n - Xa hgi nfl Kim Lang, N a m Kinh Cflng t r o n g n a m niiy H()i hiinh Tin Limb B a p t i s t Bac My va Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h B a p t i s t N a m My bdp t i c xay dting trfldng Dili bgc Hd Giang, Thfldng H a i gdm khoa; khoa hgc xa bdi, khoa hgc tfl n h i e n va thfldng n g h i e p N a m 1916, Hgi t h a n h T m L a n b Trfldng lao My va Uy b a n Ngan sach nfldc My hdii tiic t h a n h lap trfldng Dai hoc Linh N u m Q u a n g C h a u vdi khoa;
cdng n g h i e p , n d n g n g h i e p va tfl nhien xa hgi Cflng n a m 1916, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao My, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Methodist, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng li Hdi T r u y e n giao L u a n Ddn nu'dc Anh va mdt so' t a p d o a n tai chinh hdp tac xay dflng trfldng Dai hgc Yen Kinh B i c Kinh gdm khoa; k h o a hgc tfl n h i e n khoa hgc xa hdi va p h a p l u a t den n a m 1919 ddi ten t h a n h trfldng Dai hgc Yen Kmh N a m 1917, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng h My Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h M e t h o d i s t My, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng lao Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h B a p t i s t , Hdi T r u y e n giao L u a n Don nfldc A n h va Hdi Lien hiep C a n a d a hdp tac xay dflng trfldng Dai hgc Te Ld, Sdn Ddng gdm khoa; k h o a hgc xa hgi, khoa bgc tfl n h i e n va y hgc N a m 1918, Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng Ii My, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Methodist, Hgi t h a n h T m L a n b T h a n h thfl Cong hdi nfldc Anh hdp tac t h a n h lap tru'dng Dai hgc Hiep Hoa, P h u c Kien bao gdm cac khoa nhfl khoa hgc tfl n h i e n , khoa hgc xa hdi Ngoai dao Tin L a n h cdn t h a n h liip Vien Y hgc Hiep Hda, Bac Kinh vao n a m
1906, trfldng chuyen n g a n h thfl vien Van Hoa, Vu Xfldng n a m 1929 va trfldng Dili hgc T a m Due n a m 1927
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Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd6 - 2009
Hoa va Vien Y hgc Hiep Hda Bic Kinh Ngoai Vien Y hgc Hiep Hda Bic Kinh, cac trfldng dai hgc tren deu cd giao trinh chinh quy nganh khoa hgc xa hdi, da sd' cac trfldng cd nganh khda bgc tfl nhien mdt sd trfldng cdn cd cac chuyen nganh khac nhfl ndng nghiep (TrUdng Yen Kinh, trUdng Kim Lang trUdng Linh Nam); ThUdng nghiep (trfldng Kim Lang, trfldng Hg Giang, trfldng Thdnh John); Nha khoa (trfldng Tay Hda); Lam nghiep (trfldng Kim Lang); Cdng nghiep hda hgc (trfldng Ddng Ngd, trfldng Hg Giang); Phap luat chinh tri (trfldng Ddng Ngd); Y khoa (trfldng Te Lo, trfldng Thanh John, trfldng Nha Le, trfldng Tay Hoa); Khoa Che tao may (trfldng Yen Kinh); Khoa Chinh tri (trfldng Thanh John); Khoa Y te dti phdng (trfldng Hiep Hda Phuc Kien); Khoa Xa hgi hgc (trfldng Hg Giang); Khoa T h i n hgc (trfldng Van Hoa, trfldng Tay Hoa, trfldng Yen Kinh trfldng Te Ld, trfldng Thanh Jdbn, trfldng Hd Giang) Cflng vdi viec khdng ngflng bd sung va hoan thien cac chuyen nganh, cac trfldng dai hgc da trd cac trfldng dai hgc tdng bdp hien dai khien cho dien mao nganh giao due cao dang, dai hgc d Trung Qud'c mdi me ban len Mdt so khoa chuyen nganh cua cac trfldng da trd khoa dflng d i u cac trfldng dai hgc d Trung Qud'c dfldng thdi nhfl Khoa Phap luat cua Dai bgc Ddng Ngd, Khoa Thfldng nghiep cua Dai bgc Thanh Jdhn Khoa Thfl vien cua Dai hgc Van Khoa Khoa Xa hgi hgc va Truyen thdng cua Dai hgc Yen Kinh Trong phat trien giao due phd thdng d Trung Qud'c, dao Tin Lanh cung rat chfl y den giao due Kitd giao Theo thd'ng ke nam 1920, cac Giao doan truyen giao Tin Lanh tren toan Trung Qud'c da xay dflng
dfldc 52 trfldng Thanh kinh nfl, 48 trfldng Thanh kinh nam va 13 khoa than hgc cac trfldng dai hgc va vien t h i n hgc
Nam 1922, sau Phong trao phi Kitd giad bung nd, Chinh phu Trung Quoc bat d i u xem xet den van de qudc hflu hda quyen giao due cua cac trfldng trflc thudc Hdi t h a n h Tin Lanh Nam 1926, Bg Giao due Trung Qud'c ban hanh cac quy dinh ve quy trinh lap trfldng dan lap, khdng cho phep ngfldi nfldc ngoai lam bieu trfldng; chu tich hgi ddng quan tri phai Id ngfldi Trung Qudc Cung vdi viec Trung Qud'c tbflc bien rdng rai che giao due hien dai, cac trfldng cdng lap va dan lap cua Trung Qud'c khong ngflng gia tang, cac trfldng hgc cua Hdi cang chiem ti le it di tdng so' trfldng hgc d Trung Qudc De bao tdn cac trfldng hgc cua Hdi va tri mau sac rieng cua cac trfldng da so cac trfldng deu bay td nguyen vgng tuan thu cac quy dinh cua Chinh phu Trung Qud'c
Mgt ddng gdp dang ke nfla cua cac giao si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh cho nen giao dtac Trung Qud'c la viec dfla hgc sinh Trung Qud'c nfldc ngoai du bgc Sau Chien t r a n h Thudc phien, ngfldi nfldc ngoai bat d i u thu hut Iflu hgc sinh Trung Quoc sang Anh, My du bgc O Trung Qud'c thdi can dai viec cfl ngfldi sang Anh, My du hgc cd hang tram mdi lien he vdi giad si truyen giao Ba hgc sinh cudi cap ciia hgc dfldng Robert Morrison la ba ngfldi Trung Qud'c d i u tien di du hgc thdi can dai
(7)S a u k h i cac trfldng dai hgc trflc thudc Hgi t h a n h dfldc t h a n h lap, so' bgc s i n h di nfldc ngoai du hgc n g a y c a n g t a n g n h a n h Trfldng Dili hgc T h a n h J o h n Thfldng H a i h a n g n a m d e u cd ma'y chuc hgc sinh s a n g Au, My du bgc Tfl n a m 1872, T r u n g Qudc b a t d i u c h i n h thflc dfla bgc sinh r a nfldc ngoai du hgc A n h hfldng cua dao T m L a n h t r o n g v a n de n a y la r a t rd ret Hgc s i n h cua cac trfldng trflc thugc Hgi t h a n h c h i e m sd'Ifldng ldn t r o n g so'Iflu hgc sinh dfldc dfla s a n g N h a t du hgc vao the ki XIX D a u t h e ki XX, ti le hgc sinh cac trfldng trflc t h u d c Hdi t h a n h s a n g My du hgc cdn ldn hdn n h i e u so vdi the ki XIX
Dao Tin L a n h c u n g ddng gdp mgt p h i n nha't d i n h t r o n g viec giai phdng phta nfl va p h a t t r i e n giao due nfl gidi d T r u n g Qud'c Trfldng hgc d a n h cho nfl gidi d a u tien tai T r u n g Qud'c thdi e^n dai la de dao Tin L a n h s a n g l a p H e thd'ng giao due cao d a n g cho nfl gidi cua dao Tin L a n b da dao tao cho T r u n g Qud'c mdt the he nfl vien chflc d i u tien Dgi o g u nfl t r i thflc la nhflng ngfldi d i u t i e n p h a bd nhflng h u ttac r a n g budc p h u nfl cua che phong kien va sdng tfl lap t r o n g xa hdi
Dao Tin l a n h xay dflng va p h a t trien h e thd'ng giao due cao dang, dai hgc d T r u n g Qud'c k h i e n cho n e n giao dtac T r u n g Qud'c cd nhflng tie'n bd m a n g t i n h lich sii Sfl xua't h i e n cac trfldng dai hgc cua dao Tin L a n b la bflde dot p h a ldn t r o n g lieb sii giao dtac T r u n g Qud'c, khien cho T r u n g Qudc cd he thd'ng giao due cao d i n g , dai bgc c a n dai Ve cd ban, trfldng dai bgc cua dad Tin L a n b da vfldt qua nhflng k b i e m k h u y e t cua b e thdng giao due t r u y e n t h d n g cua T r u n g Qudc Cac trfldng diii bgc cua dfio Tin L a n b da m a n g den cho nen guio dtac cao d i n g , dai bgc
T r u n g Qud'c r a t n h i e u ndi d u n g mdi me t r e n n h i e u phfldng dien nhfl; md thflc lap trfldng hgc, ndi d u n g giang day bdi dfldng n h a n tai thich flng vdi xa hdi Dieu n a y d a n den sfl r a ddi va p h a t t n e n he thd'ng giao due cao dang, dai hgc d T r u n g Qud'c Viec xay diing cac trfldng dai hgc cua Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h thflc day T r u n g Qud'c b a t d i u chu t r g n g de'n giao due cao d a n g , dai hgc Hgc s m h tdt nghiep tfl cac trUdng dai hgc cua Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h trd t h a n h lUc lugng giao vien t r o n g cac trUdng dai hgc d T r u n g Qud'c Dudi i n h hUdng cua cac trUdng dai hgc thudc Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h , h a n g loat cac trUdng dai hgc cua T r u n g Qudc bat d i u t h a n h lap nhU trUdng Dai hgc Bac Dudng, Dai hgc Kinh sfl
TrUdc cac trUdng dai hgc cua Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h dUdc xay dflng, he thd'ng giao due cao d a n g cua T r u n g Qud'c chu yeu hgc v a n sfl cd dien Den dau the ki XX, t r i n h cua trfldng dai bgc thudc Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h tdt nha't T r u n g Qudc da g i n s a n h n g a n g vdi t r i n h cua cac trfldng dai hgc d Au, My dfldng thdi Sfl x u a t hien cua cac trfldng dai hgc cua Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h da k h i e n cho nen giao dtac cao d i n g , dai hgc T r u n g Quo'c r u t n g a n k h o i n g each vai t r a m n a m so vdi nen giad due dai hgc Phfldng Tay
III N H C N G D O N G G O P T R O N G L I N H V l / C Y T E
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Nghien cuu Ton giao Sf'>'6 - 2009
nhan nhflng mat flu viet nhflng cungkhdng the che giau dfldc nhflng khiem khuyet cua nd Tfl Tay y dfldc truyen vao Trung Qud'c, nen y hgc Trung Qudc cang n i y smh nhflng van de bat cap Viec dfla Tay y hien dai vad Trung Qud'c khdng the khdng ke den vai trd cua dao Tin Lanh
Dao Tm Lanh xay diing sfl nghiep y hgc d Trung Quo'c vdi muc dich thuc day va phat trien sfl nghiep truyen giao Nnflng tren phfldng dien khach quan thi boat dgng chfla benh cua cac giao si truyen giao dao Tin Lanh da dfla Trung Qud'c tiep can vdi Tay y, thuc day viec sang lap nen y hgc hien dai Trung Qudc
Nam 1934 bac si - giao si truyen giao, Peter Parke cua dao Tin Lanh My de'n Trung Qud'c Tfl dd Hdi Tm Lanh b i t diu ket hgp chfla benh vdi truyen giao Sfl ket hdp bao gdm viec cac giao si truyen giao td chflc cac hdi y hgc, xay dflng cac phdng kham d canh Hdi Tren cd sd dd cac benh vien cua Hdi dfldc lap; cac sach bao, thfl tich lien quan den nganh y cflng lan Ifldt dflgc xua't bin Nam 1835, Peter Parke khai trUdng phdng kham m i t tiai Q u i n g Chau, Day la benh vien Tay y diu tien giao si truyen giao nfldc ngoai xay dflng d Trung Qudc thdi can dai Cac hiep hgi y hgc cac giao si truyen giao Tin Lanh td chflc tiai Trung Qud'c bao gdm: Hdi Truyen giao y dfldc Trung Hoa du'dc lap tai Quang Chau nam 1838 Hdi trfldng la Thomas Richardsdn Cdlledge, Hgi phd la bac si Peter Parke; Hgi Y Bac Trung Qud'c lap nam 1886, giao si truyen giao John Glasgow Kerr lam Hdi trUdng dau tien; Hiep hgi Truyen giao Chfla benh Trung Qudc liip nam 1890
Nam 1915 lap Hdi Y bgc Trung Qud'c Nam 1916 Hdi Y hgc Trung Qud'c hgp vdi Hiep hdi Truyen giad chfla benh Trung Qud'c tai Q u i n g Chau va quyet nghi ung hg Hdi Thanh nien Tin Lanh Trung Hoa t h a n h lap Uy ban Lien hdp Ve sinh cdng cgng Toan quo'c Nam 1925 Hiep hgi Truyen giao chfla benh Trung Qud'c sap nhap vao Hdi Y hgc Trung Qud'c Nam 1927 Hgi Y hgc Trung Qudc chuyen den Thfldng H i i va doi ten Tong hdi Hdi Y hgc Trung Hoa thiet lap phan hgi tai eac dia phfldng Nam 1932 Hgi Y Bac Trung Quo'c cung sap nhap vao Hgi Y hgc Trung Hoa
Nam 1868, John Glasgow Kerr sang lap Quang Chdu Tdn bdo tai Quang Chau, b i t d i u mdt he thd'ng dung tieng Trung Qud'c gidi thieu kien thflc Tay y cho ngfldi Trung Qud'c De'n nam 1884,
Quang Chdu Tdn bdo ddi ten Tdy y Tdn bdo Nam 1872, Benh vien Kinb Do
Thi Bic Kinh phat hanh td Dong Tdy
kie'n vdn luc cung gidi thieu mgt chut
kien thflc Tay y Ngoai ra, nam 1888, Hot Y Bac Trung Hoa cflng sang lap td Y
Bdc Hgi bdo tai Thfldng H i i Cflng
giai doan nay, giao si truyen giao Tin Lanh nfldc Anh - Benjamin Hobson, bat d i u dich va gidi thieu ve he thd'ng thuoc Tay y va nen y hgc Phfldng Tay Nam 1850, dng da bien dich va xuat ban cudn
Todn thi' tdn luan tai Quang Chau; nam
1857 bien dich va xuat ban cud'n Tdy y
li/dc ludn', nam 1858 in cud'n A^g; khoa tdn luan va cudn Bd me vd tre em tdn thuyet
(9)t h i e u ve t h u d c T a y va n e n y bgc Phfldng Tay Giao si J o h n Glasgow K e r r cung dich va xua't b a n mgt so' sach nhfl; Tdy
tli/dc li/dc thuyet Cdt chdng todn thii, Ngi khoa todn thii Danh muc binh chdng Danh muc thuoc Tdy,
Den trfldc n a m 1900, Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h da xay dflng dfldc bdn 40 phong khiim va b e n h vien Nhflng cd sd p h a n bd' tai Q u a n g Ddng, Q u a n g Tay, Triet Giang, G i a n g Td T r o n g dd, cac b e n h vien c h u yeu trflc thudc he thd'ng Tin L a n h nfldc A n h va nfldc My
Cac b e n h vien trflc thudc he t h d n g Tin L a n b nfldc A n h gdm: B e n h vien N h a n Te, Thfldng Hai cua Hdi t h a n h L u a n Ddn; Benh vien N h a n Te, H a n K h i u : Benh vien Ma Dai P h u , T h i e n T a n ; Benh vien N h a n Te, Vfl Xfldng; B e n h vien Q u a n g Te, H a n g C h a u ; Benh vien Sai Tinh, P h u c (]hau: B e n h vien Bac Hai; Benh vien P h d Te, Nghi Xfldng; Benh vien Nam T h a n h Dd: Benh vitin Phuc iim San Dau cua Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Trfldng Lao: Benh vien Phd Ai, H a n K h a u cua Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h Methodist
Cac b e n h vien thugc be thd'ng Tin L a n h nfldc My gdm; B e n h vien Bac Te, Q u a n g C h a u : B e n h vien P h u nfl va Tre em Hii C a t va B e n h vien N h u Te cua Hdi t h a n h T m L a n h Trfldng lad: Benh vien ich the S a n D i u cua Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h B a p t i s t ; B e n h vien T h d n g C h a u cua Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n b Cdng li; Benh vien Ddng N h a n , Thfldng Hai cua Hgi t h a n h T m Liinh Thiinh thfl Cdng bdi; Benh vien Phu nfl va Trti em T a y Mdn Thfldng Hai; Benh vien Bac T a p , Td C h a u
S a n g t h e ki XX, b e n h vien cua Hdi Ihanli p h a t t n e n n h a n h chdng Theo
"Nien giam Kitd giao" n a m 1936 cac giao doan t r u y e n giao Tin Lanh da xay dting dfldc hdn 260 b e n h vien Trong dd, Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h T r u n g Hoa cd 67 benh vien; Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h T h a n h thu Cdng hdi cd 29 benh vien; Hdi t h a n h Tm L a n h M e t h o d i s t Episcopal cd 25 benh vien; Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h Baptist cd 20 benh vien: Hdi t h a n h Tm L a n h Methodist cd 16 b e n h vien: Hgi t h a n h Tin L a n h ngi dia cd 13 b e n h vien: Hgi t h a n h T m Lanh Trfldng lad cd 11 b e n h vien: Hdi t h a n h Tm Lanh T h a n h thfl Cdng hdi T r u n g Hoa Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Cdng li va Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h Tin nghia mdi Hdi cd benh vien; Hgi t h a n h T m L a n h An t h a t n h a t va Hdi t h a n h Tin L a n h H a n h diio mdi Hoi cd benh vien; Hgi T r u y e n guio L u a n Ddn cd benh vien; Hdi t h a n h Tin Lanh Giam li cd benh vien; Hgi t h a n h Tin Liinh Hflu iii cd benh vien Ngoai ra, cac hoi doan truyen giao khac deu cd benh vien Hdi t h a n h cua minh,
De bdi dfldng n h a n vien y te cho I Itii t h a n h , dao Tin L a n b cdn xay dting r a t n h i e u vien y hgc va trUdng dao tao hd li Den n a m 1937 da cd hdn 140 trUdng vdi g i n 4.000 bgc s i n h TrUdc n a m 1949, cac b e n h vien t h u g c Hgi t h a n h Tin Lanh chie'm 70% tdng so' b e n h vien tren toan T r u n g Qudc; hg li t r o n g cac benh vien de'n 90% la tin hflu diao T m L a n h ' "
Nhflng b o a t ddng thflc tien chfla benh va gidi t h i e u ve li l u a n y hgc Phfldng Tay cua cae giao si t r u y e n giao nfldc ngoai da d a t n e n m d n g d i u tien cho sti p h a t trien cua n e n y hgc Phfldng Tay va T a n dfldc d T r u n g Qud'c thdi ki can hien dai
{Ki sau ddng tiep)
4 Trac Tan Binh (chii bien) Kie'n thifc ca id ve Kitd
gido Trung Qiidc Nxb Van hoa Ton giao B k Kinh