Luận văn (ver Tiếng Anh) NGOA DỤ trong các tác phẩm văn học của Shakespeare và Nam Cao

luận văn đề tài NGOA DỤ trong các tác phẩm văn học của Shakespeare và Nam Cao bản tiếng anh đầy đủ nội dung, bìa, mục lục, phụ lục... (bìa, phụ lục ở cuối bài) “HYPERBOLE IN LITERARY WORKS BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE AND NAM CAO”

I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale In a cutting-edge science and technology era, along with the globalization process, English plays a particularly important role in international trade, business, education, entertainment activities and in almost aspects of daily life It becomes a bridge among countries and is considered useful means of communication to further relationships and create more mutual understanding among all the peoples around the world Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech& Svartvik (1985) found “English is generally acknowledged to be the world’s most important language” Besides, literature always plays an essential role in most people’s spirit life and becomes a great field of a language acquisition process Though the explosion of information and the revolution of high technology, especially the internet, for a few recent decades have given us various kinds of entertainment, literature is still one of the oldest and most favorite ways of entertaining, learning and experiencing life Besides, every literary work reflects authors’ talents, one of those is the way they use the language to express their ideas and to impress the readers There are many ways the writers have been using to make the language become such a valuable and flexible means of transferring the ideas One of these tremendously impressive ways of language expression is using hyperbole Hyperbole is a figurative language technique where exaggeration is used to create a strong effect In literature, by using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they not remain ordinary, for this, it becomes the main part of the ubiquitous non literal language techniques One strong motivation for my choice is the fact that the use of hyperbole in literature has a great appeal to most of the readers Definitely, a word or phrase or sentence of hyperbole is full of creativity with figurative and attracting style which catches the whole attention of readers Also, while hyperbole is of a great many of benefits for readers’ language acquisition, this technique is still a largely underresearched field which causes readers misunderstandings with other figurative languages such as metaphor, irony or simile Moreover, the thesis focuses on hyperbole used in the literal works of Shakespeare, an English writer, and Nam Cao, a Vietnamese writer, when they are both the typical writers of literature realism of their own time and their characters are of social classification illustrated in their writings While Shakespeare used hyperbole mostly to describe (emphasize) the characters and their lives of upper class with luxury and beauty of magnificence like in “Romeo and Juliet” or “Hamlet”, hyperbole used in Nam Cao’s works focuses on description of lower class characters such as Chi Pheo in “Chi Pheo'' or Lang ran in “Lang ran” In these literary works of both well–known writers, readers could have an obvious and interesting understanding of hyperbole and its usefulness in literature For the above - mentioned reasons, I would like to carry out my research on the topic “HYPERBOLE IN LITERARY WORKS BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE WITH REFERENCE TO HYPERBOLE IN LITERARY WORKS BY NAM CAO” This thesis is conducted with the hope that the research results will provide certain linguistically useful practical knowledge of English hyperbole for Vietnamese learners of English as well as those who are interested in this field 1.2 Aims and Objectives: The study aims at investigating features of hyperbole in English and Vietnamese in the literary works by William Shakespeare and Nam Cao in order to have a good insight into hyperbole and from which to suggest solutions to overcome difficulties in teaching English hyperbole for Vietnamese learners of English To reach the aim, the objectives of the study are as follows: - To describe the syntactic and semantic features of hyperbole in English and Vietnamese through literary works by William Shakespeare and Nam Cao - To find out similarities and differences between hyperbole in English and Vietnamese through literary works by William Shakespeare Nam Cao in terms of syntax and semantics - To identify common problems for mastering English hyperbole for Vietnamese learners of English and suggest some solutions to overcome these problems 1.3 Research questions: To reach the aims and objectives, it is necessary to find out the proper answers for the following questions: What are the syntactic and semantics features of hyperbole in English and Vietnamese in literary works by Shakespeare and Nam Cao? 2 What are the similarities and differences between hyperbole in English and Vietnamese through literary works by William Shakespeare and Nam Cao in terms of syntax and semantics? What are common problems in mastering English hyperbole for Vietnamese learners of English and solutions for overcoming them? 1.4 Method of the study With the purpose of finding out the similarities and differences of English hyperbole in some literary works by William Shakespeare and Nam Cao in terms of syntax and semantics, Linguistic orientation is based on to provide expected research results Moreover, to have an effective investigation, a flexible combination of several methods will be used First of all, descriptive method is used to describe the syntactic and semantic features of English hyperbole in literary works by William Shakespeare and Nam Cao In addition, contrastive analysis is employed to find out the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese hyperbole from syntactic and semantic perspectives Equally importantly, hyperbole teaching and learning process analysis is used to find out the particular problems met by teachers and students of the first-year study at Hong Duc University in teaching hyperbole in English Finally, questionnaires are used to collect reliable data from teachers in using hyperbole in English 1.5 Scope of the study Theoretically, within the academic scope of the study, hyperbole will be mainly examined in written language in literary works by William Shakespeare and Nam Cao The thesis will focus on the following linguistic features: syntactic and semantic features of English hyperbole in literary works by William Shakespeare and Nam Cao 240 examples of English hyperbole in literary works by William Shakespeare and 270Vietnamese examples by Nam Cao are collected from such sources Because of the frequency of occurrences of hyperbole less than the narration, the author has to gather a large amount of English hyperbole in four literary works by William Shakespeare and in four works by Nam Cao Questionnaires are used to find out the teaching problems met by Vietnamese teachers of English in teaching “hyperbole” for Vietnamese learners of English, from which it helps the researcher give some solutions for overcoming those problems Socially, the study collects data regarding features The survey questionnaires designed in this research focus primarily on the knowledge and experiences of Vietnamese teachers at Hong Duc University in English teaching process for the third - year students whose major is English is the second language when they find it hard to deal with hyperbole problems in Reading Comprehensions, so the research results are somewhat subjective Materially, the research is based on sources that are examples from Shakespeare's and Nam Cao’s literary works, but not on other sources Regarding the scope of application, the author only applies her research results to teaching English to the first-year students at Hong Duc University 1.6 Significance of the study The study of “Hyperbole in the literary works written by Shakespeare and Nam Cao” can be a learning paradigm in the university to support teachers in teaching hyperbole in reading comprehension and enhance the students’ knowledge on the theme as well This study of semantic and syntactic feature analysis on hyperbole could hence to some extent help learners have a good insight into their syntactic, semantic and features, which is beneficial for teachers and learners of the two languages The project’s goal is also designed to help students improve academic competence, develop reading skill and imagination through figurative language 1.7 Structure of the study The study consists of five following chapters: Chapter I, Introduction, includes the rationale, the aim and objectives, the research questions, the scope, the significance and the structural organization Chapter II, Literature review, introduces previous studies related to the thesis Also, this is an introduction to theoretical background which is designed to serve as the basic foundation of data analysis and discussion of findings in the following chapter Chapter III, Hyperbole in English and Vietnamese literature analysis, describes and analyzes the syntactic and semantic features of hyperbole in English basing on some literary works written by William Shakespeare, Chapter IV, Conclusion, gives the summary of the study Furthermore, this chapter also presents the limitations of the research and some suggestions for further studies References and Appendices come at the end of the thesis CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The previous studies Hyperbole has been since late antiquity as one of the many figures of speech discussed within the general framework of rhetoric However, the emphasis has been primarily laid on defining, classifying and illustrating this trope In contemporary language theories, the paucity of studies addressing hyperbole is most notable, probably because in other disciplines it has been considered a classic trope whose study belongs to that of rhetoric Thus, no serious attention has been paid to the study of hyperbole in the domain of syntax and semantics Most of the empirical work on hyperbole involved comparison of frequency and use in different cultures (e.g Spitzbardt 1963, Cohen 1987, Edelman et al, 1989) Ohlrogge and Tsang (2004) carried out a study on the frequency of hyperbole in academic speech They questioned whether in academic speech people maintain the careful and cautious tone of academic prose, or whether, in the heat of the spoken moment, they adopt the exaggerations of colloquial speech Apart from these cross-cultural studies, most interest in hyperbole has been almost invariably directed at explaining the psychological processes operating on their understanding, being much of this literature subsumed within studies of verbal irony or theories of humour McCarthy and Carter (2004) have argued in favour of a conversational and discourse analysis approach when investigating the role of exaggeration in naturally-occurring speech Their study reveals that the key recurring items such as listener acceptance token, laughter, and listener’s own further contribution to the emerging hyperbolic context are crucial to the interpretation of hyperboles as joint activities between conversational patterns In Understanding Hyperbole, Noura Aljadaan (2017) discussed the relationship that metaphor and hyperbole had He examined Relevance Theory’s approach to their relationship and discussed the views that considered hyperbole as a kind of irony He also had a look at generalization and what it shared with hyperbole In Hyperbole in English: a corpus-based study of exaggeration, Claridge (2011) approaches the rhetoric of hyperbole The relation of hyperbole to political discourse, humour and literature is illustrated in case studies Three political speeches are analysed It is striking, however, how similar Powell’s use of hyperbole is to that of present-day European right-wing populists Claridge shows (p.225) how Powell exaggerates the feelings of native Britons, the amount and nature of immigration and also the effects of immigration Raflis, Juni Rahmat Zai studied hyperbole in Shakespeare’s poetry (Figurative language in Shakespeare’s - 2018) in terms of one of the types of figurative language, figurative language formulas, and figurative language functions In the research, the main purpose for formalist criticism is to determine how elements in Shakespeare's poetry work together with text content to form meaning to the readers However, there has not been so far a study on syntactic and semantic features of hyperbole in English, especially a contrast study on hyperbole in English and Vietnamese literature It is necessary for the writer to such research on this matter to have a deeper understanding about hyperbole in the case, first for her own career’s sake and then for the learners or other researchers of English as a foreign language 2.2 The theoretical background 2.2.1 Definition of hyperbole 2.2.1.1 Definition of hyperbole in English In the 5th century B.C there was a rabble-rousing Athenian, a politician named Hyperbolus, who often made exaggerated promises and claims that whipped people into a frenzy But even though it sounds appropriate, Hyperbolus' name did not play a role in the development of the modern English word hyperbole That noun does come to us from Greek (by way of Latin), but from the Greek verb hyperballein, meaning "to exceed," not from the name of the Athenian demagogue The word comes to English directly from Latin, but the Latin word is from a Greek word that has one crucial visual difference It has a line, called a macron, over the final e: hyperbolē The macron tells us that the vowel is pronounced like \ee\ The fact that hyperbole is pronounced in a way countering to the usual workings of English pronunciation gives a hint as to the word's history in the language Although these days hyperbole might be encountered in a magazine at the doctor's office, the world's first use was technical It's from the field of rhetoric, which makes it at home with terms like metaphor, trope, and litotes And speaking of litotes (pronounced \LYE-tuh-teez\), that term is an approximate antonym of hyperbole It refers to understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negation of the contrary, as in "not a bad idea" or "not unpleasant." https://www.merriam-webster.com/word-of-the-day/hyperbole-2017-04-09 Hyperbole is defined as a form of extremity, an exaggeration that either magnifies or minimizes some real state of affairs (Cano Morn, 2004) It is not intended to be taken literally and it produces ridicule or satire when applied to banal topics The term goes back to Aristotle, and "features throughout the historiography of rhetoric" (Mac Carthy and Carter, 2004:15) It implies extravagant exaggeration by which something is represented as much greater or less, better or worse, or involving a greater intensity than in reality, or beyond possibility; a statement exaggerated fancifully through excitement, or for effect William Shepard Walsh defines hyperbole is that: (Gr."excess,""overstrained praise," etc.), a recognized figure of rhetoric, meaning an extravagant statement or assertion, which, when used for conscious effect, is not to be taken too seriously or too literally Yet the hyperbole is often used unconsciously by the men of vivid yet unbalanced imagination whom the world sometimes calls liars and sometimes fools Hyperbole is a kind of figurative language where the speaker says something while meaning another thing (Stern, 2000) In other words, the literal meaning of what is said does not match the intended meaning (Recchia, Howe, Ross & Alexander, 2010) When using hyperbole, speakers not say X, rather they say something is more than X (Claridge, 2010) They exceed the limits that the hearers expect by using exaggeration (Burgers, Brugman, Lavalette & Steen, 2016) Leech (1983) states that hyperbole is a feature of everyday conversations which people use to exaggerate and evaluate Hyperbole has been used for thousands of years and was mentioned in classical Greece handbooks (Claridge, 2010) In fact, the Roman Rhetorician Quintilian addresses hyperbole and states that people, including peasants and ignorant people, use it daily By stating that uneducated people use hyperbole, he might be noting how easy it is to produce and comprehend hyperbole Although humans constantly use hyperbole, it is understudied (Cartson & Wearing, 2015) Hyperbole exists in many languages, especially, it has become a very ubiquitous spread in English in both everyday speech and written form In written English, from poems, dramatics, plays, novels, stories to other kinds of literature, hyperbole is used quite popular and widely to evoke strong feelings or to create strong impressions It tends to be used within informal settings or for literary effect It is not, for example, regarded as good practice to use hyperbole within business English; it could be regarded as unprofessional Examples: - I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse (In daily conversations) “Eat a horse” is an English idiom that is used to exaggerate how hungry he/she feels In fact, a horse is too big for anyone to eat - New York is the city that never sleeps (In daily conversations) The phrase “never sleeps” is the way the writer uses to emphasize a lively city like New York - "The skin on her face was as thin and drawn as tight as the skin of onion and her eyes were gray and sharp like the points of two picks." (Parker's Back by Flannery O'Connor - 1965) Hyperbole is often used in descriptions In the above-mentioned example, the bold sentences are hyperbolically described to emphasize some qualities of a person or thing by exaggerating them - Hyperbole can also be used to describe a person’s emotions In the following selection, a boy is pulling a man up from a deep hole See how hyperbole is used to describe the boy’s thoughts as he struggles in which “a giant” and “ a block of granite” are used to show how big the man is while pulled that makes the pull unendurable "It was not a mere man he was holding, but a giant; or a block of granite The pull was unendurable The pain unendurable" (Banner in the Sky, James Ramsey Ullman - 1988) Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief That thou her maid art far more fair than she (W Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet) When Romeo says, "Arise, fair sun," he is thinking both of Juliet and of the real sun He is hyperbolically comparing Juliet to the sun as a deliberate flouting of poetic language, and he is also thinking that when the real sun actually rises, as it will quite soon, then there is a better chance that Juliet will wake up and appear on the balcony In conclusion, when something is exaggerated, it is closely related to hyperbole Hyperbole is used everywhere, from a conversation about a good meal someone enjoys, to comedy acts, to literature, to emphasize the things described or thoughts expressed by speakers or writers Also, a simile or metaphor might compare things, but they are not proved to be exaggerations as hyperbole does 2.2.1.2 Definition of hyperbole in Vietnamese There are a number of different words in Vietnamese illustrating the word “hyperbole” They are “ngoa dụ”, “nói quá”, “cường điệu” or “thậm xưng” which are relatively translated into English words like hyperbole, overstatement, exaggeration, magnification According to the grade Literature textbook: “Nói biện pháp tu từ nhằm phóng đại mức độ, quy mơ, tính chất việc Mục đích nói tạo ấn tượng, tạo điểm nhấn tăng sức biểu cảm cho diễn đạt.” https://dinhnghia.vn/noi-qua-la-gi-tac-dung-noi-qua.html (Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses an exaggerated or extravagant statement to create a strong emotional response Its purpose is to make a great impression of the things mentioned and create strong emotion on listeners) Đào Thản, a famous Vietnamese writer, describes in Phong cách học tiếng Việt [6, tr 2]: “Phóng đại (cịn gọi: khoa trương, xưng, ngoa ngữ, cường điệu) dùng từ ngữ cách diễn đạt để nhân lên gấp nhiều lần thuộc tính khách thể tượng nhằm mục đích làm bật chất đối tượng cần miêu tả, gây ấn tượng đặc biệt mạnh mẽ Khác hẳn với nói điêu, nói khốc tính chất, động mục đích, phóng đại khơng phải xun tạc thật để lừa dối Nó khơng làm cho người ta tin vào điều nói ra, mà cốt hướng cho ta hiểu điều nói lên” (Hyperbole, (also called overstatement, exaggeration) is a figurative language using words or expressions to multiply the subject attributes into several folds in order to highlight the nature of the object described Very different from telling lies or boasting about something, hyperbole is not for falsifying the events but for readers to apprehend the inner nature of things.) Example: 10 Nguyen Thi Van Dong Date:…………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the process of completing this graduation paper, I have received a great deal of assistance, guidance and encouragement from my supervisor, my teacher, my friends and my family First of all, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor - the leader of the foreign language department, Mrs Nguyen Thi Van Dong, Dr who has given me suggestions on how to shape the study and always has encouraged continuously, has given me valuable advices, constructive comments during the time of writing this graduation paper Next, I would like to express my gratitude to Mrs Hoang Thi Tuyet Minh, Prof 57 and other lecturers in the foreign language department for their lectures and instructions which help me a lot in completing this study I also want to express my sincere thanks to my friends who have always shared to me their interests, concerns and supports to this study Last but not least, I would like to thank my family who has facilitated me to complete this study Ha Noi, October, 2020 Student Đang Thi Nga TABLES OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Table of contents iii 58 Abstract iv List of tables and figures v Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 Definition of hyperbole 2.2.1.1 Definition of hyperbole in English 2.2.1.2 Definition of hyperbole in Vietnamese 2.2.2 Function of hyperbole 2.2.3 Function of hyperbole in literature 2.2.3.1 Function of hyperbole in English literature 59 2.3.3.2 Function of hyperbole in Vietnamese literature 2.3 Theoretical framework 2.3.1 Classifications of hyperbole 2.3.1.1 Hyperbole in terms of syntax 2.3.1.2 Hyperbole in terms of semantics 2.4 Summary Chapter 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Overview of hyperbole in English and Vietnamese literal works 3.1.1 Shakespeare and his literal works 3.1.2 Nam Cao and his literal works 3.2 Data analysis 3.2.1 Syntactic features of hyperbole used in Shakespeare’s and Nam Cao’s literary works 3.2.2 Semantic Features of hyperbole used in Shakespeare’s and Nam Cao’s literary works 3.3 Similarities and differences between syntactic and semantic features of literary works written by Shakespeare and Nam Cao 3.3.1 Syntactic similarities and differences 3.3.2 Semantic similarities and differences 42 3.4 Summary 60 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation 4.2 Concluding remarks 4.3 Limitation of the study 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further researches References Appendices ABSTRACT This article introduces the Hyperbole analysis in terms of syntactic and semantic features Definitions of linguistic hyperbole are also compared Based on the commonalities shared by these definitions, operational definition of hyperbole is provided as “an expression that is more extreme than justified 61 given its ontological referent.” The next section argues why it is useful to identify hyperbole, in structures and meanings at the level of word, phrase and sentence units, and quality and quantity scales First, hyperbolic theories are formulated with definitions, classifications Second, typical examples of hyperbole by Shakespeare and Nam Cao are shown up to analyze a number of selected cases Then data showing frequency of hyperbole use are illustrated by impressive instances The research ends with discussing applications and implications of using hyperbole in corpus research 62 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 3.1 Syntactic features of literary works by Shakespeare and Nam Cao 31 Table 3.2 Semantic features of hyperbole (Positive sides) used in literary works written by Shakespeare and Nam Cao 31 Table 3.3 Semantic features of hyperbole (Negative sides) used in literary 32 works written by Shakespeare and Nam Cao 63 REFFERENCES a) BOOKS: Hoa, Nguyen (2001) An Introduction to semantics VNU Press Hung, Nguyen Manh & Hanh, Le Quoc (2006) Tu vung hoc tieng Anh NXB Giao Duc Jackson, H & Amvela, E.Z (2000) Words, meaning and vocabulary Cassell Truong, Hoang Tat (1883) Tu vung hoc tieng Anh co ban Truong Đai Hoc Su Pham Ngoai Ngu - Ha Noi Phi, Nguyen Khac & Thuyet, Nguyen Minh (2008), Ngu van lop 8.tap1 64 NXB Giao Duc Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1993) Cao, Nam (1930) Chi Pheo Nha xuat ban van hoc Cao, Nam (1931) Con Meo Nha xuat ban van hoc Cao, Nam (1932) Nua Dem Nha xuat ban van hoc 10 Cao, Nam (1944) Mot Dam Cuoi Nha xuat ban van hoc 11 Cao, Nam (1943) Trang Sang Nha xuat ban van hoc 12 Cao, Nam (1934) Thoi Di Ve Nha xuat ban van hoc 13 Cao, Nam (1942) Mot Bua No Nha xuat ban van hoc 14 Cao, Nam (1931) Lang Ran Nha xuat ban van hoc 15 Cao, Nam (1943) Tu Ngay Me Chet Nha xuat ban van hoc 16 Cao, Nam (1944) Mua Danh Nha xuat ban van hoc 17 Cao, Nam (1943) Lao Hac Nha xuat ban van hoc 18 W Shakespeare (1595) A Midsummer Night's Dream Oxford University Press, (2008) 19 W Shakespeare (1596) The Merchant of Venice Oxford University Press,(2006) 20 W Shakespeare (1597) Romeo and Juliet Oxford University Press, (2008) 21 W Shakespeare (1599) Hamlet Oxford University Press, USA (2005) 22 W Shakespeare (1606) Macbeth Oxford School Shakespeare series(2009) 23 W Shakespeare (1610) The Tempest Oxford University Press, USA (2014) b) ESSAYS IN JOURNALS Qassim Abbas Dhayef, Al- Tufaili (2016) A Pragmatic Study of Exaggeration in British and American Journal of Education and Practice (Vol 7) Cohen, Simon Baron (1987) Autism and symbolic play British Journal of Developmental psychology, Vol 5, Pages 139-148 c) WEBSITES 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2001) Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2001) Retrieved April 22, 2010 from 65 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech Dabernet, W.T(1999) Retrieved May 26, 2009 from http://volweb.utk.edu/school/bedford/harrisms/hyperbole.htm Website Owner's Glossary (n.d.) Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://www.grammartips.net/hyperbole-in-english-writing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2001) Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn/default.aspx? param=14A7aWQ9MTk5N Honor, Tracy (2019) Dinh nghia.vn from https://dinhnghia.vn/noi-qua-la-gi-tac-dung-noi-qua.html 10 Ngoc Kien, Nguyen (2019) The holyland of Vietnam study from https://thanhdiavietnamhoc.com/khoa-truong-trong-ca-dao-cua-nguoi-viet/ APPENDICES There are a large number of examples of hyperbole in Shakespeare and Nam Cao that need expressing so that readers can refer to for better understanding of the theme 66 W Shakespeare: - "Till your tears swell the river from the extreme low-water mark to the extreme high-water mark - (W Shakespeare - Julius Caesar) Juliet's Denial of Her Family Name: be but sworn my love, And I'll no longer be a Capulet (W Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet) - “But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the east, and Juliet is the sun!” (W Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet) - “The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars, As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heaven Would through the airy region stream so bright That birds would sing and think it were not night.” (W Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet) - “What, ho! you men, you beasts, / That quench the fire of your pernicious rage / With purple fountains issuing from your veins, / On pain of torture, from those bloody hands” (W Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet) - "I will tear down the castle wall of any man or maid of Montague’s” (W Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet) - 'Come, thick night and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell that my keen knife see not the wound it makes nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, To cry ‘Hold, hold!' (W Shakespeare – Macbeth) The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan 67 (W Shakespeare – Macbeth) - ‘Your cause of sorrow/ Must not be measured by his worth, for then/ It hath no end’ (W Shakespeare – Macbeth) - "Your crown is burning or hurting my eyes." (W Shakespeare – Macbeth) - “Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven” (W Shakespeare – Hamlet) - “Though all the earth o’erwhelm them to men’s eyes” (W Shakespeare – Hamlet) With thy brawls thou hast disturb'd our sport Therefore the winds, piping to us in vain, As in revenge, have suck'd up from the sea (W Shakespeare – A Midsummer Night’s Dream) "Why, if two gods should play some heavenly match And on the wager lay two earthly women, And Portia one, there must be something else Pawned with the other, for the poor rude world Hath not her fellow." (W Shakespeare – Merchant of Venice) - “Which touching but my gentle vessel's side, Would scatter all her spices on the stream, Enrobe the roaring waters with my silks,” (W Shakespeare – Merchant of Venice) Nam Cao: - Cụ mà chết rồi, chúng lại khơng cho ăn bùn‖ (Nam Cao – Chí Phèo) - “Rồi khát, trời mà khát! Khát đến cháy cổ họng.” (Nam Cao – Chí Phèo) 68 ― Phen cha thằng Bá Kiến đố dám vác mặt đâu nữa! Mồ mả tổ tiên đến lộn lên mất” (Nam Cao – Chí Phèo) - “Khơng phải cụ đớn, thật cụ khơn róc đời” (Nam Cao – Chí Phèo) ― “Thị xót xa thấy ơng khách cục súc, sau nắc nỏm khen ghế vừa đẹp vừa thanh, liền đặt mông bành bạnh vại lên mặt ghế, khiến sợi muốn lún xuống, co hai chân bẩn thỉu lên” (Nam Cao – Trăng sáng) - “Trầu làng năm chết nhiều Do trận bão vừa qua Có giàn nát tương, chẳng khác có người giật đổ xuống lấy chân mà dận” (Nam Cao – Trăng sáng) - “Điền tạng yếu quá, không nhận vào công sở; người vội cho tiền học thật tiền vất xuống sông” (Nam Cao – Trăng sáng) - “Thì để bạc mà đem chơn! Có tiền có của, làm đàn anh khơng muốn, muốn để đứa khác cưỡi lên đầu lên cổ Ngu bị” (Nam Cao – Mua danh) - “Có chạy xoạc gấu váy, hết chợ gần đến chợ xa, kiếm ngày đồng xu” (Nam Cao – Một bữa no) - “Chồng bà chết từ lọt lịng Bà thắt lưng buộc bụng, ni từ tấm, tí tí giở đi” (Nam Cao – Một bữa no) - “Gớm mồm với miệng mà toang toang ngỗng đực”…”cái giống người t oang oang mõ ấy” (Nam Cao – Con mèo) - “Đến lúc mỏi miệng, không buồn nói nữa, chị sân, chồng chị lăn hè, ngủ chết từ rồi” (Nam Cao – Con meo) 69 - “Chúng chửi đủ giọng, đủ lời mồm ngoác thật to, vỗ đùi vỗ đoi, nhẩy cẫng lên giậm chân bẹt đến gần thụt đất” (Nam Cao – Thôi về) - “Mày biết dại mày chửa? Bây mày trơ mắt ếch nhà mày Sung sướng thật” (Nam Cao – Thôi về) - “Hắn 30 tuổi, da đen cột nhà cháy đôi lông mày rậm dựng đứng hai sâu róm nằm trợ lực …” (Nam Cao – Nửa đêm) ― “Da đen cột nhà cháy‖” (Nam Cao – Nửa đêm) ― “Lông mày rậm dựng đứng hai sâu róm” (Nam Cao – Nửa đêm) - “Có thể nói lớn nhanh đứa trẻ bú no sữa mẹ Nó múp míp nhẵn nhụi, kháu kháu lạ! Nó hiền đất, hiền nhà thiếu ăn” (Nam Cao – Nửa đêm) - “Còn bọn đàn anh hay bới móc lại sợ, sợ thằng Chánh hội sợ Thiên Lôi; hai sức phá hoại chập vào phải đổ đình đổ chùa đừng có nói đến đổ nhà đổ cửa” (Nam Cao – Nua dem) ― “Mụ béo tròn béo trục, mặt rỗ tổ ong bầu, mắt trắng, môi thâm, mà đen thằng quỷ” “Ai cười nói, mặc! Suốt ngày mụ im thóc” (Nam Cao – Lang Rận) - “Tao nghĩ nát ruột trả lời cho tiện” (Nam Cao - Một đám cưới) - “Bây lộ rõ ràng áo ngũ màu xanh nhạt, phủ áo len trắng nịt người anh khơng cịn thở được” (Nam Cao – Đôi mắt) 70 71 ... literary works by Shakespeare and Nam Cao 3.2.2 Semantic Features of hyperbole used in Shakespeare? ??s and Nam Cao? ??s works: No Semantic Features (Positive sides) W Shakespeare Nam Cao N % N % Ideas... features of literary works written by Shakespeare and Nam Cao 30 3.2.1 Syntactic features of hyperbole used in Shakespeare? ??s and Nam Cao? ??s literary works: W Shakespeare No Syntactic Features Words... hyperbole used in literary works by Shakespeare and Nam Cao) After collecting about 240 English literary works written by Shakespeare and 240 Vietnamese ones created by Nam Cao from books, dictionaries