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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Interdisciplinary Science, 2013 Vol 58 No 1, pp 70 78 This paper is available online at http //stdb hnue edu vn NHAN DE TAC PHAM VAN HOC VA DAY HOC SINH D p c VAN T l / NHAN[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Interdisciplinary Science, 2013 Vol 58 No 1, pp 70-78 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn NHAN DE TAC PHAM VAN HOC VA DAY HOC SINH D p c VAN T l / NHAN DE TAC PHAM Hoang Thj Mai Khoa Khoa hpc Xd hpi, Trudng Dai hpc Hdng DUc Thanh Hda Tom tat Nhan dl tac pham la mot lin hieu nghe thuat quan ham an thong diep ctia nha van va nhiing ting nghia sau xa ciia tac pham Nhan dl la mot dau moi din dat dilu chinh each dpc; khdi gOi hiing thii va thiic day dbng cd iing dap sang tao b ngUdi dpc Tren cd sb li thuylt vl cSu lao chiic nang tieu de van ban, bai vilt di sau khao sat he thong hoa cac dang cku triic - y nghia cua nhan dl cac tac pham van hpc Viet Nam tCr gdi mb mpt so each thdc iJng dap tac pham tir kenh nhan dl nham nang cao hieu qua cam thu va phat trien tu bac cao cho hpc sinh TUkhda: Nhan dl, cau true, chiic nang, iing dap, dpc van Dat van de Nhan de (hay lieu dl) lac pham la mot dai lupng nghe thuat quan trpng, mbt phin thiet yeu cau tac pham Trong nhieu trUdng hdp nhan dl ham chiia mbt quy ubc ngim cda lac gia mbi tUbng quan vbi cac quy ubc ngim khac tac pham de tao nen mot chinh the nghe thuat dac sac Nhan de khbng chi cung d p cho ngUbi dpc mol dlu moi de thau hieu chii y ciia nha van ma cbn gpi md nhQng each tilp can khac dbi vbi nhiing bi an va gia tn cua lac pham, khdi gpi hiing thu tham mi, sii tb mb tri tue b ngudi dpc Chu y giai ma chiic nang, y nghia ctia nhan d l lac pham, yi vay la mbt ihii phap kha thi de tilp can gia tri, y nghia tac pham tinh da dang va chieu sau vbn co cua nb Tuy nhien, thiic te cam thu va giang day van hpc, viec iing dap (response) v6i tieu de tac pham hoac chua dupc chii y dung miic, hoac cd liic cbn go ep cho iriing vdi dung y nha van, nbi dung van ban va each hieu ciia thly, lam ban chl kha nang sang tao b hpc sinh (HS) Received February 2011 Accepted April 26 2012 Contacl Hoang Thi Mai, e-mail address hoangmai.hdu@gmaiI.com Nhan di tdc phd'm vdn hpc vd day hoc sinh dpc vdn tif nhan de tdc phdm Tren cb sb li thuyet ve cSu tao, chiic nang tieu dl van ban, bai vilt tap Irung khao sat, he thong hoa cac dang cau triic - y nghia cua nhan dl cac tac pham van hpc Viet Nam, tii gbi md mot so van de ve each thiic hubng dan HS iing dap vbi nhan dl tac pham / qua trinh dpc van nham nang cao hieu qua cam thu tham mi Noi dung nghien cu'u 2.1 Cau true - y nghta cua nhan de tae pham van hoc 2.1.1 Khai quat chung ve cau true - y nghia cua nhan de tac pham Theo Roland Barthes, mpt nhan dl ciing mot liic c6 nhilu y nghia, db it nhat cb hai y nghia: 1) cai ma nb thbng bao, va 2) ban than sU thbng bao "Nbi each khac, tieu 6,h luon cd mbt chiic nang kep: sb bieu (enunciative) va sd chi (deictic)" [6] Theo Gerard Genette, nhan de tac pha'm van hpc cb chiic nang cd ban: 1) de nhan dien hoac phan biet iac pham vbi mbt tac pham khac, 2) the hien nbi dung khai quat cua tac pham, 3) gay an tupng noi bat vbi dpc gia, 4) chi loai hinh hoac the Ioai cua van ban [3] Sau G Genette mpt s6 nha nghien cdu da cu the hoa cac chiic nang, y nghia cua nhan dl tac pham, nhien, theo tac gia bai vilt, li thuylt cua G Genette da khai quat dupc cac dang cSu true - chiic nang cd ban cua nhan dl tac pham van hpc Van dung ll thuylt ciia bng, phkn sau ciia bai viel se khao sal, phan tich, he thong hoa dang nhan dl cac tac pham van hpc Viet Nam su lien he vbi cac lac pham van hpc the gibi, tif gpi md cho HS hubng iing dap tac pham tif viec giai ma nhan dl van ban 2.1.2 Nhan de cac tac pham van hoc trung dai Theo li thuyet ciia G Genette [3], nhan de cac lacpham van hpc trung dai the hien rb chiic nang diu tien: nhan dien va the hien nbi dung khai quat cua tac pham Ve cau tao, nhan dl tac pham van hpc trung dai thubng dai hbn so vbi tac pham van hpc hien dai; nb cb the la mpt menh de hoac mpt cau hoan chinh, chang ban: Thiin uyen tdp anh ngd luc (Khuyet danh), Truyin ki man luc (Nguyin DiJ), VQ trung but (Pham Dinh Ho), Chinh phu ngdm khuc (Dang Tran Cbn), Doan trudng tdn tbanh (Nguyen Du), Cudi xudn tUc su (Nguyin Trai) Ve npi dung, nhan de tac pham van hpc trung dai viia neu npi dung vifa chi hinh thiic the loai, kieu sang tac, tinh huong, bbi canh sang tac cua tac pham Chang han, di kem cac cum iCf ngiJ chi nbi dung la cac tii ngii chi the loai nhU: bich, cdo chieu, tdu, vdn ti truyen, chi, phu, thi (tap); cac tif chi kieu, tinh hubng sang tac nhU: tdc cdnh, tdc su, ngdu hdng, man luc, man hiing, mpng luc, ngon hodi, cdm hodi, man thudt, trdn tinh, tU thudt, tuthan, ngon chi Ngoai ra, nhan dl tac pham van hpc trung dai thudng ddn nghia, hoac nbi len cai "chi", hoac phan anh thiic tai theo tinh th5n "thuc luc, sut luan" Mbi quan he giiia nghia cua tieu dl va nghia ciia van ban, nbi theo each ciia cac nha ki hieu hpc la "mbi quan he 71 Hoang Thi Mai song piiUOng: ngliia cua van ban gOi ngiiia cua lieu de va ngUdc lai" [2;94] No khac han tinh da nghia, ham ngon, bieu tuOng nhan de cac tac pham van hoc mng man, hien thUc ,sau Kieu cau true cung kha hiin van hoc Trung dai cac nudc khu vUc van hoa chii Han, chjng han: Thdi binh ky (Taiheiki) (Nhat Ban), Tu my nhdn khuc ciia Chong Choi (Trieu Tien), Tiin ddng Idn Ihoai ciia CCi Hitu, Kim Vdn Kiiu truyen cua Thanh Tam Tai Nhan (Trung Qu6c), v.v Tat nhien, co the lim lhay tinh ham ngon, da nghia, bieu tuong mot s6 tac pham, chdng han Mili irdu Bdnh ndi nudc (Ho Xuan Huong) , nhung nhin chung, thi phap nhan de tac pham van hoc trung dai chii yeu mang tfnh thong tin sU kien, hien thUc (thong tin khong ma hoa) va tinh cong thiic kha ro No phu hop vdi tinh quy pham, tinh cong thilc, khuon ciia dac diem loai hinh, thi phap van hoc trung dai 2,1,3 Nhan de cac tac pham van hoc lang man va hicn thirc Ten cac tac pham van hoc lang man va hien thuc the hien ro nhit chiic nang thiJ va theo khai quat ciia G Genette [3] VS cSu tao, chiing thuOng co cau triic ngSn gpn, khong chi the loai, kieu sang tac, cung khong co mo hinh c6 dinh De nhan manh sU bieu dat va gay in tuOng manh doi v6i ngu5i dpc, cac tac gia thudng hay sii dung tit da nghia, cac ki hieu, bieu tupng hoac bien phap tinh lupc tOi da de dat ten cho tac pham Ve noi dung, lieu ii tac pha'm van hpc Iang man va hien thUc kha da dang each the hien, co the khai quat thimh mpt s6 dang co ban sau: a) Dang tieu ii mang thong tin sir kien, hien thitc: (3 loai nay, tieu de thuOng dita tin, bao tin cho ngUbi dpc v^ mpt su kien, chi tiet tinh huong hien thuc se dupc ke hoac dien tac pham, chang han: Ddy mita thu Idi (Xuan Dieu), Chu Til (Doan \ ^ n Cit), ChQ ngudi til Id (NguySn Tuan), Vd chdng A Phu (To Hoai), Ddu chdn ngudi linh (Nguyin Minh Chau), b) Dang the hien dp nen, sU co dpng, ham stic npi dung chii ii, cam hiing chu dao cua tac pham, chang han: Mdn mdi (Thanh Tjnh), Tuung lu (Nguyen Binh), Doan tuyet (Nhat Linh), Ngdm ngiii (Huy Can); Bililc dudng cung (Nguyen Cong Hoan), Tdl den (Ngo Tat TO), Sdng mdn (Nam Cao), Ddt nudc dting len (Nguyen Ngpc), Viel Nam man vd hoa (T6 HO:u), c) Dang hiim chiia nhiing thong tin da dupc ma hoa ve tac pham: (3 day, thong tin da dupc trCtu tupng hoa thimh cac ki hieu, bieu tuOng, cac "ma" bi an, chang han: Mm thili gian (Doan Phii Tii), Ben Mi Ldng (Yen Lan), Thu dien (Han Mac TO), Hdi theo miia (Che Lan Vien), Ddm cudi khong cd gidy gid thu (Ma Van Khang), d) Dang lay ten nhan vat trung tam, nhan vat chinh lam tieu dS v6i chile nang chinh la thong bao cau chuyen se xoay quanh nhan vat do, chang han Td Tdm (Hoang Ngoc Phach), Chi Pheo, Lang Ran (Nam Cao), Mdn vd Idi (Phan TO), Me Tam, Me Snot (T6 Hilu), e) Dang the hien dong cam xiic mien man, mpt t h i phap gpi md tam tU, diing cai Nhan de tdc phdm vdn hpe vd day hpc sinh dpc vdn tU nhan de tdc phdm "khbng" de lam noi bat cai "cd" nhU: Vo di, Khong di, g) Dang cau hdi lu tit, chang han Ai dd ddt tin cho dong song? (Hoang Phii Ngpc Tudng), Hoi? Ddp, Ai? Toi? (Chl Lan Vien), Cd the thay, nhan dl cac tac phim van hpc lang man va hien IhUc da vUbl khdi tinh cbng thiic ciia van hpc trung dai da dang va gan vbi thi phap, ca tinh sang tao ciia nha van Ngdi but say me "thuat chuyen dong que" bang thd cua Doan Van Cii dUdc the hien kha rb qua he thong tieu de cb tinh mb ta {Chp tet, Ddm cudi mita xudn, Ddm hdi Trdng he) rat khac vdi he thong tieu de ihubng bi tinh lUbc tbi da, giau tinh bieu tupng va trilt li, phu hdp phong each trilt luan, suy lUbng thd Chl Lan Vien {Anh sdng vd phit sa, Ri hoa TU ddt den hinh, Np Svf, Ai? Tdi ? ) Cb the de dang lien tUdng den kieu cau triic va chdc nang tUdng tU nhan dl cac lac pham van hpc lang man va hien Ihiic thi gidi nhU: Nhung ngudi khdm kbd (V Hugo), Tdn ltd ddi (Honore de Balzac), Dim dia nguc (Arthur Rimbaud), Tpi dc vd hinh phat (F Dostoievski), Cbien tranh vd bod binb (L Tolstoi), Chudng nguyen hon (E Hemingway), Tuy nhien, du cb linh bieu tUbng hoac mang thbng tin da dupc ma hoa can trpng, song, nhan de cac tac pham van hpc hien thiic va lang man nhin chung vkn giii dupc mbi day lien he IUdng dbi ro rang vdi nbi dung van ban, vSn c6 xu hubng phu hoa thuan chieu cho nghia van ban, nb khac hSn mbi quan he "long leo", "dbi nghich" d cac lac pham dUdc vilt theo khuynh hUdng hien dai va hau hien dai sau 2.1.4 Nhan de cac tac pham dupc sang tac theo khuynh hudng hicn dai va hau hien dai Ten cac sang tac theo khuynh hUdng the hien rd nhiit chiic nang thii - chiic nang gay kn tupng noi bat vbi dpc gia theo li luan cua G Genette Khbng phai tat ca, nhung nhilu nhan dl tac pham van hoc hien dai va hau hien dai ham chiia nhiing quy ubc da dupc ma hoa mot each dky bi an mbi tUbng quan vbi cac quy Ubc ngam khac tac pham v l cdu tao, chung cung rat da dang, khbng cb mbi mo hinh co dinh Ve npi dung, nlu b cac tac pham van hpc trung dai, lang man va hien thuc, nghia cua nhan dl co xu hudng "thuan theo" nghia cua van ban; mbi quan he giiia nghia cua lieu de va nghia ciia van ban la tUdng dbi rb rang, thuan chilu thi b cac tac pham dupc sang tac Iheo khuynh hubng hien dai va hau hien dai, nghia ciia nhilu nhan de cb ve khbng an nhap gi vdi nghia van ban; "ldi" ciia nhan de cb ve "bb vd", "lac loai", "trat khdp" hoan loan vbi nghia ciia van ban [4]; mbi quan he giiia nghia nhan dl va nghia van ban cb ve ilt hiing, long leo Chang han, neu lieu dl Tho duyin (Xuan Dicu) dupc phu hoa thuan chilu bdi cac tif ngii, hinh anh gkn nghia van ban nhU nhanh duyen, cap, anh - em, rung dpng nbi thUbng yeu ; Sdng mon (Nam Cao) dupc tiep nbi va lam rb bdi nhieu cau lit gan nghia va cac sb phan, cube ddi mbn mbi "khbng Ibi thoat" van ban thi ngupc lai, nghia cua nhieu tieu de tac pham ciia Nguyin Huy Thiep, Phara Thj Hoai "ra mat chong lai" 73 Hoiing Thi Mai nghia cua van bdn Khtmg cd vua (Nguydn Huy Thiep) khong d6 cap Hn chuyen trilu dinh, chinh sU ma chl ia sU lap ghep iio at hang io.at sU kicn lat vat thuSng mol gia dinh binh IhuOng; Con thit liln nhdt (NguySn Huy Thiep) khong mo ta bong dang ciia bat ki mpt thii nao theo nghia thong thuOng; Ddi Ihi md vui (Nguyen Huy Thiep) nhung lit d.iu den cuoi chi co vai than phan silt me, lac loiu va kSt thiic bang cai chSt noi CO dPn quanh dac ciia mot dila be tuSi mai bat dau dSn trUOng Thien Sti (Pham Thi Hoai) gpi md vd mpt thd giOi bong lai lien canh nhung rot cupc chi thay mot mot coi nhan gian vo hon, vo cam, loai ngUdi chi la nhiing "Himio -A" vd " Homo - Z"; Man Ntldng (Pham Thi Hoai) gdi mpt hinh anh dep, lang man nhUng thilc te chi cd cau chuyen tinh the tham T'UOng til, Un ddi (F Kafka) dU bao vc ki bi, tham tram cua mpt nen van hoa nhung npi dung chi la hanh Irinh chay vay quydn ngu cU hpp phap lang cua mpt anh chang dac; NU ca si hdi ddu (E loncsco) la nhiing cau chuyen lan man, co dSu hieu loan than kinh cila mol cap vp chdng gia; 01! Nhdng ngdy tuui dep (S Beckett) la mpi cau cam than hoan hi hoan loan ngupc nghia vdi khung canh tro trui tren bai bien v^i mpt ngudl dan ba dang bi dun cat nhan chim dan,, Nhu vay, nhin tren phuong dien cau chii, cd mpt sU vSnh lech dang ngd, mot "khoang each tham mi" rd ret giiia nghia cQa van ban vdi nhan de cua nd (Ii day, mpt nhan ii khdng the bao quat tat cii cac tdng nghia sau xa ciia tac pha'm ma chi gdi mot net nghia sau xa nhat dinh nao dd Tiep can nhan de, vi vay cung cd nhieu dudng, da dang vii khdng ddn gian 2,2, l.l.X U n g d a p vdi tac p h a m van hoc tif kenh n h a n d e Giai ma nhan de nhir mpt dau moi de thau hicu chiJ y nha van, chu de cua van ban "Chii y" ciia nha van, theo Antoine Compagnon la "\ trd cua tac gia, quan he cua van ban vOi tac gia, trach nhiem ciia tac pa ddi vdi nghia vii y nghia cua van ban" [I;63] Theo A Tsekhov, neu phii nhan y dd sang tao ciia nha van thi cung cd nghia ring, ngiidi nghd si sang tac dudi anh hudng cua sU kich dpng [5:11], Chu y ciia tac gia, each nha van hicu tac pha'm ciia hp khdng phai la tidu chi nhat nhung la tieu chi quan trpng iick nghia, danh gia tac pham ciia chinh hp Chii de tac pham van hpc, theo M Gorki, dupc hinh til y cua nha van, la "cai tu tudng manh nha kinh nghiem ciia tac gia, cupc song gpi len, lam to kho Sn tupng ciia anh ta, nhUng chua dmh hinh va ddi hdi thd' hidn hinh tupng, thiic tinh nha van, kdu gpi lao dpng dd' tao diing hinh thdc cho nd" [7; 195-196] l i t nhicn, vd ban chSt, lac pham van hpc cd nhiSu hdn mot chu dd, nhiSn, chii de dUOc "manh nha lit kinh nghidm cua tac gia" la mdt phin thidt yeu tao nen ddi song lich sd cua tac pham Chii y ciia tac gia, chii de cua van ban dupc the hidn qua gipng didu, ket cju, nhiing 74 Nhan de tdc phdm vdn hpc vd day hoc sinh dpc vdn tU nhan di tdc phd'm Ibi tuyen ngon true liep va cac doan trii tinh ngoai de ciia tac gia, Ibi ciia nhan vat chi'nh, quan diem xef li cac sU kien, tinh hubng Va tat nhien, khbng the khbng nhac tbi nhan de nhu mbt nhiing yeu to the hien dam dac nhat chii y nha van va chii d l ciia van ban Xuan Dieu tiing phat bieu, dai y, cac nha van dat ten cho tac pham cung phai Iran trb tua nhu cha me dat ten cho Ngoai viec cho nb mbt cai ten de gpi, nhan de tac pham thubng la ndi the hien tap trung cam hdng chu dao ciia nha van, npi dung tU tUbng cua tac pham; nilm ki vpng vl sii tri am cua dpc gia Ibi nhan giii, nhiing suy IU sau kin ve cube ddi, ngUbi Giai ma nhan dl, vi vay la mbt dubng de thau hieu chQ y nha van va lam sang tb chu dl van ban De dat dupc dilu db, cb the hubng dkn HS dat va giai dap mpt sb cau hoi cd ban sau: - Chpn nhan de de dat cho tac pha'm, tac gia mubn nhan gili/ lam nbi bat dilu gi? Dung y/ chu y/ an y ciia tac gia? Nhiing ylu tb, chi tilt, cau van nao cb the chdng minh dilu db? - Cb mbi lien he nao gida nhan dl vdi sb phan nhan vat/ cac bieu IUdng/ each kit cau, bb cue cac chudng/ each mb dku, kit thuc lac pham, ? Nhiing yeu tb, chi tilt nao lam bang chiing? - Cb nghich li, mau thuSn/ moi quy Ubc ngkm nao giiia nhan dl vdi chii y lac gia, chii dh chi'nh ciia van ban khbng? Y nghia cua sU nghich li, mau thuknl quy Udc ngam do? 2.2.2 Giu moi day lien he vbi nhan de nhu mpt bien phap tU dieu chinh, hubng dan each cat nghTa, danh gia tac pham Nhan de la mbt sii dmh hubng, mbt diu hieu chi tac pham, sau do, se dUpc mang nghia nhu thi nao Theo S.J.Wilsmore, "nhan de dbi hUbng dan sU cat nghia tac pham, dilu chinh each nghe, each nhin, each doc cua chung ta ve tac pham va chi dUbng giiip ta cb the llnh hbi dung ve nb" [8;403-404) Dilu cb the chiing minh dUpc, cbSng han: Neu nhan de "Chiic thuyin ngodi xa" gbi suy ngim vl each nhin nhan cube dbi, ngUbi tinh da chieu, phtic tap ciia nb; nhUng gia sii Nguyen Minh Chau lai thay bang "Bdi xe tdng gi" thi sU cam thu co the se di sau vao nbi dau, cube sbng lam lu, be tkc sau chiln Iranh; va hoac gia nha van lai chpn tieu dl "NgUdi dan bd hdng chdi" ihi su dpc c6 the se dat trpng tam vao than phan ngUdi phu nir hoac ve dep cua ngUbi va cube dbi an sau cai ve bl ngoai san siii, tho kech NhU vay, giii moi day lien he vbi nhan de lac pham lubn cho chung ta mbt gdi y, mbt hoa tieu can thilt de dieu chinh va tU dieu chinh each hieu, each cat nghia cua chung ta vl lac pham cho cb siic thuyet phuc hdn Vdi cac tac pham van hpc trung dai, c6 tinh quy pham, cong thiic, nhUng b mbt miic dp nhat dinh, tieu dl cung cho ngUdi dpc mbt xuat phat diem de cat nghia tac pham tCt diem nhin, hoan canh, tinh huong sang tac; lUu y ngubi dpc tiep can tac pham theo diing dac tning the loai, dbng thdi tren cd sd db cb the nhan R\i pha each cua tac gia khuon kho thi phap truyen thbng Vbi cac tac pham lang man, hien thuc, hien dai va hau hien dai, mbi tac pham cb ca 75 Hoang Thj Mai mpt he dd tai, dd cd de tai chinh bao trim van ban va dd tai phu the hidn qua rapt nhdm nhan vat, sU kien, tinh tiet Tuy nhien, nhan de nhieu triidng hdp se la hoa tieu gdi y ngudi dpc suy ngSm sau hdn vc mpt van dS then chdt van ban Chang han, Cht Pheo de cap dSn nhieu van dd nhu: sd phan ciing quSn cua ngudi nong dan, mau thuin gida dia chu va nhiing ngUdi cing dinh, tinh ydu cua nhiing ke khon khd ; nhung nhan de Chi Pheo ludn dSn dai ngUdi dpc suy ngSm sau hdn vd bi kjch tha hoa, bi kjch bj cil tuyet quydn lam ngUdi ciia Chi Pheo De hidu chinh each cam thu, ngUdi dpc cd the dila viio nhan dd tac pham va tukiem chiing qua cac cau hdi: Nhan dS co gdi y gi ve tU tudng, chu de ciia van ban? Cich hieu/ each li giai cd di qua xa hoac mau thuin vdi nhiing gi ma nhan dd van ban gpi y khdng? 2.2.3 Xem xet qua trinh dat ten cho sang tac n h u mot p h a n cSu diii sdng lich sut ciia tac pham Mpt Irong nhu'ng did'm tua gjiip ngUdi dpc nhan thtlc thiu dao tac pha'm, theo S J Wjlsmore la bdi vi "sU tdn tai ciia nd cd mpt nguon gde dac bidt, mpt Ijch su" cu the du liim nen mpt didn mao ridng" ma "hanh dpng dat ten cho tac pha'm nghd thuat nhin chung la mdt phin clu Ijch sil nhan dang eiia nd" [8;403] Ljch sil van hpc titng ghi iai khdng it trudng hpp tac gia da phaj lao tam khd til di tim cho dila tjnh thin cua minh mdt tidu dS Ung y Mdi lln thay doi tSn gpi la mdt lan chii y cua tac gia cd doi mdi, va tat nhien nd cung lam lhay ddi each cam, hidu ciia ngudi dpc Xem xet qua trinh dat ten cho sang tac (neu cd), vi vay ciing Va mdt dudng tiep can gia tri tac pham, gdp phan lam phong phii y nghia, ddi sdng ljch sil ciia tac pham viin hpc Cach thilc thdng thudng la hudng dan HS so sanh cac tieu de ma nha van tilng "nghi ra", li giai vi tac gia dii dat la (A), rdi lai ddi (B) va cudi cung chpn tidu dd (C) Ching han: Nam Cao cd an y gi dat ten tac pham cua minh la Cdi Id gach cti? Ddi Cdi lu gach cu Doi liia xting doi, nha xull ban nhim muc dich gi? Cai tSn Ddi Ida \idig dui co ve rat hdp thdi, co kha nang thu hut manh me tri td md ciia cdng chiing nhUng tai Nam Cao cudi ciing da chpn Chi Pheo - mdt nhan dS cd ve qua ddn gian nhu vay? 2.2.4, Xem xet he tieu dc nhK mot kenh kham pha qua trinh van dpng cua tU titdng nghe thuat; dac diem sang tac, thi phap, ca tinh sang tao ciia nha van Toan bd sang tac cua mpt nha van - dac biet la nha van hien thuc, lang man, hien dai va hau hien daj - tao mdt chinh the thdng nhat, thS' hidn rd hanh trinh tU tudng nghe thuat, dac diem, thJ phap sang tac ciia nha van La mpt td clu tac pha'm, nhan dd cung gdp phin quan trpng vao vide ca tinh hoa sang tac Ngudi hpc cd the' dila vao he nhan dd tac pha'm dc' kham pha budc dudng nhan thdc, tU tUdng, cac giai doan cflng nhii dac dicm sang lac ciia nha van, ching han: - Dac dJS'm clu true, chile nang eiia he thong nhan dd sang tac ciia TS Hiiu? 76 Nhan de tdc phdm vdn hpc vd day hpc sinh dpc vdn tif nhan di tdc plutm Nhan de cac lap thd, t^ Tik dy, Viet Bdc, Ra trdn, Gio lpng Mdu vd Ima cho din Mpt tieng ddn cb vai trb gi viec the hien cam hdng chu dao, dac diem thi phap Ihb To Hiiu? - Tieu de cac tap thd, tif Diiu tdn, Gdi cdc anh, Anb sdng vd phik sa Hoa ngdy thudng, chim hdo bdo, NhUng bdi tho ddnh gidc, Ddi thoai mdi Hoa trudc ldng Nguiii, Hdi theo mUa, Hoa tren dd cho den Ta gdi cbo nunh co moi lien he nao vbi hanh trinh tU tudng nghe thuat ciia Che Lan Vien? 2.2.5 Sang tao nhan dc cho tac pham - mpt bien phap phat trien ttt phe phan, cd hoi trai nghicm thu vi cho ngifcfi hoc Dia cb cku tao va chdc nang da dang, nhUng ve nbi dung thbng bao, nhan dl tac pham van hpc nhin chung di theo hudng chinh, hoac thong bao dung, hoac thbng bao "sai" nbi dung su kien van ban Theo dieu tra ctia Slama Cazacu vl tieu chi ciia mpt nhan dl tbi, hau hit cac nha van dlu cho rang, "pha'm chkt tbi cao ciia mbt nhan de la kha nang tao dbng c6 thuc day ngudi dpc dng dap (response) mpt each tich ciic vbi nb cdng nhu vbi tac pham", tdc "kha nang Iam sinh hdng thu va khdi gdi sU tb mb cua ngubi dpc" [2;95] La mbt yeu to nghe thuat, mbt kenh giau tiem nang cho sU cam thu sang lao, viec giai ma dUdc nhdng lieu de khb tao cho ngUdi dpc niem sang khoai tham mi, mpt sii trai nghiem thd vi ve hanh trinh sang tao nghe thual Hdn nda, nhU da nbi, khbng mot tieu dl nao cb the nbi het, bm trpn mpi dieu vl npi dung van ban Chi "tin" theo nhan de cua nha van c6 the khiln ngubi dpc chech hubng, lac loi hoac "thien can" qua trinh tim kiem va tao nghia cho tac phara Vi vay, giai ma cac nhan de cb tinh ki hieu, bieu tUdng, am du; danh gia "pham ch4t" lieu dl ciia tac gia, sang tao cho tac pham mbt nhan dl mdi la nhflng each dng dap thbng minh de vifa xem xet lai chii dl, gia tri, y nghia cua van ban vifa ren kl nang tU phe phan, tU sang tao cho HS Mot so cau hbi sau cb the la nhdng gpi y hflu ich giup HS dng dap, dbng sang tao vbi tac gia: - Cbn nhan dl nao hay hdn, y vi hdn cho tac pham khbng? Vi sao? - Neu la nha van/ Nlu dupc dat Iai nhan dl cho tac pham, ban thich dat nhan dl gi? Tai sao? Nhan d l db cb y nghia gi vbi ban? - Neu thay nhan dl (A) bang (B) thi npi dung, gia tri, y nghia cua van ban cb thay dbi khbng? Ban thi'ch nhan d l nao hdn? Vi sao? Ket luan Nhan de la d5u hieu quan trpng bac nhat khiln ngUbi dpc nhb vl tac pham Nhan dl nhieu tae pham van hpc la mbt dai IiTpng nghe thuat mang thbng diep ham ngbn ciia nha van, S'n chda nhdng ting nghia sau xa cua tac pham, la mpt dkn mbi dkn dat, dilu chinh va thuc day dbng cb dng dap sang tao d ngUbi dpc, ngUdi hpc Tilp can tac pham tfl kenh nhan de, vi vay la mbt hudng tilp can giau tilm nang thara ml Nhan de tac pham van hpc cb nhflng dang cau lao va chdc nang khac nhau, phii hpp 77 Hoang Thj Mai vdi dac diein thj phap lac gia, gjaj doan, trao luu van hpc Nhan de cd the thdng bao diing hoac "saj" ndi dung Ihdng tin sU kjcn van ban HUdng din HS ilng dap vdi nhan de mdt mat vtta phaj lim logic, khung quy chjdu giiia nhan dc vdj ndi dung sU kidn van biin, gjfla nhan de vdi dac diein sang tac ciia nha van, giai doan, trao liiu van hpc, vita phaj danh gia kha nang, pham chat ciia nhan de vJec Lim sinh hilng thii eat nghia, traJ nghiem, ddng sang lao d ngUdJ hpc va kha nang phat tridn tU phd phan cho HS IAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Anionic Compagnon, 2006 Bdn menh cita li thuyet vdn thuung vd cdm nghi thong thudng Nxb Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi [2) Cataljna lliescu, 2001 What is in a Title? A cognitive Approach lu ihe Rule Played by Translaled 'Te.xl Labels and (Un)adapled Semiolic Elements Revista Alicantinade studios Ingleses 14 (2001), pp 93-109 [3] Gerard Genette, 1988 Sirtitiiiie and Functions oj the Title in Lileraliire Critical Inquiry 14 (Summer 1988, pp 692-720) [4] La Khac Hoa, 2006 Td Nguyen Huy Thiep Pham Thi Hodi nghi vi chu nghia hdu hie'n dpi Irong vdn hoc Viel Nam thdi ddi mdi Ki yeu Hpi thao qudc td: "Van hpc Viet Nam bdj canh giao luu van hda khu vUc va qudc tc" [5] M Khravchenko, 1978 Cd tinh sdng tao cua nhd vdn vd su phdi Irien vdn hpc Nxb Tac pham mdj [6] Roland Barthes, 1973 Phdn lich theo phuong phdp vdn bdn mpi truyen kecua Edgar Poe Ngudn http://phebJnhvanhoc.com.vn/ [7] Tran Dinh Sil (chii bjcn), 2011 Li ludn vdn hpc tdp Nxb Dai hpc SU phan Ha Npi [8] S.J Wilsmorc 1987 77ic Role of the Titles in Identifying Literary Works The Journal of Aesthcljcs and An Criticism, Vol 4.S, No.4 (Summer, 1987), pp 403-408 ABSTRACT Titles of literary works and teaching Literature with reference to works' title The title of a literary work implies the intention of the writer and deep meaning in the work The title i.s a clue to correct understanding, interpretation and evaluation and it stokes their interest and prompts a dynamic and creative response to the work Based on theories addressing title structure and function, the article investigates and systematizes forms of titles of Vietnamese literary works and suggests ways to respond to the works with reference lo the titles in order to enhance an artistic sense and thinking skills in students ... Dac dJS''m clu true, chile nang eiia he thong nhan dd sang tac ciia TS Hiiu? 76 Nhan de tdc phdm vdn hpc vd day hpc sinh dpc vdn tif nhan di tdc plutm Nhan de cac lap thd, t^ Tik dy, Viet Bdc, Ra... didu, ket cju, nhiing 74 Nhan de tdc phdm vdn hpc vd day hoc sinh dpc vdn tU nhan di tdc phd''m Ibi tuyen ngon true liep va cac doan trii tinh ngoai de ciia tac gia, Ibi ciia nhan vat chi''nh, quan... tao vbi tac gia: - Cbn nhan dl nao hay hdn, y vi hdn cho tac pham khbng? Vi sao? - Neu la nha van/ Nlu dupc dat Iai nhan dl cho tac pham, ban thich dat nhan dl gi? Tai sao? Nhan d l db cb y nghia