Hd Thj Mai Phuang Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE l33(03)/2 21 25 VAN DUNG QUAN DIEM DAY HQC KIEN TAO GOP PHAN HINH THANH d HOC SINH NANG Ll /C TlT LlTC TIE? CAN KIEN THtTC TOAN HOC Hb Thi Mai Phu''''O''''ng T[.]
Hd Thj Mai Phuang Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE l33(03)/2.21-25 VAN DUNG QUAN DIEM DAY HQC KIEN TAO GOP PHAN HINH THANH d HOC SINH NANG L l / C TlT LlTC TIE? CAN KIEN THtTC TOAN HOC Hb Thi Mai Phu'O'ng Tru&ng Dai hoc Suphgm - DH Thdi Nguye TOM T A T Hpc tdp theo hudng to chiic cdc hoat dpng hpc tap hien dupc nhiSu nha giao due vd cdc thay c6 giao quan tam Vi6c xay dung cdc boat dpng hpc tap mang lai nhieu co hpi de ngudi hpc dupc trdi nghiem, qua dd cdc kien tbue, kT nang ITnh hoi dupc d cdc em trd nen chae chdn va sau s3c Nhu vdy n6u frong day hpc ngudi gido viSn cac bi6t thilt kk cac ndi dung hpc tap dudi dang cdc hoat dpng theo tinh thdn cua ly thuyet kiln tgo SES gop phan nang cao chdt lupng day hpc ddng thdi phatfriend cdc em nSng luc ty hpc, ty chiem ITnh kiln thiic Vi vay phuong phdp dgy hpc ndy cdn dupc nhan rpng xu the day hpc tich hpp va hinh thdnh nang lire tu hpc cho bpc sinh hien TCr khda: Ly thuyet kien lao, hogt dong hoc tap, ndng Itrc, tiip can kiin thirc todn hpc QUAN DIEM KIEN TAO TRONG DAY HQC Ddi mdi phuang pbap day hpc Id mdt nhiing myc tieu Idn cua ngdnh gido due vd dao tao dat giai dogn hien Mdt nhu'ng djnh hudng ddi mdi phuang phap day bgc la sii dung mdt each hpp ly giua phuang phap dgy bgc truyen thdng vdi phuang phap day bgc, cdc xu hudng day bgc khdng truyen thdng, cdc ly thuyet day hpc mdi nham phdt huy tinh ti'ch cue, ty giac chu ddng cua hpc sinb Ly thuyet kidn tgo (Constructivism Theory) dang la mpt nhiing ly thuyet mdi dd va dang duoc sir dung rdng rai gidng day Theo quan diem ciia ly thuyet kien tao thi fri thuc dugc tao nen mpt each tich cue bdi chu the nhan thiic chii khdng phai tidp thu mgt cdch thy dpng tir ben ngodi Trong qua trinh chidm ITnh tri thii'c; bdng kinh nghiem, kien thiic da cd tir trudc thdng qua qua trinh ddng hda (Assimilation) vd didu iing (Accomodation) hge sinh se tu xay dyng cho minh mpt he thdng tri thirc cd sdc thai rieng va cd kha ndng vgn dung he thdng tri thirc vdo giai quyet cdc van de thyc tien ddt Ddy la qua trinh ma hpc sinh phai thyc hien cac thao tdc tu duy, lam kien thiic bpc Id cdc thudc tinh, ban chat, tim mdi lien he giQ'a cac yeu td kien thirc, tinh he thdng cua kien tbirc Nhu vdy, md hinh dgy bgc kien tgo dupc xay dung dua fren gid thiet nhu sau: - Hpc hoat dpng: Gia thuyet cd ngudn gdc tir ca sd tdm li hpc ciia thuydt kien tao Hpc la hoat dgng thi'ch irng cua ngudi hge Do dd day hoc phdi la dgy hogt ddng, td chiic cac tinh hudng bgc tap ddi hdi sy thich img ciia hpc sinb, qua bgc sinh kien tgo dupc kien thiic, ddng thdi phdt trien tri tue va nban each ciia minh - Hpc la viTfft qua tra ngai: Kien thiic mdi ciia hpc sinb chi dugc xac lap tren ca sd nhii'ng kien thirc da cd, ddng thdi ldm bien ddi nhung quan diem cu sai ldm hoac trdi ngupc vdi no Nbu vgy, viec hpc tap dich thuc chi dien ngudi hpc pha vd dupc nhirng quan niem sai lam cu, vupt qua dupc nhiing trd ngai ve mat tri tue Hpc tap khdng chi Id sy tiep thu md chinh la sy bien ddi ve nhan thiic - Hpc tupng tac xa hpi: Nhdn thirc cua ngudi tien trien su tuong tdc xa hgi vd xung dot xa hgi ve nhgn thirc, viec bpc tap dd se thudn lpi va cd hieu qua hon qua viec thao luan va tranh luan giua nhCrng ngudi cung hge Vi vdy dgy hpc phai ti'nh den viec td chirc cac hinh thiic boat ddng khde cua hpc sinh: Lam vide cd nhdn, lam viec theo nhdm, tranh ludn td, mpt ldp, Tel 0915590027, Email hophuongl864@gmail.com 21 Ho Thi Mai Phuong Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE - Hoc thdng qua hoat ddng giai quyet van de: Diem khdi dau cua hogt ddng hpc tap la phdt hien mdt vdn dd phdi giai quyet Chi dugc coi la van de hpc sinh cd nhu cau tim each gidi dap, viec gidi ddp khdng chi don thudn la su lap lai cac kien thiic va cac phuong thiic boat ddng, nghTa la ddi hdi cd su thich ling vdi nhung tinh budng xac dinh Dgy hge theo tinh thdn cua ly thuydt kien tao cdn dinh hudng theo mgt sd bien phdp sau: - Quan tdm day hpc cac khdi niem, qui tac, dinh li theo hudng luyen tgp, nhgn dang, tir dd de xuat cdc hodn cdnh tdt, cdc iing dyng khac ciia chiing - Thdng qua dgy hpc chiing minh cac dinh II todn bpc, dgy bgc gial bdi tap toan, luyen tap cho bgc sinh each bien ddi nhin nhan dinh li, bai toan theo nhieu cdch khac ddn den cdc cdch tuong duang, tuong thich vai each gidi khac - Luyen tap cho hge sinh each thiic chuyen ddi ngdn ngii frong mgt npi dung toan hpc hoac chuyen ddi ngdn ngii ndy sang ngdn ngii khac thdng qua dgy bgc cac tinh hudng dien hinh Tu dd dan den each lap luan chirng minh, gidi quyet cdc vdn de khac - Thdng qua dgy bgc cdc tinh hudng dien hinh chu trgng cai dat thich hpp cdch luyen tap cho hge sinh cac quan diem bien chiing cua tu todn hge ,Khi thyc hien bien phap ndy chu trpng gido due cho bgc sinh cdc mdi lien he giiia cai chung, cai rieng; quan he giua cdi cu the vd cdi triru tupng, xem xet su vdt trang thdi van dpng bien ddi - Quan tam diing mirc luyen tap cho hge sinh Ihdi quen khai thdc tiem nang sdch giao khoa, khac sau md rgng kien thirc, phat trien cac bdi toan tir nen kien thiic chudn da dupc qui djnh Nhu vgy, viec thidt ke va su dung cdc tinh hudng frong dgy bgc kidn tao cin dam bao nhii'ng yeu cdu sau: - Dya tren co sd cdc quan didm ciia dgy hpc kien tgo - Can xudt phdt tir tri thuc, kT nang duoc qui dinh frong sach giao khoa (cdn khao sdt viec nam kien thirc, kT nang da cd d hpc sinh) 22 I33(03)/2:2I -25 - Tinh hudng cd y dd day hpc kien tao can tgo dupc chudng nggi, khd khan can vugt qua (de nhirng nhiem vy nhan thuc) de hoc sinh dieu ung tir ddn den sa dd nhan thiic mdi (thich nghi vdi mdi trudng) - Xdc djnh duoc cac trudng hpp rieng cua kidn thuc cdn kidn tgo dd hge sinh khdo sat, hogt dpng 6k xuat cae dy doan, gid thuyet cd can cii khoa bgc (van dung day hpc khai niem, djnb li, qui tdc, bdi tap toan) - Dy tinh cdc qui luat friet bgc, tam li hpc ve qud frinh nhdn thirc Tir nhirng yeu eau ndy cd the thdy chu frinh ciia day hpe kien tao gdm cdc pha chinh sau day: Tri thiic cu -> du dodn -^ Kiem nghiem -> Dieu chinh -> fri thirc mdi Nhu vdy, tien frinh ciia dgy hpc kien tgo bao gdm budc sau Budc chuyen giao nhiem vu: Trong budc giao vien giiip bgc sinh he thdng, dn lai eae kien thiic cu ed lien quan den kien tbiic mdi bang each sir dung cae cau hdi, cac bai tgp Sau gido vien hogc hge sinh se neu van de (bai tap, thi nghiem, cau hdi, ) tir dd tgo CO hpi cho bgc sinh bgc Id quan niem ciia minh ve vdn de bgc tap Budc boat dong giai quyet van Ae: Td chirc cho bgc sinh de xudt cdc gid thuyet, kiem tra gid thuyet (thu vd sai) phan tich ket qud vd hi dd riit ket lugn chung cho cd ldp Budc tranh luan, hop thirc va van dung kien thirc: Giao vien td chiic cho hpc sinh van dung kien thiic gidi quydt cac vdn de ve ly thuydt ciing nhu thyc tien qua dd giiip hpc sinh khac sdu kien thiic mdi XAY DUNG CAC HOAT DONG HOC TAP THEO TINH THAN CUA LY T H U Y I T KIEN TAO Theo tinb thdn ciia ly thuyet kidn tao: Hogt ddng hge tuong thi'ch vdi ngi dung hpc tap duoc thuc hien thdng qua trd ldi cdc cdu hdi, quan sat, gdp hinh ve hinh, dgc, va hoat ddng suy ludn Viec van dung dgy hpc kien tgo frong tien trinh dgy bgc ndi dung dinh ly: "Quan he giua gdc va cgnh ddi dien mgt tam giac" (SGK Toan 7, tap 2- tr 53) duge thyc hien nhu sau: Ho Thi Mai Phuang l33(03)/2:2l-25 Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Bu&c Ldm bdc lg quan niem cua hoc sinh 1.1 Thdng qua dn tap, tdi hipn kien thiic: Cho hpc sinh khao sdt lai khai niem, tinh chat ciia tam gidc can, la nhung kidn thiic cu cd Hen quan den van de dgt bai mdi 1.2 Neu van de: 2.2 Kiem tra gid thuyet; Giao vien cho cdc nhdm hpc sinh thyc hien hai budc: a) Budc Kiem tra bdng cdc hogt dgng tryc quan, dac Ve cac tam giac bat ki dimg thudc gdc do ldn cac gde, dimg thudc ehia khoang dO dai cae canh tuong ting vdi cdc gdc dd a) Ve tam giac can, neu dinh nghTa va tinh chat cua tam giac cdn b) Quan sat cac hinb ve sau vd cho bidt giUa cac gdc d ddy va cac canh doi dien tam gidc can cd quan hp vdi nhu thi ndo? + Can cu vdo hinh ve, bay cac canh cdc gdc ciia tam giac ABC va dien vdo bang sau; C + Hpc sinh quan sdt, thao lugn, trao ddi vd bay td quan diem ciia minh ve vdn dd dgt ra, sau nit kdt ludn: Trong tam gidc can ddi dien vdi cgnh bdng la gdc bang vd ngugc lai + Giao vien ket luan; Trong tam giac can ddi dien vdi hai eanh bdng la hai gdc bdng vd nguge lgi, Trong mgt tam giac bat ki gdc va canh ddi dipn cd quan he gi? 1,3 Tap hgp cdc f tudng ciia hpc sinh: Trong budc gido vidn to chirc cho bpc sinh boat ddng nhdm va yeu cau cdc nhdm thdo luan dl dua tinb chat chung Ve tam giac thudng ABC (cac gdc khdng bang nhau, cdc eanh khdng bdng nhau) Tim mdi quan h? giira cac cgnh vd gdc ciia tam giac vira ve Birdc 2: To chirc dieu khiln hoc sinh tien hanh hoat dpng 2.1 De xuat gid thuyet: Trong budc ndy giao vien td chirc va yeu cdu cdc nhdm thue hien quan sat, dgc, de dinh hudng tinh chdt ehung: "frong mgt tam giac bat ki gdc doi dien vdi cgnh ldn han la gdc ldn hon vd ngugc lai" B + Neu nban xet ve mdi quan hp giu'a canh va gdc theo timg cdt bdng tren + Dgi di?n cac nhdm pbdt bidu kdt qua dgc dupc: "Trong mpt tam giac, gdc ddi dipn vdi cgnh ldn ban la gdc ldn han, canh doi dien vdi gdc Idn ban la cgnh ldn ban" b) Budc Kidm tra gia thuydt bdng boat ddng cat, gap hinh vd hogt dpng suy luan, Cdt mdt tam gidc ABC bang gidy vdi AC > AB hinhve(H I) + Cdch tiep can thii nhat: Gdp tam giac ABC tir dinh A eho ^anh AB ehdng len canh AC (H 2) So sanh MB'A va gdc C Ho Thj Mai Phucmg Tap chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE +^ Suyjugn logic: MB'A > C thi gde Bva C tam giac ABC cd quan h^ nhu thd nao? Cach tiep can thii hai + Gap tam gidc ABC (AC > AB) cho nep gdp chdng len dudng cao AH (H3) Hay suy luan de riit tinh chdt chung ve mdi quan he giifa gdc B va gdc C Tir viec gap hinh nhu tren se gpi y cbo hpc sinh: ke dudng cao AH, de chirng minh dy doan Cdch tiep can thii I- Gdp AABC (AC > AB) cho ndp gdp chdng len dudng frung tryc cua doan thdng BC, (H 4) Khi dd C friing B Hdy tim dudng loi chimg minh gdc > C ? (H 4) Sau ba cdch tiep can + Cdc nhdm tdng hpp kit qua thu dupc, thdo lugn trao ddi vd trinh bay quan diem ciia minh ve tinh chdt chung frong mdi quan he giira gdc va canh ddi dien tam giac, frinh bay ket qua thu nhdn dupc cho cd ldp + Hpc sinh phat bieu kit qua tir cdc hoat ddng tren vd di ddn khdng dinh kidn thiic mdi: "Trong mdt tam gidc, gdc doi dien vdi canh Idn hon Id gdc Idn hon, mgt tam giac cgnh ddi dien vdi gdc Idn ban Id cgnh ldn ban" Birdc To chuc cho hpc sinh van dung kien thirc + Yeu cdu hpc sinh ldm bai tap sau a) So sanh cac gdc ciia tam gidc ABC bilt rdng; AB = 2cm, AC = cm BC = cm 24 133(03)/2:21-25 b) Trong mdt tam giac, ddi dien vdi cgnh nhd nhat la gdc gi? (nhgn, vudng bay tu)? Tai sao? c) Ba ban An, Binh, Minh di ddn frudng theo ba dudng AD, BD vd CD bilt rdng ba dilm A, B, C ciing ndm fren mdt dudng thdng va gdc ACD Id gdc tii Hdi di xa nhdt, di gdn nhdt? Hay vd hinh vd giai thich? Viec xdy dung cdc hogt dpng hpe tap nhu tren giiip cho hpe sinh ed the ty luc tiep can cdc kien thiic todn hpc mdt each tich cyc, chii ddng, sdng tao vd thdng qua cdn gdp phan pbdt frien tu va hinh cdc ndng luc ty hpc, ndng luc hgp tac, can thiet cho ban than hpc sinh, gdp phdn hinh thdnh cdc pham chat linh hogt, ddc lap va sang tao ciia fri tu^, ndng luc td chirc vd thyc hien cdc hoat dgng hpc tap mpt cdch hieu qua Hge khdm phd, bgc tim tdi nhCrng nhdn td, pham chat nhan each de cac em cd the ty hoc va tham gia vdo cugc sdng KET LUAN Trong qud trinh day bgc theo tinh thdn cua ly thuyet kiln tgo bdn than hpc sinh la ehii thi tich cue, ty giac, ehu ddng, sang tgo cua hoat dpng nhan thuc, Tbdng qua viec vgn dung nhung kidn thirc hodc kinh nghiem da cd ttr trudc de gidi quyet mdt tinh hudng mdi sinh, sap xep kien thii'c mdi vao he thong kiln thiic da cd, giiip cho hpe sinh ciing cd kiln thiic, phdt trien kT nang, cd the phdt hien dupc mdi lien he giua cac kidn thii'c da cd Do vgy, de xdy dung dugc cdc hogt ddng hpe tap theo tinh thdn dgy bgc kien tao ddi hdi giao vien phdi cd vdn sdng, kinh nghiem nghi nghidp nhat djnh, kha ndng ting dung linh hogt cdng nghe thdng tin vdo cac bude frong tien frinh day hoc, phdi la ngudi chuyin hda cac tri thiic khoa hpc thdnh tri thirc dgy hpe, bilt xay dyng cac tinh hudng day hpc chtia dung nhiing tri thirc cdn ITnh hpi, tao dyng nen mdi trudng mang tinh xa hgi dl bgc sinh kiln tgo nen kien thiic eua minh, gdp phdn ndng cao chat lugng dgy hge Todn nha trudng hien H6 Thi Mai Phuong Tap chi KHOA H p C & CONG NGHE I33(03y2: - TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O W - Nguyin Canh Toan ; Soan bai day hoc tren lop theo tinh than dan dat hoc sinh sdng t^o tir [1] Nguyin Hitu Chau (2006)-/VAi«gv&