Ta boû ñaïi töø quan heä, ñöa ñoäng töø trong meänh ñeà lieân quan veà daïng V-ing, baát keå ñoäng töø ñoù ñang ôû thì naøo.. Neáu ñoäng töø naøy ôû daïng tieáp dieãn, ta boû luoân “to [r]
(1)C L A U S E S and P H R A S E S ( MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ NHĨM TỪ )
Ta đơn giản mệnh đề phụ thành phrase để câu nhẹ nhàng, hơn, giảm bớt chủ từ, \động từ mà khơng làm thay đổi ý nghĩa câu
MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN QUAN
a Mệnh đề liên quan dạng chủ động.
Ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ, đưa động từ mệnh đề liên quan dạng V-ing, động từ Nếu động từ dạng tiếp diễn, ta bỏ ln “to be” Thí dụ: - The man who lives next door to me is a good doctor
The man living next door to me is a good doctor
- The woman who is talking to my mother is my teacher The woman talking to my mother is my teacher
b Mệnh đề liên quan dạng bị động.
Ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ “to be”, lại khứ phân từ (V3) hay V-ed Thí dụ : The teacher who is invited to give lecture today is Mr John The teacher invited to give lecture today is Mr John
c Mệnh đề liên quan có động từ khiếm khuyết.
Ta bỏ động từ khiếm khuyết, đưa động từ mệnh đề liên quan “to infinitive”.
Thí dụ : - We have a lot of homework that we must We have a lot of homework to
- A good place where we can get more knowledge is the library A good place for us to get more knowledge is the library.
- He didn’t know what he had to do He didn’t know what to do.
2 MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG TỪ.
a Mệnh đề trạng từ Kết Quả ( Adverbial Clause of Result )
Mệnh đề bắt đầu : So + Adjective / Adverb + that ( đến
nỗi mà )
Thí dụ : Last Sunday was so beautiful that we decided to go on a picnic
Nếu mệnh đề that xác định, ta đơn giảõn thành : adjective + enough + to
infinitive
Thí dụ : You are so old that you begin to take care of yourself
You are old enough to begin to take care of yourself.
Néu mệnh đề that phủ định, ta đơn giản thành : too + adjective + to
infinitive
Thí dụ : He was so tired that he couldn’t walk farther
(2)Nếu có danh từ theo sau tính từ, ta dùng cấu trúc : Such a + Adjective + Noun
Thí dụ : Last Sunday was such a beautiful daythat we decided to go on a picnic
Nếu không dùng SUCH, dùng SO theo cấu trúc :
So + Adjective + a + Noun
Thí dụ : Last Sunday was so beautiful a day that we decided to go on a picnic
b Mệnh đề trạng từ Thời Gian ( Adverbial clause of Time )
Mệnh đề loại bắt đầu When, While, As Mệnh đề mệnh đề
phụ phải có chủ từ đơn giản Ta bỏ chủ từ mệnh đề phụ, đưa động
từ mệnh đề phụ dạng V-ing
Thí dụ : When he entered the pagoda, he saw a big statue
When entering the pagoda, he saw a big state.
Ta thay liên từ When giới từ On hay Upon
On/ Upon entering the pagoda, he saw a big statue
Khi mệnh đề phụ dạng bị động, ta bỏ chủ từ “to be”, khứ phân từ (V3) V-ed
Thí dụ : When money is put in the bank, it is kept safe
When put in the bank, money is kept safe.
c Mệnh đề trang từ Nhượng Bộ ( Adverbial Clause of Concession )
. Mệnh đề loại bắt đầu Although, Even though, Even if, Though Ta
đơn giản mệnh đề In spite of, Despite, In the fact that, In the teeth of +
Noun hoặc V-ing.
Thí dụ : - Although it rained heavily, I got to the meeting in time
Despite / In spite of the heavy rain, I got to the meeting in time.
- Even though he took a taxi, Dick was late for the party
Despite / In spite of taking a taxi, Dick was late for the party.
Chú ý Khi dùng Although khơng dùng But ngược lại
Thí dụ : Although he had a good job, he didn’t feel happy. He had a good job, but he didn’t feel happy
* Ta biến đổi mệnh đề ALTHOUGH ø BUT AS theo cấu trúc
:
_
Adjective + as + S + be
Thí dụ : - Though he works hard, he can hardly support his family
Hard-working as he is, he can hardly support his family.
(3) Sick as she was, she went to work.
* Mệnh đeà Whether or cũng nhượng ( Cho dù hay ) Thí dụ : Whether you are rich or poor, illness can come.
* Mệnh đề Trang Từ Nhượng Bộ bắt đầu :
- Whatever, No matter what ( cho dù, )
- However, No matter how ( cho dù, )
Thí dụ : Whatever the newspaper print, some people always believe it.
No matter what he says, don’t trust him However hard he tries, he will never succeed
She leaves her bedroom window open, no matter how cold it is
d Mệnh đề trạng từ Mục Đích ( Adverbial Clause of Purpose )à
Mệnh đề loại bắt đầu : So that, In order that ( )
Thí dụ : He went to the city so that / in order that he could find a good job
Ta đơn giản mệnh đề In order to, So as to hay To.
Thí dụ : He went to the city in order to / so as to / to find a good job
Nếu bắt đầu câu danh tưø, ta dùng In order for + noun.
Thí dụ : In order for a student to be successful in the exam, he or she must study very hard
e Mệnh đề trạng từ Lý Do ( Adverbial Clause of Reason )
Mệnh đề loại bắt đầu Because, As, Since, Seeing that ( thấy ),
Now that ( )ø
Ta dùng Because of, On account of, Owing to, Due to vaø For để dơn giản câu
Thí dụ : - He was imprisoned because/ as/ since he had robbed a bank last month
He was imprisoned for robbing the bank last month
- Because / As, Since the weather was bad, we stayed at home
Because of / On account of / Due to / Owing to the bad weather, we stayed at home
3 MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TỪ.
a Cấu trúc Mệnh Đề Danh từ :
Một mệnh đề tiếng Anh theo cấu trúc
Subject + Verb + Object ( noun / pronoun / gerund )
(4)Thí dụ : - They enjoy picture books ( noun ) - We all like him ( pronoun ) - She loves reading ( gerund )
Nếu mệnh đề làm Subject Object cho Verb, mệnh đề phải
bắt đầu That, hoặc What ,Where,When, Why, How.
Các mệnh đề gọi Mệnh Đề Danh từ chúng làm chức
danh từ
Thí dụ : - Her parents’ happiness is that she passed the college entrance
examination
- That he is a famous scientist is obvious - What you do is not my concern
- Where she had gone made him worried - Why she left him is unknown
- How you use it is easy
b Chức Mệnh Đề Danh Từ.
Chủ ngữ : That every student must wear uniform is compulsory
, Túc từ cho Động từ : We know that she will come
Túc từ cho Giới từ : You are responsible for what you have done
Bổ ngữ cho Chủ từ : My dream is that I can become a doctor.
Bổ ngữ cho Túc từ: You can call me what you like.
EXERCISE CLAUSES & PHRASES I
Chọn từ / nhóm từ thích hợp cho chỗ trống để hoàn thành câu sau I couldn’t repair my bike not having the right tools
A so B therefore C for D because
He got an excellent grade in his exam, _ the fact that he had not worked very hard
A in spite of B on account of C because of D instead of _ to the heavy rain, the match was cancelled
A According B Because C In addition D Owing _ where to find the key, the man could not open the safe
A Not know B Don’t know C Not knowing D Knowing not
The flowers will soon start to bloom _ winter is gone and the weather is getting warmer
A in spite of B now that C in order for D as a result you are rich or poor, happiness is elusive
A However B No matter how C Whenever D Whether Hard-working he was, he couldn’t support his large family
A likely B however C as D though
(5)A because B on condition that C due to D as a result It was _ that we decided to stay indoors
A so hot a day B such hot a day C such a day hot D so a day hot 10 a film to be interesting, there should be a good story
A In order to B In order that C In order for D So that 11 He retired early _ his ill-health
A despite B on account of C because D in spite of 12 I do, my mother will find faults
A No matter what B Whatever C No matter how D A and B are correct 13 _friends were, he seemed to be indifferent about the good chance
A Though excited B Excited as C Even excited D Despite excitement 14 I asked two people the way to the station, but _ of them knew
A none B not C neither D no
15 _ computer is the best tool for our work is undeniable
A What B That C If D When
II
Chọn câu viết lại có nghĩa tương đương với câu đầu tiên. 16 Because she couldn’t call the police, she ran next door for help
A Not calling the police, she ran next door for help
B It was impossible of her to call the police, so she ran next door for help C Not being able to call the police, she ran next door for help
D As she was unable to call the police, so she ran next door for help 17 I won’t sell the painting, no matter how much you offer me.
A Whenever you offer me to buy the painting, I won’t sell it B How many money you offer me, I won’t sell the painting C Whatever price you offer me, I won’t sell the painting
D In spite of your offering me how much money, but I won’t sell the painting 18 He can shout even louder, but I won’t take any notice.
A However loud he can shout, but I won’t take any notice B No matter how loud he can shout, I won’t take any notice C He can shout even louder won’t take any of my notice D His ability to shout won’t take notice of me
19 Although he was very tired, he agreed to play tennis with me A Tired as he was, he agreed to play tennis with me
B He was tired enough to played tennis with me
C He agreed to play tennis with me, but he was too tired
D His tiredness was so great that he agreed to play tennis with me 20 Ann’s mother gave her a gold watch on her birthday
A Ann had her mother gave her a gold watch on her birthday B Ann was given a gold watch on her mother’s birthday
C What Ann’s mother gave her on her birthday was a gold watch D Ann’s mother only gave her a gold watch when her birthday came 21 They were so surprised by the news that they didn’t know what to
A Surprisingly, they didn’t know what to about the B The news was surprised them what to
(6)22 The film was so boring that we left before the end A The film was too boring for us not to see to the end
B The film was not enough interesting for us to see to the end C It was so boring a film that we left before the end
D As the boring film ended, we left 23 The journey is too long for you to make alone.
A It’s too long a journey for you to make alone B The journey is long enough for you to make alone C It’s such long a journey for you to make alone D As the journey is too long, so don’t make it alone 24 I don’t really like her though I admire her achievements.
A Her achievements make me to dislike her
B What makes me dislike her that is her achievements C Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her D Her achievements don’t make admiration with me
25 You have a lot of work that you must do. A You have many works to
B There are a lot of works which you must C There is a lot of work for you to
.D All are correct
26 It doesn’t make any difference if it rain because they will still go. A The difference is that they will go unless it rains
B Whether it rains or not, they will still go C But for the rain, they would have gone D So long as it doesn’t rain, they will go
27 Despite his inexperience, Phillip applied for the job A Not be experience, Phillip applied for the job B Inexperienced as he was, Phillip applied for the job
C Though he was inexperienced, but Phillip applied for the job D Inexperience helped Phillip apply for the job
28 The house is so small that all of us cannot live in it A It is such small a house that all of us cannot live in it B The house is small enough for all of us to live in C The house is too small for all of us not to live in D It is so small a house for all of us to live in
29 The suitcase was heavy, but he managed to carry it to the hotel A The suit case was enough heavy for him to carry it to the hotel B The suitcase was too heavy for him to carry to the hotel
C Despite the suitcase was heavy, he managed to carry it to the hotel D Though the suitcase was heavy, he succeeded in carrying it to the hotel 30 He never seems to succeed though he works hard
(7)I II Chọn phương án ( A, B, C, D ) để hoàn thành câu sau 31 the rise in unemployment, people still seem to be spending more
A Despite B However
C Although D Nevertheless
32 people to work together effectively, they need to be sensitive to each
other’s needs
A In order to B In order that
C In order for D So that
33 A partnership is an association of two or more individuals together to develop a
business
A who working B who works
C those who work D working
34 Last Sunday was _ that we decided to go on a picnic A so beautiful a day B such beautiful a day
C such beautiful day D so beautiful day
35 the lesson well, Tom couldn’t answer the teacher’s questions
A Did not prepare B Having not prepared
C Not prepare D Not having prepared
36 Cellulose, for making paper, can be found in all plants
A that uses B that is used
C which uses D used
38 _ to the national park before, Sue was amazed to the geyser
A Having not been B Have not been
C Not having been D Being not
39 Having been asked to speak at the conference,
A some notes were prepared for Dr Clark B some notes were prepared by Dr Clark
C Dr Clark prepared some notes D audiences were pleased to hear Dr Clark
40 in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States
A Founding B Founded