Ebook luật điều ước quốc tế phần 1

n:.^- •>'^^.l ^:^e• Al3f••• DA HOC QUOC G A HA NO KHOA LUAT LEVANBLNUlChiibicn) SACHCHUYENKHAO TTTT^]-V -DIIOl;tL^ LiUA 2010 V-GO r^HA KUM BAN DM HQC QuOC GIA HA r^^Ol LUAT OIEU aOC QUOC TE • SACH CHUY&N KHAO Chiu trach nhiem npi dung GS.TS PHAM HONG THAI TS LE VAN BINH (Chu bien) LUAT DIEU \S6C QUOC TE SACH CHUYfiN KHAO NHA XUAT BAN D^I HQC QU6C GIA HA NQI MUG LVC Trang Loi noi dau Chirong I KHAI Nl£M, BAN CHAT PHAP LY VA CAC LOAI DIEU U'6C QUOC it C'hurorng II KY KET VA VI$C TAO HI$U Ll/C CHO DIEU U6C QU6C TE 59 Chuwn^ III CAC VAN DE \ t HIEU LlTC CUA DIEU U6C QU6C it 113 Chircrag IV THl/C HIEN DIEU \S6c QUOC it 139 ChiroTig V CHAM DUT VA TAM DINH CHI Hl£U Ll/C DIEU \S6C QUOC TE 181 Chirong VI VlpT NAM VA CAC DIEU \S6C QU6C it 203 Til li^u tham khao 227 LOI NOI DAU La mot nhijng noi dung quan trong chuong trinh dao tao cu nhan luat hoc va la chuyen de dao tao sau dai hoc, Luat dieu uac quoc te khong chi don thuan la mot chuyen nganh luat he thong phap luat quoc te, ma la mot nganh luat ca ban va quan nhat cua he thong phap luat Luat dieu rn'rc quoc te giu vai tro lien thong giira cac nganh luat he thong phap luat quoc te voi noi rieng va giira hai he thong phap luat: he thong phap luat quoc gia va he thong phap luat quoc te noi chung Tren co sa Luat dieu uac quoc te ma cac chii the ciia luat quoc te ky ket vai cac van kien phap ly quoc te, tao nen he thong cac van ban phap ly quoc te dam bao su truong ton va phat trien cua nhan loai Cac quy pham luat quoc te dugc xem nhu cac quy che giao tiep can thiet cua nguai, khong c6 cac quy pham luat quoc te sC khong CO su giao thoa giua cac toe, bo toe, cac dan toe, cac qu6c gia, cac chau luc va ca cong dong quoc te Neu khong c6 didu uac quoc te, mpt quoc gia kho c6 the "lam quen" va hop tac voi cac quoc gia va cac chii the khac cua luat quoc te hi^n dai Nham phyc vu cho viec day va hoc luat, Khoa Luat true thupc Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi tran giai thieu cuon sach chuyen khao Luat dieu u6c quoc te Cu6n sdch TS Le VSn Binh bien scan v6i s\r tham gia ctia GS.TSKH luat Gennidiy Irinarkhovich Kurdyukov - Chu tjch Hpi dong chSm li4i dm TSKH luat vk Chii tjch HOi dong chim luan an TS luat, :hu nhi^m Bp mon Luat Qu6c te va Lu|it Chdu Au, Khoa Luat, Trudng Dai hpc Tong hgrp Qu6c gia Cadan mang ten V.I Lenin (Nga), nh^ ho^t dpng khoa hpc cong huan nude Cpng hoa Tatarstan Lien bang Nga Hy vpng cuon sdch n^y sS la tai li$i bo ich va dip ting dugc it nhi^u cho vi?c day va hpc Xin trSn trpng gi(5i thi?u cu6n sach t(5ri b?ui dpc v^ rat m)ng nhan dupe s\r dong g6p ciia quy dpc gi^ Khoa Lu4t trvrc thupc Dai hpc Quoc gia Hk Npi 144 Duong Xuan thuy, Cku Giay, Ha Npi DT (04) 3754.9177, Fax: (04) 3754.7081, E-mail: kldhqghn(gvnu.edu.vn PREFACE As an important subject in the Bachelor of Laws curriculum and a specialised subject of Master of Laws curriculum, international treaty law is not only a branch of the international legal system, but also one of the fundamental and essential branches of that system Intemational treaty law plays the role of cormecting different branches of law in the intemational legal system as well as connecting the two legal systems: national legal system and intemational legal system Based on intemational treaty law, the subjects of intemational law sign intemational legal documents with each other, creating a system of intemational legal documents, which ensures the long-lasting existence and development of mankind Intemational Law's norms are considered essential rules for communication of human beings Without them, there would not be any exchanges among clans, tribes, nations, countries, Continents and among the entire intemational community A Country can hardly "get acquainted" and cooperate with other Countries and other subjects of modem intemational law without intemational treaties In order to serve legal teaching and studying activities, the School of Law under Vietnam National University, Hanoi has the honour to introduce the monograph named "Intemational Treaty Law", which was written by Dr Le Van Binh with the participation of Prof, DSc Gennadiy Irinarkhovich Kurdyukov, Chairman of the Council for Evaluating theses of Doctor of Science in Laws and Chairman of the Council for Evaluating theses of PhD in Laws, Head of the Intemational Law and European Law Department of the ScKool of Law under Cadan National University named after V.I Lenin (Russia), Honoured Scholar of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Russian Federation We hope that this monograph will be a helpful reference book and could meet the demand of legal teaching and studying to some extents We have the honour to introduce this monograph to readers and we look forward to receiving feedbacks from distinguished readers School of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 144 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi Tel (04) 3754.9177, Fax: (04) 3754.7081, E-mail: kldhqghn@vnu.edu.vn CHlfONG J KHAI NIEM, BAN CHAT PHAP LY VA CAC LOAI DIEU l / d C QUOC TE KHAI NIEM VA BAN CHAT PHAP LY CAC LOAI DIEU LT^C QUOC TE Khai niem va ban chat phap ly Dieu uac quoc te la nguon dugc xay dung bang cac quy pham, tuc la no dugc xay dung bang cac quy pham chung hoac cac quy pham rieng Cac quy pham quy dinh quyen va nghia vu doi vai cac ben ciia dieu uac quoc te Ban chat phap ly ciia dieu uac quoc te dugc the hien cho no the hien su dung hoa ve y chi, ve Igi ich, ve cac quan diem cua cac quoc gia hoac cac chu the khac cua luat phap quoc te Dieu uac quoc te da tao (hoSc thiet lap) ca so phap ly cho cac quan he phap ly quoc te V^y dieu uac quoc te la thoa thuan giira cac chii the ciia luat quoc te, viec ky ket, hieu lite va chdm dirt hieu luc cua no duac dieu chinh hang luat quoc te Khai niem khong chi dugc the hien cac vSn ban quoc gia ve dieu uac quoc te, ma phu hgp vai khai niem ve dieu uac quoc te dugc quy chua cd Tda lap hien nen chirc nang ndi tren co quan nha nude cd tham quyen thyc hien Thdi diem va thoi han co hifu lye ciia dieu uvc quoc te 3.1 Thdi diem cd hieu luc ciia dieu udc qudc te Thdi diem cd hieu luc cua dieu udc qudc te cd :he tinh tir thdi diem ky (vi dy, tir ky), cd the tir thdi diem phe chuan hoac trao ddi thu (hoac cdng ham) phe chuan dieu ucc qudc te Thdi diem bat dau cd hieu lye cd the dugc tinh tir mgt sd lugng xac dinh cac van kien phe chuan cua cac qudc gia giri luu chieu tai Lien hgp qudc Con sd khdng cd djnh, kkdng gidng nhau, phu thugc vao sy thda hiep giiia cac ben ddi vdi timg dieu udc qudc te, nhung sd lugng cd the dao ddng tir 2-60 Vi du, cac Cdng udc Geneva ve bao hd nan nhan chien tranh nam 1949 da quy dinh can phai cd hai van kien phe chuan de bit dau thdi han cd hieu lye cua cac Cdng udc Hoac tai Khoan Dieu 47 Chuong XIII Hien chuong ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) da quy djnh rang: "Ban Hien chuong se co hieu lye vao thiir 30 ke tir van kien phe chuan thii mudi dugc Tdng Thu ky ASEAN luu chieu" Tuy nhien, ndi dung ciia mpt sd dieu udc cudc te IJii dugc quy djnh trudc ve thdi diem dieu udc qudc tl cc hipu lye Ching ban nhu: dieu udc se bit dau cd hieu lye sau mpt khoang thdi gian cy the ke tir phe chuan; hoac la sau trao ddi cac van kien phe chuan; hoac la quy dinh ve hiea lye tam thdi trudc dieu udc cd dii thu tuc de cd hieu luc chinh thiic Dieu Cdng udc sd 179 ve tuyen md va sip xep viec lam doi vdi thuyen vien nam 1996 quy djnh: "Cdng udc se co hi?u lye 124 sau 12 thang ke tir co hai nude vien dang ky phe chuan vdi Tong giam doc" C'dng udc Vienna nam 1961 ve quan he ngoai giao dugc ky 18/4/1961 quy djnh "Cdng udc si: dugc thi hanh ke tir thii 30 sau cd thu phe chuan hoac xin gia nhap thii 22 da nop Tdng thu ky Lien hgp quoc" (Khoan Dieu 51) Dieu 15 Cong udc ngan chan cac hanh vi bat hgp phap chdng lai an toan boat dpng hang khdng dan dung dugc ky ket tai Montreal 23/9/1971 quy djnh rang: "Cdng udc sc cd hieu luc sau 30 ke tir nhan dugc van kien phe chuan ciia mudi qudc gia tham gia Hdi nghi Montreal ky ket Cdng udc nay" (Khoan 3) va "Ddi vdi cac qudc gia khac, Cdng udc se cd hieu lye vao cd hieu lye ciia Cdng udc theo khoan Dieu nay, hoac sau 30 ke tir nhan dugc van b;in phe chuan hoac gia nhap sau do"'^ (Khoan 4) Dieu 13 Hiep dinh giira Chinh phii Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam va Chinh phii Vuong qudc Ma-roc ve tang cudng quan he thuong mai-kinh te, xiic tien thuong mai va hang boa dich vu ky 28/6/2001, quy djnh: "Hiep dinh se co hieu lye tam thdi ke til ky va se cd hieu lye chinh thirc ke tir thdng bao cudi cimg ve viec hoan cac thu tuc can thiet de Hiep dinh CO hieu lye theo cac quy trinh dugc ap dung d mdi nude" Trong mpt sd trudng hgp, cd hieu lye cua dieu udc qudc te dugc chinh thiic hda bang mpt Nghi dinh thu rieng Hoac CO nhung trudng hgp cac qudc gia vien cd the ky vdi Td chiic lao dpng qudc te MOt so Cdng udc va Khuydn nghj ciia T chiic lao dpng quoc ti NXB Lao dpng - Xa hpi H 2004 tr 583 http://www vietlaw.gov vn/LAWNET/docView.do?docid= 14614& type=html http://www.dei.gov.vn/vi/eontents/c_vietnam/c_Ckqt/200312103050 125 cac Nghi djnh thu rieng de thyc hien Dieu udc Vi du, Dieu 12 Hiep djnh khung E-ASEAN dugc ky ket tai Singapore 24/10/2000 quy dinh: "Cac nude vien cd the dam phan \ a ky cac Nghj djnh thu rieng de thyc hien Hi?p dinh vdi tu each la mgt bd phan khdng tach rdi Hiep djnh nay" Dieu udc qudc te cd the cd hieu lye vao ngay, ma cac ben thdng bao cho thdng qua viec trao ddi cdng ham ve viec thyc hipn cac yeu cau phap ly can thiet theo quy dinh cua phap luat qudc gia cua hp de dieu udc dd cd hieu luc Cac ben dieu udc qudc te cd the quy dinh mpt cu thi nao dd, tham chi chi tiet ban la quy dinh vao gid nao dieu udc quic te se cd hieu lye Ching ban nhu, Cdng udc chau Au vc vd tuyen truyen nam 1948 quy dinh ring Cdng udc se cd liieu lye vao 15/3/1950 vao liic 02.00 gid (Greenwich Mean inie) 3.2 Thdi han cd hieu luc cua dieu udc qudc te Theo ndi dung va xuat phat tir thyc tien ky ket dieu udc qudc te, hieu luc cua cac dieu udc qudc te dugc chia theo cac thdi ban sau day (hieu lye theo thdi gian): 1) Dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lye thdi ban xac djnh Ddi vdi dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lye thdi ban xac djnh thudng cd hai loai: mot Id, loai dieu udc quoc te quy dinh cu the cd hieu lyc mpt thdi h ^ nhat dinh (vi dy, dieu udc cd hi?u lye thdi ban nam); hgi Id, loai dilu udc cd thdi han x^c dinh nhung lai cd dieu kien kem theo Day la loai dilu udc ma npi dung cua nd quy dinh ring sau dieu udc qudc te bet thdi ban cd hieu lyc, nd se tiep tuc dugc gia ban vdi khoang thdi ban nao dd Neu mpt cac ben dieu udc khdng cd sy thdng 126 bac^ trudc cho ve sy tir chdi thdi ban do, thi dieu udc s6 tiep tuc cd hieu lyc nhu da thda thuan (vi du, sau bet thdi ban dieu udc dugc tu ddng gia ban them nam v.v ) 2) Dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc vdi thdi ban khdng xac dinJh, tire la thdi ban hieu lyc cua diiu udc qudc te phu thugc vao su Xuat hien cua bat ky su kien nao dd (vi du, ket thiic chien tranh v.v ) 3) Cac dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc vd thdi ban - day la cac dieu udc qudc te ma dd khdng cd quy djnh ve thdi ban cham diit hieu lyc cua chiing (vi dy, mgt thda thuan ve viec thiet lap quan he ngoai giao) 4) Mgt sd dieu udc qudc te cd quy djnh thdi ban cd hieu lyc rat tdae biet Trong trudng hgp nay, dieu udc dugc ky ket nhung tromg ndi dung cua nd tam thdi khdng quy ditih thdi ban cd hipu luc ma lai quy djnh (cd tinh chat dy djnh) rang thdi ban cd hipu luc ciia dieu udc se cac ben thda thuan tuong lai Gia ban dieu udc qudc te, tiic la gia han hieu lyc cua dieu udc qudc te trudc bet ban Nhung chiing ta can phan biet cd sir kcbac giira loai dieu udc dugc gia ban (hoac keo dai) mgt caclh ty dgng va loai dieu udc qudc te dugc gia ban theo mpt thda t h u ^ rieng ciia cac ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te Trong thuc tien quan he dieu udc qudc te giiia cac qudc gia, van de thdi diem cd hieu lyc cua dieu udc qudc te rat da dang Thdfi dilm cd hieu lyc cd thi phy thupc vao dac diem he thdng phajp luat (hoac vi ly nao dd) ciia timg qudc gia ma dam phain ky ket dieu udc quoc tl cac ben dieu udc thda thuan vdi nhaiu ve thdi diem cd hieu lyc ddi vdi mdi ben vao nhung thdi 127 diem khac nhau, nhung dieu dd phai dugc quy djnh cy the dieu udc qudc te D I minh chiing cho van de ndi tren chimg ta cd the lay vi dy ve Hiep djnh giira Chinh phii nude Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghTa Viet Nam va Chinh phii nude Cdng hda Hdi giao Pakixian ve tranh danh thue hai lan va ngan ngua viec trdn lau thue ddi vtdi cac loai thue danh vao thu nhap da dugc ky ket vao thang 3/2004 (phdn in nghieng) Theo do, tai Dieu 29 Myc quy djnh: "Hifp dinh se cd hieu lyc thi hanh: a) Trong trudng hgp cua Viet Nam: (i) ddi vdi cac loai thue khau trir tai ngudn, thu tren so t'cn du(,Trc tra hay coi la se dugc tikketif 01 thdng 01 cua nam duang lich tiep sau nam Hiep dinh cd hi^u luc, va cac nam tiep theo; (ii) doi vdi cac loai thue khac ciia Viet Nam, lien quan den thu nhap, lgi tire hoac lgi nhuan tir chuyen nhugng tai san phat sinh vao hay sau miing 01 thdng 01 nam duang lich tiep sau nam Hiep dinh cd hieu luc, va cac nam tiep theo; b) Trong trudng hgp cua Pakixtan: (i) ddi vdi cac loai thue khau trir tai nguon, thu tren sd tien dugc tra hay coi la se dugc tra vao hay sau 01 thdng tiep theo Hi^p dinh cd hieu luc; va (ii) ddi vdi cac khoan thue khac, lien quan den cac nam tinh thue bat diu vao hay sau 01 thdng tiep theo ngdy Hi^p dinh cd hi^u luc"\ ' Cdng bao, S6 (06/12/2005) tr 44 128 E)di khi, npi dung dieu udc qudc te khdng ndi gi den thdi diem co hieu lyc ciia dieu udc va cung khdng c6 bat cir thda thu(m nao ve dieu Ddi vdi cac dieu udc qudc te loai thi thuc tien cac qudc gia cd cac each tiep can va giai quyet khac Theo thdng le, cac dieu udc qudc te thudng cd hieu luc tir thdi diem ky ket, neu khdng cd yeu cau can phai phe chuin hoac tir thdi diem phe chuan hoac trao doi cac van kien phe chuan dieu udc qudc te Dieu 24 Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 quy dinh: Neu dieu udc qudc te khdng chi thdi diem dieu udc co hieu lyc, thi dieu udc cd hieu lyc sau cd sy ddng y cua tat ca cac qudc gia tham gia dam phan ve su rang budc ciia dieu udc qudc te ddi vdi hp (phan 2) Hieu luc theo khong gian cAa dieu u&c Theo khdng gian, dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc tren lanh thd ciia cac qudc gia - la cac ben (thanh vien) tham gia dieu udc qudc te va tren lanh thd khdng thupc qudc gia nao, tiic la khdng gian qudc te Dac diem hieu lyc theo khdng gian cua cac dieu udc qudc te dugc phan biet phu thupc vao nhieu yeu td Chang ban nhu che dp phap ly ciia cac bp phan cau lanh thd mii d dd dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc nhu: dat lien, tren bien, tren khdng, vii try, cac lanh thd vdi che dp hon hgp, cac vimg hoac cac khu vyc phi hat nhan, v.v Ngoai ra, thyc tien quan he dieu udc qudc te cd nhung dieu udc da bet hipu lyc nhung lai cd ngoai le vdi mpt sd dieu khoiin ciia dieu udc dd, tire la van dugc cac ben ap dung lam can cir dl giai quylt cac van de phap ly cd lien quan Ching han nhu viec sir dung cac cac dieu udc ve bien gidi, lanh tho da dugc ky ket giira Phap (nhan danh Viet Nam) vdi nha Thanh de giai quyet 129 cac van de ve bien gidi giiia Viet Nam va Trung Qudc' Ddi khi, dieu udc da hit hieu lyc, nhung sau mpt thdi gian, mpt cac ben lai de nghj de dieu udc tiep tyc cd hieu luc vdi cac dieu ki^n can siia ddi hoac bd sung Vi dy nhu, Cdng ham ciia Bp Ngo^i giao Bungari gui Lien bang Nga 27/4/1996 khing dinh cac dieu udc song phuong giira Bungari va Lien Xd giai ioan 1945-1991 se tilp tuc co hieu lyc giiia Bungari va Nga, ben »:anh dd cd mpt sd dieu udc can dieu chinh, sira doi va xac dinh ro quyeri va nghia vy giira hai nha nude va phan tich anh hudng ciia cac dieu udc dd den qudc gia thii ba Dieu vr&c quoc te va cac quoc gia thir ba Theo Khoan (h) Dilu Cdng udc Vierma nam 1969 ve luat dieu udc qudc te, "qudc gia thii 3" cd nghia la qudc gia khdng la vien (hoac mpt ben) cua dieu udc Dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc bit budc ddi vdi cac vien ciia nd va cac vien cua dieu udc can ty nguyen thyc hien cac cam ket dieu udc Nguyen Hong Thao NhQxig vin 6i phap ly phan djnh dudng bien gidi ddt lian Vi?t-Trung Tap chi Nha nude va Phap luat 2009, 3(251), tr 66-69 MejKayHapoanoe nydaHMHoe npaso VHedHMK - M.: Flpocneia, 2004 C 182 Tim dpc thSm: Giao trinh Lu$t Qu6c te Trudng D^i hpc Lu|t Ha N^i NXB Cdng an NhSn dSn H., 2004 tr 98-99; lA Van Hudng va Kh6ng van Ha Lu$t dilu udc qu6c te NXB Tu Phap Ha N^i, 2005 -Tr 67-77; Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 vl Lu§t dieu udc qu6c ti Ph4n IV Cac dilu udc va qu6c gia thijr ba Cac Dilu 34-38; Cdng udc Vienna nam 1986 Phin IV cac dilu udc va qu6c gia thu ba hojc t6 chiic thii ba Cac Dilu 34-38; HraaxeHKO F.B., THynoB O.H MoKayHapoaHoe npaBo Haa HOPMA M., 2008 - C 297-299 130 (Dieu 26 - nguyen tac pacta sunt servanda) Trong mpt sd truimg htrp lai phat sinh van de ve "su tuong quan" giiira dieu udc quoc te vu cac qudc gia thir ba (hoac cac ben thir ba)' Ban chat phap ly ciia dieu udc da cho chiing ta thay rang, hieu luc ciia dieu udc qudc te chi lam thda man vdi cac vien cua dieu udc Ddi tugng ciia dieu udc khdng the la quyen va lgi ieh ciia qudc gia thir ba, dieu udc khdng tao quyen ban va nghia vu cho qudc gia ihir ba, qudc gia khdng tham gia vao dieu udc hoac khdng ddng y vdi dieu udc dd Nguyen tac khdng ap dung hieu lyc ciia dieu udc qudc te ddi vdi qudc gia thii ba (pacta tertiis nee nocent nee prosunt) la mgt nhirng nguyen tac dugc cdng nhan chung ciia luat qudc te va la nguyen tic co ban cua luat dieu udc qudc te Ndi dung co ban ciia nguyen tac la d chd, dieu udc qudc te khdng can thiep vao pham vi quyen lgi cua qudc gia thii ba Cac quyin va lgi ich cua qudc gia thir ba khdng the la doi tugng cua dieu udc quoc tc Vi du, Dieu 38 Cdng udc ve hda giai va trgng tai dugc cac qudc gia hdi nghi ve an ninh va hgp tac chau Au (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - CSCE) ky ket nam 1993 quy dinh: "Phu hgp vdi luat qudc te, Cdng udc khdng tao trach nhiem hoac cam kit cho cac qudc gia CSCE khdng thiun gia vao Cdng udc, neu cac qudc gia khdng the hien su ddng y rd rang ve y djnh ciia minh bing van ban" Dieu dd cd nghia la cac qudc gia tham gia CSCE khdng cd nghia la tham gia Cdng Ciic bSn thii ba cd the la; mpt, mpt nhdm ho$e nhieu qudc gia; mpt ho^c nhieu td chiic quoc tl; cac dan tpc, cac phong trao dau tranh hpp phap gianh dpc lap dan tpc, cac chii thi dac biet ciia luat qudc te Cac ben khdng la vien eiia dieu udc dd 131 udc, dd Cdng udc chi tao quyen va nghia vu cho cac thiainh vien cua Cdng udc Dieu udc ve linh vyc an ninh ciing thudng co nhing quy djnh tuong ty ddi vdi cac ben thii ba Chiing ta cd the la^ Dieu udc bo sung cho Dieu udc cam thir vii hat nhan nan 963 lam VI dy Dieu udc bd sung da dugc thdng qua theo qu' djnh cua luat qudc te va ndi dung ciia nd da quy djnh rang Dieu udc bd sung chi cd hieu lyc bit huge ddi vdi qudc gii tham gia Cac qudc gia la vien Dieu udc cam thir vii hat nhan nam 1963 ma khdng tham gia vao Dieu udc bd sungse' trd cac qudc gia thii ba ddi vdi ciia Dieu udc dd Dieu udc ma vi pham cac quyen ciia cac qudc gia bur ba dugc xem la dieu udc vd hieu Cac loai dieu udc nhu vay tiU'diig la cac dieu udc ve sy phan chia cac nude thii ba, chang bin nhu dieu udc Muy-nich nam 1938 quyet djnh "van menh" cui Ti^p Khic ma khdng cd sy tham gia cua Tiep Khac Nguyen tac khdng ap dung hieu lyc ciia dieu udc qudcte ddi vdi qudc gia thir ba khdng phu dinh mgt thyc trang rang conlhieu dieu udc cd tam quan trgng doi vdi cac qudc gia khdng thim gia vao cac dieu udc dd Khdng it nhiing quy dinh ca; dieu udc dyng cham den lgi ich cua cac qudc gia thir ba, cac ditu udc da phuong phd cap cdn lien quan tdi cac qudc gia khdng lathiaiih vien cua dieu udc dd Trong nhirng dieu kien nhat dinh, dieu udc cd the phit 'sinh he qua phap ly doi vdi ben thii ba khdng la vien cui cdieu udc Vi dy, Dieu Cdng udc ve che thiiy van tren sdng 3iu-na nam 1948 quy djnh "Van tai dudng thuy tren sdng Du-na h tyr va md cho cdng dan, cac tau thuyen thuang mai va hang h»a ciia 132 tat ca cac qudc gia tren co sd binh dang cac qudc gia sir dung cac quyen phai co trach nhiem tuan thii che dp thiiy van da dugc quy djnh Cong udc; hoac Dieu udc ve khdng phd bien vu hat nhan nam 1968 quy dinh rang, cac qudc gia khdng sd hiru vu hat nhan co trach nhiem ky ket cac dieu udc vdi co quan nang lugng nguyen tu qudc te nham muc dich kiem tra sy tuan thii dieu udc ciia cac qudc gia Ngugc lai, co quan nang lugng nguyen tir qudc te ciing co trach nhiem ky ket cac dieu udc tucnig ty de thyc hien cac chiic nang nhiem vu ciia minh Nhieu dieu udc da phucmg phd cap cd cac quy pham quy dinli bat budc ddi vdi ca cac qudc gia vien va cac ben thii ba Quy dinh nhu vay nham phdng ngira kha nang cac qudc gia thir ba thyc hien cac hanh vi vi pham cac muc dich ciia dieu udc Vi du, Dieu 10 Dieu udc ve Nam eye nam 1959 quy dinh rang, cac ben dieu udc ddc sire lyc, phii hgp vdi Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc, de dam bao rang d Nam eye khdng tien hanh thuc hien bat ky boat ddng nao vi pham cac nguyen tac va cac muc dich ciia Dieu udc Tuong tu nhu vay, Dieu Cdng udc ve bao ve nguon tai nguyen thien nhien bien Nam cue nam 1980 quy djnh ring: "cac ben, khdng phu thupc vao viec la vien hoac khdng la vien ciia Dieu udc ve Nam eye, ddng y ring ph^m vi hieu luc ciia Dieu udc ve Nam eye, hp se khdng thyc hien bat ky mpt boat ddng nao trai vdi cac nguyen tac va myc dich cua Dieu udc " Hoac Dieu cua Cdng udc ve bao ve nguon ca d phan bac Thai Binh Duong nam 1992 cung cd nhirng qu>' dinh tuong ty: "1) Cac ben da ddng y ring, se chii y khdng de mpt qudc gia hoac mpt td chiic nao khdng la vien ciia Cdng udc, ke ca cdng dan ciia hp, cu dan va tau thuyen boat dpng danh ca cd the lam anh hudng den viec bao ve ngudn ca khu vyc Cdng udc; 2) Ckc ben da ddng y ring, khuyen 133 khich bat ky quoc gia hoac td chirc nao khdng la mpt ben ciia Cdng udc, ap dyng phap luat ddi vdi cdng dan, cu dan va tau thuyen ciia hp lien quan den boat ddng danh ca, phii hgp vdi cac dieu khoan cua Cdng udc va hgp tac nham dat dugc cac muc dich cua Cdng udc nay" Dieu 34 Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 da ghi nhan quy tic chung lien quan den cac qudc gia thii ba: "Dieu udc khdng tao nghia vy hay quyen ban cho qudc gia thii ba, neu khdng co su dong y ciia qudc gia dd", cdn Dieu 35 va 36 Cdng udc Vienna natn 1969 lai quy djnh nhirng ndi dung cd tinh nguyen tac, tiic la cac ben cua dieu udc cd y dinh trao quyen va nghia vy cho qudc gia thii ba dugc quy dinh dieu udc va qudc gia thii ba dong y vdi quyen va nghia vy dd Nhu vay, su ddng y cua qudc gia thii ba ve quyen va nghia vy ciia dieu udc la co sd de dieu udc phdt sinh hi?u lyc phap ly ddi vdi qudc gia thir ba Theo ndi dung ciia Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969, chung ta can chii y phan biet hai loai dieu udc ddi vdi qudc gia thii ba Loai dieu udc thii nhat quy djnh ve nghia vy cho cac qudc gia thii ba (Dieu 35); va Loai dieu udc thii hai quy djnh ve quyen cho cac qudc gia thii ba Loai dilu udc thii nhat ddi hdi qudc gia thur ba phai the hien sy ddng y rd rang bang van ban Trudng hgp ngo^ le cua loai dieu udc thii nhat dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 75, tire la cac dieu udc cd tinh chat trimg phat cac qudc gia xam luge dugc ky ket ma khdng can cd sy ddng y cua qudc gia do' Chiing Dilu 75 Cdng udc Vienna nSm 1969 quy djnh: "Cac dilu khoan ciia Cdng udc khdng dyng cham din bit ky nghTa vy nao ciia dilu udc cd the phat sinh doi vdi quoc gia xam lupc nhu la cac bi^n phap dupe thdng qua phCi hpp vdi Hien chuong Lien hpp quoc nham ap dung doi vdi qu6c gia cd hanh vi xam lupc" 134 ta Co the vien dan vi dy ve dieu udc dugc ky ket giira Hoa Ky, Anh Qudc va Lien Xd va sau the chien thir ve nude Dire, dd ghi nhan ve cac nghia vu doi vdi qudc gia khdng tham gia dieu udc (qudc gia thir ba) xuat phat tir cac quy pham luat qudc te ve trach nhiem phap ly quoc te hanh vi xam luge beo ndi dung loai dieu udc thii hai thi quyen ddi vdi qudc gia thir ba se phat sinh neu dieu udc quy dinh quyen dd cho qudc gia thii ba, cho mgt nhdm qudc gia dd co qudc gia thii ba hoac cho tat ca cac qudc gia va neu qudc gia thir ba ddng y vdi quyIn dd Quyen ddi vdi qudc gia thir ba se tdn tai cho den qudc gia dd tir chdi quyen ma da dugc ghi nhan dieu udc Day thudng la loai dieu udc ve quyen sii dyng cac eo bien qudc te, kenh dao qudc te hoac ty thdng thuang tren cac sdng qudc te cho tit ca cac qudc gia tren the gidi Chiing ta biet ring, dieu kien qudc te hien dai, cac quan he qudc te cang dugc van ban boa thong qua viec phap dien hda cac quy pham luat qudc te Viec phap dien hda cd the rihim nang cao tinh hieu qua cua cac quy pham tap quan luat qudc te thdng qua viec bien ddi chiing cac quy pham dieu udc Chiing ta cd the vien dan cac vi du ve phap dien hda la viec thong qua cac cdng udc: Cdng udc Vienna ve luat bien nam 1982; Cdng udc Vieima ve quan he ngoai giao nam 1961; Cdng udc Vierma ve luat dieu udc qudc te nam 1969 va nam 1986; Cdng udc Vienna ve ke thira dieu udc qudc te nam 1978 v.v hoac Tuyen bd ciia Lien hgp qudc ve cac nguyen tic co bdn ciia luat qudc te dieu chinh quan he hOn nghi va hgp tac giira cac qudc gia 24/10/1970 Chinh cac vSn ban da phucmg phd cap dd da tac dpng khdng nhd den cac qudc gia ihir ba Cac qudc gia thir ba thudng vien dan ap dyng cac dieu udc vdi tinh chat ciia tap quan qudc te 135 Cac qudc gia thii ba cdn cd nghia vy tdn trpng doi vdi mpt sd dilu udc xac djnh, ching han nhu cac dieu udc ve quy che lahh thd (thilt lap va thay doi bien gidi, ve cdng nhan quy che trung lap, vl phi quan sy hda lanh thd v.v ) Tit nhien cac trudng hgp nay, hieu lyc phap ly cua cac dieu udc dd khdng la bat budc ddi vdi cac qudc gia thir ba, ma la trach nhiem ciia cac qudc gia phai tuan thu cac nguyen tac va cac quy pham da dugc cong nhan chung cua luat qudc te hien dai, ciing nhu viec tdn trpng cac dilu udc da dupe ky ket diing luat ma hp khdng la vien Trach nhiem ciia cac qudc gia la mot nhung ndi dung ciia nguyen tac tuan thii nghiem chinh cac dieu udc qudc te nham bao ve tinh on djnh va hieu qua ciia cac dieu udc qudc te Nguyen tac tinh tuong ddi ciia cac dieu udc dugc the hien quy tac "dieu udc khdng the gay thiet hai, ciing nhu mang din lgi ich cho cac qudc gia thii ba" (res inter alios acta aliis nequc nocere nequc prodesse potest) dugc ap dung ca ddi vdi dilu udc cd su tham gia cua cac td chiic qudc te' Nhung can chii y rang td chirc qudc te khdng phai la mgt chii the cua luat quoc tl cd chu quyen^, dieu dd da dugc the hien cac dieu Dilu 34 "Quy tac chung lien quan den cac quoc gia thii ba ho^c cac to chiic thii ba" Cdng udc Vienna nam 1986 quy djnh: "Dilu udc khdng t?o nghTa vy hay quyIn han cho qudc gia thii ba hay td ehiic thii ba, neu khdng cd sy d6ng y ciia quoc gia hay td chiic qudc te dd" can nhan manh ring, td chiic qudc tl khdng la chii thi cd chii quyen lu$t qudc tl, ma la chii thi han chi, chu the phat sinh va la chii thi dupe l$p tren co sd mpt dilu udc quoc tl, hay cdn gpi la dilu udc sang l$p Nhu v$y, to chiic dd chi thuc hi?n quyIn nang phu hpp vdi tdn chi myc dich lap to chiic da dupe quy djnh van ban sang lap ho^c cac van ban khac ed lien quan ciia td chiic dd Dieu dd cung cd nghia la, td chiic qudc te thyc hien quyen nang ciia minh cac qudc gia vien to 136 khoan ciia Cdng udc Vienna nam 1986 so vdi Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 Vi du, khac vdi cac qudc gia co chii quyen, su dong y cua td chirc qudc te ddi vdi mpt dieu udc nao ddi khong the ty quyet djnh nhu mpt qudc gia cd chii quyen (su ddng y ngUm hoac im lang) "Han che" dd da dugc the hien Dieu 36 C'dng udc Vierma nam 1986 so vdi Dieu 36 Cong udc Vienna nam 1969: "Quyen se phat sinh cho mgt to chirc thir ba theo quy dinh dieu udc neu cac ben ciia dieu udc dd cd y dinh trao quyen dd cho td chiic thir ba hoac cho mpt nhdm td chirc qudc te cd to chirc thir ba hoac cho tat ca cac td chiic neu td chirc thii ba dd ddng y Su ddng y nhu the phai dugc dieu chinh bang cac nguyen tac cua td chiic do" (Khoan 2, Dieu 36 Cdng udc Vienna nam 1986) Dieu udc co the phat sinh hieu lyc ddi vdi qudc gia thir ba trudng hgp dieu udc cd dieu khoan toi hue qudc Chang ban nhu, Dieu (Chuong I) Hiep dinh Thuong mai Viet Nam loa Ky da quy dinh: Viet Nam va Hoa Ky thda thuan danh cho nhuu ddi xir Tdi hue quoc (Most-Favored Nation, MFN) Dieu cd nghia la cac ben se danh cho hang hda cua sy ddi xir tuong ty ddi xir hg danh cho hang hda tuong ty cac nude khac san xuat Vi dy, neu mpt nude thir ba dam phan mpt ddng thue vdi Vipt Nam vdi miic thue thap ban miic da dugc quy dinh Hiep dinh, thi ddi xir Tdi hue qudc (MFN) se danh cho cac don vi kinh doanh Hoa Ky quyen dugc nhap khau vdi miic thue thap ban dd Can chii y rang, quy che Tdi hue qudc cung cd chirc thing nhit iiy quyln Dd chinh la dac dilm han chi ca ban nhit ciia td chiic qudc te vdi tu each la chii the ciia luat qudc te hi^n dai 137 nhimg ngoai le, ching ban nhu sy ddi xir dac bipt vdi cac nufdc khu vyc mau djch ty nhu AFTA hoac NAFTA vii thii tyc dac biet ddi vdi thuong mai bien gidi Trong mgt sd trudng hgp nhim tranh su thiet hai hoac '"sy lo ling" cho ben thii ba, dilu udc thudng quy djnh rd rang ring dieu udc dugc ky ket khdng vdi myc dich chdng lai b»en thir ba nao dd, khdng dyng cham den quan he cua cac viicn dieu udc vdi cac qudc gia thir ba va ciing khdng chdng lai cac quan he dd Vi du, Dieu 15 Dieu udc dugc ky ket giiia Lien bang Nga va Nicaragoa ve cac nguyen tic co ban quan he gi iia Lien bang Nga va Nicaragoa ky 18/9/2002, quy djnh: "Diiu udc khdng nhim chdng lai bat ky qudc gia thii ba nao v^ khdng dyng cham den cac quyen va nghia vy cua cac ben diicu udc cac dieu udc khac"' ' HrnaxeHKo F.B., TwynoB O.H MejKayHapoanoe npaBO H3a HOPM.A M., 2008 - C 299 138 ... ty le khac nhau: Nga 61, 34%; Ucraina 16 ,37%; Beloruxia 4 ,13 %; Udobekixtan 3,27%; Cadacxtan 3,86%; Grudia 1, 62%; Adecbaidan 1, 64%; Litva 1, 41% ; Mondavia 1, 29%; Latvia 1, 14%; Cudoguxtan 0,95%;... rocyaapcTB M., 1* 835, -C .12 7 20 - Hiep uac 15 /10 /18 67 (Hiep uac gom 14 Khoan) ve vice chap nhan nhucmg tinh cho Phap ciing vai chii quyen cac dao Con Lon va Phu Quoc; - Hiep uac (Giap luat) 15 /3 /18 74 (Hiep... vao 16 /11 /19 73^ Viec dang ky va vien dan dieu udc qudc te (ke ca dieu udc bat van^ ciing la mpt vin de thii vi Theo Dieu 18 Hien udc The Scotchman, 19 55 Sept 24 PCU Ser A/B No 53 (19 33) P 71 KacbHH