Chính sách đối ngoại của ấn độ dưới thời thủ tướng manmohan singh (2004 2014)

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO BỘ NGOẠI GIAO HỌC VIỆN NGOẠI GIAO ĐẶNG ĐÌNH TIẾN CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA ẤN ĐỘ DƯỚI THỜI THỦ TƯỚNG MANMOHAN SINGH (2004-2014) LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ CHUYÊN NGÀNH QUAN HỆ QUỐC TẾ MÃ SỐ: 31 02 06 HÀ NỘI – 2021 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO BỘ NGOẠI GIAO HỌC VIỆN NGOẠI GIAO ĐẶNG ĐÌNH TIẾN CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA ẤN ĐỘ DƯỚI THỜI THỦ TƯỚNG MANMOHAN SINGH (2004-2014) Chuyên ngành: Quan hệ quốc tế Mã số: 31 02 06 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC TS Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc PGS TS Nguyễn Thị Quế HÀ NỘI – 2021 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan cơng trình nghiên cứu riêng tơi Các số liệu nêu luận án có nguồn gốc rõ ràng, kết luận án trung thực chưa công bố công trình khác Tác giả luận án Đặng Đình Tiến LỜI CẢM ƠN Để hoàn thành luận án này, bên cạnh nỗ lực thân, nhận nhiều giúp đỡ, động viên hướng dẫn thầy cô giáo, bạn bè, đồng nghiệp gia đình thời gian học tập nghiên cứu Tơi xin bày tỏ lịng biết ơn chân thành tới TS Nguyễn Thị Bích Ngọc PGS.TS Nguyễn Thị Quế - người tận tình hướng dẫn, hết lòng giúp đỡ tạo điều kiện tốt cho tơi hồn thành luận án Xin gửi lời tri ân điều mà Cô dành cho Tôi xin trân trọng cảm ơn thầy cô Hội đồng cho lời nhận xét ý kiến đóng góp q báu, giúp tơi hồn thiện luận án Tơi xin cảm ơn thầy giáo Phịng Sau đại học, Học viện Ngoại giao giảng hữu ích, cảm ơn đồng nghiệp khoa Khoa học trị giúp đỡ quan tâm dành cho tơi q trình học tập Cuối tơi gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành lòng biết ơn sâu sắc tới người thân gia đình, người động viên, cổ vũ sát cánh bên suốt thời gian qua Đây đề tài rộng chưa nghiên cứu nhiều Việt Nam Vì vậy, luận án khơng thể tránh khỏi thiếu sót hạn chế định Tơi mong nhận ý kiến đóng góp cá nhân, tổ chức quan tâm đến đề tài để luận án hoàn thiện Xin chân thành cảm ơn! Hà Nội, tháng năm 2021 MỤC LỤC LỜI CAM ĐOAN LỜI CẢM ƠN MỤC LỤC DANH MỤC CÁC TỪ VIẾT TẮT MỞ ĐẦU Chương 1: CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN VÀ THỰC TIỄN HOẠCH ĐỊNH CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA ẤN ĐỘ DƯỜI THỜI THỦ TƯỚNG MANMOHAN SINGH (2004-2014) 17 1.1 Một số vấn đề lý thuyết sách đối ngoại 17 1.1.1 Khái niệm lý thuyết sách đối ngoại 17 1.1.2 Cách tiếp cận phân tích sách đối ngoại 21 1.2 Cơ sở lý luận thực tiễn sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời thủ tướng Manmohan Singh 25 1.2.1 Cơ sở lý luận 25 1.2.1.1 Những triết lý truyền thống Ấn Độ 25 1.2.1.2 Tư tưởng bất bạo động Mahatma Gandhi 28 1.2.1.3 Quan điểm Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh sách đối ngoại 30 1.2.2 Cơ sở thực tiễn 34 1.2.2.1 Tình hình giới thập niên đầu kỷ XXI 34 1.2.2.2 Tình hình khu vực châu Á - Thái Bình Dương năm đầu kỷ XXI 36 1.2.2.3 Tình hình Ấn Độ năm đầu kỷ XXI 39 1.2.2.4 Chính sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ trước năm 2004 44 Tiểu kết chương 50 Chương 2: NỘI DUNG VÀ THỰC TIỄN TRIỂN KHAI CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA ẤN ĐỘ DƯỚI THỜI THỦ TƯỚNG MANMOHAN SINGH (2004-2014) 51 2.1 Nội dung sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh (2004-2014) 51 2.1.1 Mục tiêu hướng ưu tiên sách đối ngoại 51 2.1.1.1 Mục tiêu sách đối ngoại 51 2.1.1.2 Các hướng ưu tiên sách đối ngoại 53 2.1.2 Nguyên tắc, phương châm, nhiệm vụ sách đối ngoại 55 2.1.2.1 Nguyên tắc sách đối ngoại 55 2.1.2.2 Phương châm sách đối ngoại 57 2.1.2.3 Nhiệm vụ sách đối ngoại 60 2.2 Thực tiễn triển khai sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh (2004-2014) 63 2.2.1 Đối với số nước láng giềng (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Trung Quốc) 63 2.2.1.1 Đối với Pakistan 63 2.2.1.2 Đối với Bangladesh 66 2.2.1.3 Đối với Trung Quốc 69 2.2.2 Đối với số nước lớn (Mỹ Nga) 73 2.2.2.1 Đối với Mỹ 74 2.2.2.2 Đối với Liên bang Nga 79 2.2.3 Đối với số khu vực chủ yếu 84 2.2.3.1 Đối với khu vực Trung Đông 84 2.2.3.2 Đối với khu vực Trung Á 87 2.2.4 Đối với ngoại giao đa phương 91 2.2.4.1 Đối với số tổ chức quốc tế (Liên hợp quốc, Tổ chức thương mại giới (WTO), Phong trào Không liên kết) 91 2.2.4.2 Đối với số tổ chức khu vực chủ yếu 98 Tiểu kết chương 107 Chương 3: NHẬN XÉT VỀ CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA ẤN ĐỘ DƯỚI THỜI THỦ TƯỚNG MANMOHAN SINGH (2004-2014) 109 3.1 Đánh giá sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh 109 3.1.1 Thành tựu 109 3.1.2 Hạn chế 122 3.2 Tác động sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh quan hệ quốc tế quan hệ Việt Nam - Ấn Độ 129 3.2.1 Tác động quan hệ quốc tế 129 3.2.1.1 Các nước lớn điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại với Ấn Độ 130 3.2.1.2 Góp phần củng cố cấu trúc đa phương trật tự giới, chuyển dịch trọng tâm địa - trị giới sang châu Á - Thái Bình Dương 131 3.2.1.3 Góp phần đảm bảo hịa bình, an ninh giới, giải vấn đề toàn cầu 133 3.2.2 Tác động đến quan hệ Việt Nam - Ấn Độ 134 3.2.2.1 Thúc đẩy quan hệ song phương với Việt Nam phát triển lên tầm cao 134 3.2.2.2 Thúc đẩy hợp tác, cạnh tranh thương mại Ấn Độ với Việt Nam 139 3.2.2.3 Tác động đến an ninh trị Việt Nam 141 3.2.2.4 Chính sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ đem lại học kinh nghiệm cho Việt Nam 144 Tiểu kết chương 145 KẾT LUẬN 147 DANH MỤC CÔNG TRÌ NH CỦ A TÁC GIẢ 151 DANH MỤC TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 152 PHỤ LỤC 166 DANH MỤC CÁC TỪ VIẾT TẮT STT Chữ viết tắt AFTA APEC ARF ASEAN BASIC BIMSTEC Tiếng Anh ASEAN Free Trade Area BRICS CAR CA - TBD CELAC Cooperation châu Á Thái Bình Dương ASEAN Regional Forum Diễn đàn khu vực ASEAN The Association of Hiệp hội nước Đông Southeast Asian Nations Nam Á Brazil, South Africa, India Tên gọi nước công and China nghiệp Bay of Bengal Initiative for Tổ chức Hợp tác kinh tế MultiSectoral Technical and công nghiệp nước ven Brasil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Central Asian Republics CEO American and Caribbean Chief Executive Officer The Comprehensive 12 CEPA Vịnh Bengal Tên gọi khối bao gồm kinh tế lớn Các nước Cộng hòa Trung Á Châu Á Thái Bình Dương States 11 ASEAN Diễn đàn Hợp tác Kinh tế The Community of Latin 10 Khu vực mậu dịch tự Asia-Pacific Economic Economic Cooperation Tiếng Việt Economic Partnership Agreement Cộng đồng nước Mỹ Latinh Caribe Tổng giám đốc điều hành Hiệp định Hợp tác kinh tế toàn diện Ấn Độ - Nhật Bản he Conference on 13 CICA Hội nghị phối hợp hành Interaction and Confidence- động biện pháp củng Building Measures in Asia cố lòng tin Châu Á Commonwealth of Cộng đồng Quốc gia Independent States độc lập 14 CIS 15 CNHT Chủ nghĩa thực 16 CNTD Chủ nghĩa tự 17 DFC 18 DMIC 19 DRDO 20 EAS 21 EPA 22 EU European Union Liên minh Châu Âu 23 FDI Foreign Direct Investment Đầu tư trực tiếp nước 24 FTA Free-Trade Agreement Hiệp định thương mại tự 25 Free Trade Area of the Asia Khu vực thương mại tự FTAAP Pacific châu Á-Thái Bình Dương 26 General Agreement on Hiệp ước chung thuế GATT Tariffs and Trade quan mậu dịch 27 GDP Gross Domestic Product Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội 28 GMS Greater Mekong Subregion Tiểu vùng Mêkông mở rộng 29 IAEA The International Atomic Cơ quan lượng nguyên Energy Agency tử quốc tế Western corridor of the Vành đai vận chuyển hàng Dedicated Freight corridor hóa phía tây Delhi Mumbai Industrial Vành đai công nghiệp Delhi Corridor – Mumbai The Defence Research and Tổ chức Nghiên cứu Phát Development Organisation triển Quốc phòng The East Asia Summit Economic Partnership Agreement Hội nghị Thượng đỉnh Đông Á Hiệp định Đối tác Kinh tế 30 ICWA 31 ISRO 32 ITEC 33 JOCV 34 Hội đồng Ấn Độ Sự vụ Accountants of India giới Indian Space Research Tổ chức Nghiên cứu Vũ trụ Organisation Ấn Độ Indian Technical and Chương trình trợ giúp kinh Economic Cooperation tế - kỹ thuật Ấn Độ Japan Overseas Tổ chức hợp tác Nhật Bản Cooperation Volunteers nước Mekong–Ganga MGC 35 NAM 36 NDMA 37 Institute of Cost NNGO 38 NSTC 39 ODA 40 RCEP Cooperation ReCAAP SAARC vực sông Mekong Ủy ban Quản lý thiên tai Management Authority Quốc gia non-governmental organization Tổ chức phi phủ North–South Transport Hành lang Giao thông Bắc- Corridor Nam Official Development Viện trợ phát triển Assistance thức Regional Comprehensive Hiệp định Đối tác Kinh tế Economic Partnership Toàn diện Khu vực Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia 42 châu thổ sông Hằng với khu National Disaster The Regional Cooperation 41 Dự án hợp tác khu vực Hiệp định hợp tác khu vực chống cướp biển châu Á South Asian Association for Hiệp hội Hợp tác khu vực Regional Cooperation Nam Á 171 Phụ lục 6: Tỷ trọng ngành IT tổng GDP (đv: tỷ đô la Mỹ) (Nguồn: http://granthaalayah.com/Articles/Vol5Iss6/01_IJRG17_A06_327.pdf[126]) 172 Phụ lục 7: Tốc độ tăng trưởng ngành dịch vụ tỷ trọng ngành dịch vụ tổng GDP nước 1990-91 Giá trị sản lượng: vạn Rupee (theo giá cố định 2004-2005 573,465 1991-92 600,366 43.91 4.69 1992-93 634,549 44.05 5.69 1993-94 681,351 44.76 7.38 1994-95 721,140 44.52 5.84 1995-96 794,041 45.69 10.11 1996-97 853,843 45.51 7.53 1997-98 930,089 47.53 8.93 1998-99 1,007,138 48.24 8.28 1999-2K 1,119,850 49.85 11.19 2000-01 1,179,976 50.37 5.37 2001-02 1,261,158 51.02 6.88 2002-03 1,349,035 52.48 6.97 2003-04 1,457,797 52.48 8.06 2004-05 1,576,255 53.05 8.13 2005-06 1,748,173 53.74 10.91 2006-07 1,923,970 53.98 10.06 2007-08 2,121,561 54.45 10.27 2008-09 2,333,251 56.11 9.98 2009-10 2,578,165 57.09 10.50 2010-11 2,829,650 57.32 9.75 2011-12 3,061,589 58.39 8.20 2012-13 3,263,196 59.29 6.59 Năm tài khóa Tỷ trọng ngành tổng GDP (%) Tỉ lệ tăng trưởng hàng năm (%) 42.55 5.19 (Nguồn: Chính phủ Ấn Độ, https://data.gov.in/catalog/annual-growth-rate- gdpindustry-origin-constant-prices,) 173 Phụ lục 8: United Nations In India Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Labour Organization (ILO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Migration (IOM) Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 10 United Nations Department of Safety and Security (UNDSS) 11 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 12 United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) 13 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) 14 United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO) 15 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 16 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) 17 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 18 United Nations Information Centre (UNIC) 19 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 20 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) 21 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 22 UN Women 23 UN Volunteers (UNV) 24 World Food Programme (WFP) 25 World Health Organization (WHO) 26 The World Bank (WB) 174 175 176 177 178 179 Phụ lục 9: Các đời thủ tướng Đảng cầm quyền Cộng hòa Ấn Độ từ 1991 đến STT Tên Thủ tướng Nhiệm kỳ Đảng cầm quyền P V Narasimha Rao 1991-1996 Đảng Quốc đại Ấn Độ Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1996 Đảng Bharatiya Janata 16/5/199601/7/1996 H D Deve Gowda 1996-1997 Janata Dal 01/7/1996- Mặt trận thống 21/4/1997 Janata Dal Mặt trận thống 21/4/1997 19/3/1998 Đảng Bharatiya Janata Liên minh Dân chủ Dân tộc Inder Ku Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1997-1998 1998-2004 Dr Manmohan Singh 2004-2014 Narendra Modi 2014 - Đảng Quốc đại Ấn Độ Liên minh Tiến Thống Đảng Bharatiya Janata Ghi 180 Phụ lục 10: Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh's Independence Day Speech, 2012 My dear countrymen, brothers, sisters and dear children, I greet you all on this anniversary of our Independence “The leaders of our freedom movement, under the stewardship of Mahatma Gandhi, had dreamt of an independent and prosperous India On this day in 1947, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru took the first step towards the realization of that dream by hoisting the Tricolour at the Red Fort The journey we began on 15 August, 1947 is now 65 years old We have achieved much in these 65 years Today is certainly a day to celebrate the success of our democracy However, on this occasion we should also introspect about what remains to be done We would achieve independence in the true sense only when we are able to banish poverty, illiteracy, hunger and backwardness from our country This would be possible only when we learn from our failures and build on our successes You are aware that these days the global economy is passing through a difficult phase The pace of economic growth has come down in all countries of the world Seen together, the European countries are estimated to grow at percent this year Our country has also been affected by these adverse external conditions Also, there have been domestic developments which are hindering our economic growth Last year our GDP grew by 6.5 percent This year we hope to a little better We cannot much about the conditions that prevail outside our country But we must make every effort to resolve the problems inside our country so that our economic growth and the creation of employment opportunities in the country are again speeded up While doing this, we must also control inflation This would pose some difficulty because of a bad monsoon this year However, we have taken many measures to deal with the situation In districts where there has been a deficit of 50 percent or more in the rainfall, diesel subsidy is being provided to farmers by the Government Seed subsidy has been enhanced Funds available under the Central scheme for fodder have been increased Our effort is to ensure that people not face difficulty due to shortage of seeds, fodder or water in any part of the country It is good that we have a big stock of foodgrains because of the hard work of our farmer brothers and sisters, and availability of foodgrains is not a problem for us As far as creating an environment within the country for rapid economic growth is concerned, I believe that we are not being able to achieve this because of a lack of political consensus on many issues Time has now come to view the issues which affect our development processes as matters of national security If we not increase the pace of the country’s economic growth, take steps to encourage new investment in the economy, improve the management of Government finances and work for the livelihood security of the common man and energy security of the country, then it most certainly affects our national security 181 I promise to you today that our Government will work hard for India’s rapid economic growth and for shielding the country from the effects of the global economic slowdown I promise that we will work hard for creation of new employment opportunities for our young men and women living in villages and cities We will make every possible effort to secure the livelihood of our poor brothers and sister, our workers and our farmers We will leave no stone unturned to encourage investment in our country so that our entrepreneurs can make a substantial contribution to our economy I believe that this period of difficulties will not last long Even as we face these problems, we should be encouraged by the fact that we have achieved extraordinary successes in many areas in the last years We now need to replicate these successes in newer areas It has been our endeavour in the last years to empower our citizens socially and economically so that they can contribute to the sacred task of nation building Today, one out of every households in the country has become eligible to benefit from the Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Act through a job card In only the last one year we have provided employment to more than crore people under this scheme When the UPA Government came to power in 2004, we had promised that we would provide electricity to all villages To fulfill this promise, we launched the Rajiv Gandhi Rural Electrification Scheme More than lakh new villages have been provided with electricity connections under this scheme and now almost all the villages in the country have been electrified Our next target is to provide electricity to each and every household in our country in the next years and to also improve the supply of electricity No praise is high enough for our hard working farmers They have produced a record output of crops successively in the last years Because of our Government's efforts for development of agriculture and for protecting the interests of farmers, agriculture has grown at an average rate of 3.3 per cent in the 11th Plan which is substantially higher than the 2.4 per cent we achieved in the 10th Plan In the last years, we have doubled the support prices of crops We are providing loans at low interest rates to lakhs of farmers Our children are the biggest strength of our country If our children are provided with good education and are healthy, then our future would be bright This is the reason why we have paid special attention to the needs of children in our policies and programmes The education of children has been made mandatory by law In the year 200607, only 93 per cent of children in the age group 6-14 years were getting admission in schools Today almost all children in this age group are being admitted to schools More than 51,000 new schools have been opened in the country and about lakh teachers appointed in them in just the last years Now we will focus on improving the quality of education In the next few months we will put in place a system of continuous assessment of the benefit our children are getting from teaching Participation of the community and parents would be ensured so that they can be satisfied with the quality of teaching 182 The Mid-day-meal Scheme provides nutritious meals in schools for about 12 crore children everyday This is the biggest scheme of its kind in the world In the last one and half years no new case of polio has come to light and now India does not figure in the list of countries affected by this disease Malnutrition in children is a big challenge for us We have taken steps in many dimensions to deal with this problem In the last years, the number of mothers and children benefitting from the ICDS has doubled The process of making the ICDS more effective is in its last stages and will be completed in the next or months We had launched the National Rural Health Mission in 2005 so that health services can be extended to each village in the country Today this Mission is being implemented with the help of 10 lakh health personnel including 8.5 lakh Asha workers After the success of the National Rural health Mission, we now want to expand the scope of health services in our towns also The National Rural Health Mission will be converted into a National Health Mission which would cover all villages and towns in the country We are also formulating a scheme for distribution of free medicines through Government hospitals and health centres We want to create many new job opportunities for our youth in the coming years To achieve this it is necessary that we train them in skills which our economy needs It is our endeavour to put in place a system in which training facilities are available in many new skills We also wish to provide short duration training courses of weeks to months for our young brothers and sisters The National Skill Development Council has formulated a major scheme for skill development in which crore people will be trained in the next years This is an ambitious scheme which can be implemented only through a specialized agency of the Central Government Therefore, we are considering the establishment of a National Skill Development Authority so that skill development programmes all over the country can be implemented in a coordinated manner We would also need contribution from the private sector and non-Governmental organizations in this work Creation of new employment opportunities is possible only when we encourage industry and trade For this we need to speedily improve our infrastructure Recently we have taken new measures to accelerate infrastructure development Ambitious targets have been fixed in roads, airports, railways, electricity generation and coal production The Government will take steps to increase investment for infrastructure development with the help of the private sector To attract foreign capital, we will have to create confidence at the international level that there are no barriers to investment in India Just 10 years back only out of every 10 households in our villages were benefitting from banking services Today more than half of the rural households get the benefit of bank accounts It will be our endeavour to ensure that all households benefit from bank accounts in the next years We want to create a system in which money from Government schemes - pension for old people, scholarship for students and wages for labourers - can be credited directly into people’s bank accounts This would reduce inconvenience to the beneficiaries, make it easy for them to 183 receive payment and increase transparency For this work, we will take help from the Aadhar scheme under which about 20 crore people have been registered so far To provide housing for our poor brothers and sisters residing in urban areas of our country we will soon launch the Rajiv Housing Loan Scheme Under this scheme, people belonging to the economically weaker sections would be given relief on interest for housing loans of less than Rs lakh This year we will present the Twelfth Five Year Plan for consideration of the National Development Council The Plan would determine the future course of action on all important matters relating to the country's development It would lay down measures for increasing our present rate of economic growth from 6.5 to per cent in the last year of the Plan The Plan would focus special attention on areas important from the point of view of reaching the fruits of development to each citizen of our country and specially to the weaker sections of our society I have full confidence that the Centre and the States will act together to implement the Twelfth Plan in an effective manner The incidents of violence which occurred in Assam recently are very unfortunate I know that these incidents have resulted in the disruption of the lives of a large number of people We fully sympathize with those families which have been affected by the violence We are doing everything possible to provide relief to them I also promise to you that our Government will make every effort to understand the reasons behind the violence and work hard with the State Governments to ensure that such incidents are not repeated in any part of the country We have achieved success in many areas of internal security In Jammu and Kashmir, people participated in large numbers in the Panchayat elections There has been a reduction in violence in the North Eastern States and we are engaged in dialogue with many groups there so that they can join the mainstream of development We have initiated new schemes of development in areas affected by naxal violence to ensure that the grievances of the people residing there, especially our brothers and sisters belonging to Scheduled Tribes, can be removed and their lot can be improved However, we need to be constantly vigilant as far as internal security is concerned Communal harmony has to be maintained at all costs Naxalism is still a serious problem The incidents which occurred in Pune in the beginning of this month point to the need for much more work to be done in the area of national security We will continue to this work with sincerity in the future also I would like to congratulate our scientists and technologists who have enhanced our prestige by successfully testing the Agni V Missile and launching the RISAT- I Satellite in space this year Recently the Cabinet has approved the Mars Orbiter Mission Under this Mission, our spaceship will go near Mars and collect important scientific information This spaceship to Mars will be a huge step for us in the area of science and technology We have seen a lot of discussion in the recent months about the role of our armed forces and their preparedness I would like to emphasise here that our armed forces and paramilitary forces have defended the security of our country both during war and peace with valour and 184 honour Our soldiers have made the biggest of sacrifices, whenever needed Today I would like to reassure our countrymen that our armed forces and paramilitary forces are prepared to face any challenge The Government will continue to work for modernizing these forces and providing them with the necessary technology and equipment Today, I would like to thank our security forces, who are guarding our frontiers bravely, from the bottom of my heart We will continue to make efforts for their welfare Our Government has set up a committee to examine issues relating to pay and pension of armed forces personnel This committee will also look into matters concerning pension of retired men and officers and family pension being paid to their families We will take prompt action on the recommendations of the committee, once they are received Our Government has paid special attention to the welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, women and other weaker sections The special needs of our tribal and backward districts are being met through programmes such as the Integrated Action Plan, Backward Regions Grant Fund and Tribal Sub Plan Through the Forest Rights Act, we have given proprietary rights to lakhs of our brothers and sisters belonging to Scheduled Tribes on land on which they have been living for generations We are formulating a scheme to ensure that people belonging to Scheduled Tribes can get fair and remunerative prices for the forest produce they collect The Government wants to speedily convert the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill into a legislation Through this law we want to provide funds for the benefit of our tribal brothers and sisters in the mining areas We will make the 15 points programme for minorities more effective The Multi-Sectoral Development Programme being implemented in districts with large minority populations will be expanded We have enhanced the amount of post-matric scholarship available to children belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and minorities Our efforts to make these scholarship schemes more effective will continue.We are considering a new and effective law to put an end to the repulsive practice of manual scavenging and to provide opportunities to those engaged in this practice to begin their lives afresh Our commitment to make the work of the Government and administration transparent and accountable stands On the last Independence Day, I promised you that we would take many steps for this purpose I am happy to state that during the last year we have achieved good progress in this area The Lok Sabha has cleared the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill We hope that all political parties will help us in passing this Bill in the Rajya Sabha A number of other Bills have also been presented before the Parliament The Cabinet has cleared a Public Procurement Bill We will continue our efforts to bring more transparency and accountability in the work of public servants and to reduce corruption But we will also take care that these measures not result in a situation in which the morale of public functionaries taking decisions in public interest gets affected because of baseless allegations and unnecessary litigation 185 In my first message to the country after assuming the office of Prime Minister I had appealed to you to contribute to the sacred work of nation building I am very happy that today more of our citizens than ever before, and specially the youth, are taking interest in issues related to the progress of our society and country Our Government believes that the difficult problems which India faces can be resolved only with the cooperation of the common man It will be our endeavour that in the coming time, still more people help us in tasks like removal of poverty, illiteracy and inequality I believe that no power in the world can stop our country from achieving new heights of progress and development What is needed is that we work together as one people for the success of our country Let us once more resolve that we will continue to work for a progressive, modern and prosperous India.” Dear children join me in saying Jai Hind, Jai Hind, Jai Hind ... 107 Chương 3: NHẬN XÉT VỀ CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA ẤN ĐỘ DƯỚI THỜI THỦ TƯỚNG MANMOHAN SINGH (2004- 2014) 109 3.1 Đánh giá sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh 109 3.1.1... ĐỊNH CHÍNH SÁCH ĐỐI NGOẠI CỦA ẤN ĐỘ DƯỜI THỜI THỦ TƯỚNG MANMOHAN SINGH (2004- 2014) 1.1 Một số vấn đề lý thuyết sách đối ngoại 1.1.1 Khái niệm lý thuyết sách đối ngoại * Khái niệm sách đối ngoại Chính. .. sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh (2004 - 2014) Về sở lý luận, luận án tập trung làm rõ: (i) Tác động triết lý truyền thống đến sách đối ngoại Ấn Độ thời Thủ tướng Manmohan Singh;